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[[File:China provinces yunnan.png|thumb|[[YunNan Province|Yunnan Province]].]]
[[File:China provinces yunnan.png|thumb|[[YunNan Province|Yunnan Province]].]]
The '''Zhao Jianmin Spy Case''' ({{zh|s=赵健民特务案 |t=趙健民特務案 |p=Zhào Jiànmín tèwu àn}}), or '''Zhao Jianmin Wrong Case''' ({{zh|labels=no|s=赵健民冤案 |t=趙健民冤案 |p=Zhào Jiànmín yuān'àn}}), was a major fabricated spy case in [[Yunnan]] province during the [[Cultural Revolution|Chinese Cultural Revolution]], with more than 1.387 million people implicated and persecuted, which accounted for 6% of the total population in Yunnan at the time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hybsl.cn/xuezhewenji/wanghaiguang/2008-12-01/10962.html |script-title=zh:一个人的冤案和一个时代的冤案|last=Wang|first=Haiguang|date=|work=Hu Yaobang Historical Information Net<!--胡耀邦史料信息网-->|publisher=|language=zh|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=2019-12-30}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://news.cctv.com/science/20081021/101835.shtml |script-title=zh:文革中"赵健民冤案"的个案意义|author=|first=|date=|publisher=China Central Television|language=zh|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=2019-12-30}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNPNDgAAQBAJ&q=zhao+jianmin+spy&pg=PA98|title=Mao and the Cultural Revolution (Volume 2)|last=Angang|first=Hu|date=2017-03-02|publisher=Enrich Professional Publishing Limited|isbn=978-1-62320-154-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4FXn22NKptcC&q=zhao+jianmin+spy+case&pg=PA258|title=China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900|last=Rummel|first=Rudolph J.|date=1991-01-01|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-0-88738-417-2|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Song|first=Yongyi|date=2011-08-25|title=Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-12-30|website=Sciences Po|language=en}}</ref> From 1968&ndash;1969, more than 17,000 people died in [[massacre]] while 61,000 people were crippled for life; in [[Kunming]] (the capital of Yunnan) alone, 1,473 people were killed and 9,661 people were disabled.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CPSGDwAAQBAJ&q=Zhao+Jianmin+kang+sheng+17,000&pg=PA189|title=The Cultural Revolution: A People's History, 1962—1976|last=Dikötter|first=Frank|date=2017-06-06|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|isbn=978-1-63286-423-9|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite document|title=Cultural Revolution on the Border: Yunnan's 'Political Frontier Defence' (1969-1971)|last=SCHOENHALS|first=MICHAEL|date=|citeseerx = 10.1.1.1007.3785}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2016-04-08|title=文革死亡人数统计为两百万人|url=https://www.chinesepen.org/blog/archives/47251|url-status=live|author=Ding Shu (丁抒) | archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=2019-12-30|website=Independent Chinese PEN Center|publisher=|format=}}</ref>
The '''Zhao Jianmin Spy Case''' ({{zh|s=赵健民特务案 |t=趙健民特務案 |p=Zhào Jiànmín tèwu àn}}), or '''Zhao Jianmin Wrong Case''' ({{zh|labels=no|s=赵健民冤案 |t=趙健民冤案 |p=Zhào Jiànmín yuān'àn}}), was a major fabricated spy case in [[Yunnan]] province during the [[Cultural Revolution|Chinese Cultural Revolution]], with more than 1.387 million people implicated and persecuted, which accounted for 6% of the total population in Yunnan at the time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hybsl.cn/xuezhewenji/wanghaiguang/2008-12-01/10962.html |script-title=zh:一个人的冤案和一个时代的冤案|last=Wang|first=Haiguang|work=Hu Yaobang Historical Information Net<!--胡耀邦史料信息网-->|language=zh|accessdate=2019-12-30}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://news.cctv.com/science/20081021/101835.shtml |script-title=zh:文革中"赵健民冤案"的个案意义|publisher=China Central Television|language=zh|accessdate=2019-12-30}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNPNDgAAQBAJ&q=zhao+jianmin+spy&pg=PA98|title=Mao and the Cultural Revolution (Volume 2)|last=Angang|first=Hu|date=2017-03-02|publisher=Enrich Professional Publishing Limited|isbn=978-1-62320-154-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4FXn22NKptcC&q=zhao+jianmin+spy+case&pg=PA258|title=China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900|last=Rummel|first=Rudolph J.|date=1991-01-01|publisher=Transaction Publishers|isbn=978-0-88738-417-2|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|last=Song|first=Yongyi|date=2011-08-25|title=Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976.html|access-date=2019-12-30|website=Sciences Po|language=en}}</ref> From 1968&ndash;1969, more than 17,000 people died in [[massacre]] while 61,000 people were crippled for life; in [[Kunming]] (the capital of Yunnan) alone, 1,473 people were killed and 9,661 people were disabled.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CPSGDwAAQBAJ&q=Zhao+Jianmin+kang+sheng+17,000&pg=PA189|title=The Cultural Revolution: A People's History, 1962—1976|last=Dikötter|first=Frank|date=2017-06-06|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|isbn=978-1-63286-423-9|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite document|title=Cultural Revolution on the Border: Yunnan's 'Political Frontier Defence' (1969-1971)|last=SCHOENHALS|first=MICHAEL|citeseerx = 10.1.1.1007.3785}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2016-04-08|title=文革死亡人数统计为两百万人|url=https://www.chinesepen.org/blog/archives/47251|author=Ding Shu (丁抒) |accessdate=2019-12-30|website=Independent Chinese PEN Center}}</ref>


== Brief history ==
== Brief history ==
[[File:Tan Furen.jpg|thumb|[[Tan Furen]], the [[lieutenant general]] of the [[People's Liberation Army]] who was in charge of the purge.]]
[[File:Tan Furen.jpg|thumb|[[Tan Furen]], the [[lieutenant general]] of the [[People's Liberation Army]] who was in charge of the purge.]]
In March 1967, [[Zhao Jianmin]], then provincial communist party secretary of Yunnan, suggested to [[Kang Sheng]] in person that the [[Communist Party of China]] (CPC) should resolve the issues in Cultural Revolution in a democratic manner, receiving no immediate response from the latter.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> However, Kang Sheng made a secret report on Zhao to [[Mao Zedong]] afterwards, claiming that Zhao was against the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of China|Central Committee of CPC]], Chairman Mao and the Cultural Revolution.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{cite news|last=|first=|date=|title="文革"中康生仅凭相面定案：整死一万云南群众|language=zh|newspaper=[[People's Daily]]|url=http://history.people.com.cn/GB/205396/16269357.html|url-status=live|accessdate=2019-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231031000/http://history.people.com.cn/GB/205396/16269357.html|archive-date=2020-06-23}}</ref>
In March 1967, [[Zhao Jianmin]], then provincial communist party secretary of Yunnan, suggested to [[Kang Sheng]] in person that the [[Communist Party of China]] (CPC) should resolve the issues in Cultural Revolution in a democratic manner, receiving no immediate response from the latter.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> However, Kang Sheng made a secret report on Zhao to [[Mao Zedong]] afterwards, claiming that Zhao was against the [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of China|Central Committee of CPC]], Chairman Mao and the Cultural Revolution.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{cite news|title="文革"中康生仅凭相面定案：整死一万云南群众|language=zh|newspaper=[[People's Daily]]|url=http://history.people.com.cn/GB/205396/16269357.html|url-status=live|accessdate=2019-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231031000/http://history.people.com.cn/GB/205396/16269357.html|archive-date=2020-06-23}}</ref>


In August 1967, Mao Zedong as well as the Central Committee of CPC approved that the national and local media may publicly criticize "[[capitalist roaders]]" among the top provincial officials in China. A total of 55 high-ranking officials were named, including Zhao Jianmin.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />
In August 1967, Mao Zedong as well as the Central Committee of CPC approved that the national and local media may publicly criticize "[[capitalist roaders]]" among the top provincial officials in China. A total of 55 high-ranking officials were named, including Zhao Jianmin.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" />
Line 10: Line 10:
In 1968, Zhao Jianmin was labelled by Kang Sheng and his allies as "a spy of [[Kuomintang]] (KMT)" as well as "traitor", and was regarded as one of the "local proxies" of [[Liu Shaoqi]], the [[President of the People's Republic of China|2nd President of China]] who was persecuted to death in 1969 as a "traitor" and "capitalist roader".<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8" /> Zhao was then imprisoned for 8 years.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
In 1968, Zhao Jianmin was labelled by Kang Sheng and his allies as "a spy of [[Kuomintang]] (KMT)" as well as "traitor", and was regarded as one of the "local proxies" of [[Liu Shaoqi]], the [[President of the People's Republic of China|2nd President of China]] who was persecuted to death in 1969 as a "traitor" and "capitalist roader".<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8" /> Zhao was then imprisoned for 8 years.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />


At the same time, a massive search and purge of members of the fabricated "Zhao Jianmin KMT Spy Agency in Yunnan" was carried out, resulting in the arrest and persecution of more than 1.38 million civilians and officials.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> [[Tan Furen]], a [[lieutenant general]] in the [[People's Liberation Army]], was appointed by Mao Zedong and the Central Committee of CPC to take charge of the purge.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.soundofhope.org/post/231056 |script-title=zh:文革中牵连138万人的赵健民案|author=|first=|date=2017-05-04|publisher=Sound of Hope|language=zh-CN|format=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=2019-12-30}}</ref>
At the same time, a massive search and purge of members of the fabricated "Zhao Jianmin KMT Spy Agency in Yunnan" was carried out, resulting in the arrest and persecution of more than 1.38 million civilians and officials.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /> [[Tan Furen]], a [[lieutenant general]] in the [[People's Liberation Army]], was appointed by Mao Zedong and the Central Committee of CPC to take charge of the purge.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.soundofhope.org/post/231056 |script-title=zh:文革中牵连138万人的赵健民案|date=2017-05-04|publisher=Sound of Hope|language=zh-CN|accessdate=2019-12-30}}</ref>


== Aftermath ==
== Aftermath ==
On December 17, 1970, Tan Furen and his wife were assassinated.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zhou|first=Ziren|date=|title=谭甫仁017凶案|url=http://www.yhcqw.com/30/1333.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-07-05|website=[[Yanhuang Chunqiu]]}}</ref>
On December 17, 1970, Tan Furen and his wife were assassinated.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Zhou|first=Ziren|title=谭甫仁017凶案|url=http://www.yhcqw.com/30/1333.html|access-date=2020-07-05|website=[[Yanhuang Chunqiu]]}}</ref>


After the Cultural Revolution, Zhao Jianmin was officially rehabilitated during the "[[Boluan Fanzheng]]" period and subsequently became a vice director of the [[Third Ministry of Machine Building]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://phtv.ifeng.com/program/tfzg/200911/1114_2950_1435398.shtml |script-title=zh:1968纪事：赵建民云南特务案|author=|first=|date=|publisher=Phoenix New Media|language=zh|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|accessdate=2019-12-30}}</ref>
After the Cultural Revolution, Zhao Jianmin was officially rehabilitated during the "[[Boluan Fanzheng]]" period and subsequently became a vice director of the [[Third Ministry of Machine Building]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://phtv.ifeng.com/program/tfzg/200911/1114_2950_1435398.shtml |script-title=zh:1968纪事：赵建民云南特务案|publisher=Phoenix New Media|language=zh|accessdate=2019-12-30}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 05:38, 7 December 2020

Yunnan Province.

The Zhao Jianmin Spy Case (simplified Chinese: 赵健民特务案; traditional Chinese: 趙健民特務案; pinyin: Zhào Jiànmín tèwu àn), or Zhao Jianmin Wrong Case (赵健民冤案; 趙健民冤案; Zhào Jiànmín yuān'àn), was a major fabricated spy case in Yunnan province during the Chinese Cultural Revolution, with more than 1.387 million people implicated and persecuted, which accounted for 6% of the total population in Yunnan at the time.[1][2][3][4][5] From 1968–1969, more than 17,000 people died in massacre while 61,000 people were crippled for life; in Kunming (the capital of Yunnan) alone, 1,473 people were killed and 9,661 people were disabled.[1][3][5][6][7][8]

Brief history

Tan Furen, the lieutenant general of the People's Liberation Army who was in charge of the purge.

In March 1967, Zhao Jianmin, then provincial communist party secretary of Yunnan, suggested to Kang Sheng in person that the Communist Party of China (CPC) should resolve the issues in Cultural Revolution in a democratic manner, receiving no immediate response from the latter.[1][2] However, Kang Sheng made a secret report on Zhao to Mao Zedong afterwards, claiming that Zhao was against the Central Committee of CPC, Chairman Mao and the Cultural Revolution.[1][2][9]

In August 1967, Mao Zedong as well as the Central Committee of CPC approved that the national and local media may publicly criticize "capitalist roaders" among the top provincial officials in China. A total of 55 high-ranking officials were named, including Zhao Jianmin.[1][2][10]

In 1968, Zhao Jianmin was labelled by Kang Sheng and his allies as "a spy of Kuomintang (KMT)" as well as "traitor", and was regarded as one of the "local proxies" of Liu Shaoqi, the 2nd President of China who was persecuted to death in 1969 as a "traitor" and "capitalist roader".[1][3][6] Zhao was then imprisoned for 8 years.[1][10]

At the same time, a massive search and purge of members of the fabricated "Zhao Jianmin KMT Spy Agency in Yunnan" was carried out, resulting in the arrest and persecution of more than 1.38 million civilians and officials.[1][5][6][7] Tan Furen, a lieutenant general in the People's Liberation Army, was appointed by Mao Zedong and the Central Committee of CPC to take charge of the purge.[1][10][11]

Aftermath

On December 17, 1970, Tan Furen and his wife were assassinated.[12]

After the Cultural Revolution, Zhao Jianmin was officially rehabilitated during the "Boluan Fanzheng" period and subsequently became a vice director of the Third Ministry of Machine Building.[10]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Wang, Haiguang. 一个人的冤案和一个时代的冤案. Hu Yaobang Historical Information Net (in Chinese). Retrieved 2019-12-30.
  2. ^ a b c d 文革中"赵健民冤案"的个案意义 (in Chinese). China Central Television. Retrieved 2019-12-30.
  3. ^ a b c Angang, Hu (2017-03-02). Mao and the Cultural Revolution (Volume 2). Enrich Professional Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-62320-154-8.
  4. ^ Rummel, Rudolph J. (1991-01-01). China's Bloody Century: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-0-88738-417-2.
  5. ^ a b c Song, Yongyi (2011-08-25). "Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)". Sciences Po. Retrieved 2019-12-30.
  6. ^ a b c Dikötter, Frank (2017-06-06). The Cultural Revolution: A People's History, 1962—1976. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 978-1-63286-423-9.
  7. ^ a b SCHOENHALS, MICHAEL. "Cultural Revolution on the Border: Yunnan's 'Political Frontier Defence' (1969-1971)" (Document). {{cite document}}: Cite document requires |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |citeseerx= ignored (help)
  8. ^ Ding Shu (丁抒) (2016-04-08). "文革死亡人数统计为两百万人". Independent Chinese PEN Center. Retrieved 2019-12-30.
  9. ^ ""文革"中康生仅凭相面定案：整死一万云南群众". People's Daily (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 2020-06-23. Retrieved 2019-12-30. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 2019-12-31 suggested (help)
  10. ^ a b c d 1968纪事：赵建民云南特务案 (in Chinese). Phoenix New Media. Retrieved 2019-12-30.
  11. ^ 文革中牵连138万人的赵健民案 (in Chinese (China)). Sound of Hope. 2017-05-04. Retrieved 2019-12-30.
  12. ^ Zhou, Ziren. "谭甫仁017凶案". Yanhuang Chunqiu. Retrieved 2020-07-05.
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