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''Lobelia inflata'' has a long use as a [[medicinal plant]], as an [[entheogen]]ic, [[emetic]], and a dermatological and respiratory aid.<ref name=umich>[http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Lobelia+inflata University of Michigan at Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany of ''Lobelia inflata'']</ref> [[Native Americans of the United States|Native Americans]] used it for respiratory and muscle disorders, as a [[purgative]], and as a ceremonial medicine.<ref name=umich/> The leaves were chewed and smoked.<ref name=Audubon/> The plant was used as a traditional medicinal plant by the [[Cherokee people|Cherokee]], [[Iroquois people|Iroquois]], [[Penobscot people|Penobscot]], and other indigenous peoples. The foliage was burned by the Cherokee as a natural [[insecticide]], to smoke out [[gnat]]s.<ref name=umich/> It was widely used in the [[pre-Columbian]] [[New England]] region, long before the time of [[Samuel Thomson]], who was erroneously credited as discovering it.
''Lobelia inflata'' has a long use as a [[medicinal plant]], as an [[entheogen]]ic, [[emetic]], and a dermatological and respiratory aid.<ref name=umich>[http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Lobelia+inflata University of Michigan at Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany of ''Lobelia inflata'']</ref> [[Native Americans of the United States|Native Americans]] used it for respiratory and muscle disorders, as a [[purgative]], and as a ceremonial medicine.<ref name=umich/> The leaves were chewed and smoked.<ref name=Audubon/> The plant was used as a traditional medicinal plant by the [[Cherokee people|Cherokee]], [[Iroquois people|Iroquois]], [[Penobscot people|Penobscot]], and other indigenous peoples. The foliage was burned by the Cherokee as a natural [[insecticide]], to smoke out [[gnat]]s.<ref name=umich/> It was widely used in the [[pre-Columbian]] [[New England]] region, long before the time of [[Samuel Thomson]], who was erroneously credited as discovering it.


It is still used medicinally in the present day;<ref name="EBSCO">{{cite web | url = http://healthlibrary.epnet.com/GetContent.aspx?token=2e7354b6-ae71-4dab-90df-c7026eb1c66f&chunkiid=111703 | title = Lobelia | publisher = EBSCO Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Review Board |date=January 2006 | accessdate = 2007-09-12}}</ref> however, there are adverse effects that limit its use.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 18488285 | year = 2008 | title = Risky pills: Supplements to avoid | volume = 73 | issue = 1 | pages = 46–7 | journal = Consumer Reports}}</ref> Side effects can include sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, rapid heartbeat, mental confusion, convulsions, hypothermia, coma, and possibly death.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/herb/lobelia | title = Lobelia | publisher = University of Maryland Medical Center | quote = It can cause serious side effects, such as profuse sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, rapid heartbeat, mental confusion, convulsions, hypothermia, coma, and possibly even death.}}</ref>
It is still used medicinally in the present day;<ref name="EBSCO">{{cite web | url = http://healthlibrary.epnet.com/GetContent.aspx?token=2e7354b6-ae71-4dab-90df-c7026eb1c66f&chunkiid=111703 | title = Lobelia | publisher = EBSCO Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Review Board |date=January 2006 | accessdate = 2007-09-12}}</ref> however, there are adverse effects that limit its use.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid = 18488285 | year = 2008 | title = Risky pills: Supplements to avoid | volume = 73 | issue = 1 | pages = 46–7 | journal = Consumer Reports}}</ref> Side effects can include sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, rapid heartbeat, mental confusion, convulsions, hypothermia, coma, and possibly death.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://web.archive.org/web/20170629040357/https://umm.edu/health/medical/altmed/herb/lobelia | title = Lobelia | publisher = University of Maryland Medical Center | quote = It can cause serious side effects, such as profuse sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, rapid heartbeat, mental confusion, convulsions, hypothermia, coma, and possibly even death.}}</ref>


The root is toxic and can be fatal if eaten.<ref name=Audubon>{{cite book |last1=Niering |first1=William A. |authorlink1=William Niering| last2=Olmstead |first2=Nancy C. |title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region |year=1985 |origyear=1979|publisher=Knopf |isbn=0-394-50432-1 |page=441}}</ref>
The root is toxic and can be fatal if eaten.<ref name=Audubon>{{cite book |last1=Niering |first1=William A. |authorlink1=William Niering| last2=Olmstead |first2=Nancy C. |title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region |year=1985 |origyear=1979|publisher=Knopf |isbn=0-394-50432-1 |page=441}}</ref>

Revision as of 00:36, 9 December 2020

Indian tobacco
Lobelia inflata[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Campanulaceae
Genus: Lobelia
Species:
L. inflata
Binomial name
Lobelia inflata

Lobelia inflata, also known as Indian tobacco or puke weed, is a species of Lobelia native to eastern North America, from southeastern Canada (Nova Scotia to southeast Ontario) south through the eastern United States to Alabama and west to Kansas.[2]

Growth

Lobelia inflata. Flower

Lobelia inflata is an annual or biennial herbaceous plant growing to 15–100 cm (5.9–39.4 in) tall, with stems covered in tiny hairs. Its leaves are usually about 8 cm (3.1 in) long, and are ovate and toothed. they are alternately arranged. It has violet flowers that are tinted yellow on the inside, and usually appear in mid-summer and continue to bloom into fall.[3] The seedcases are small, brown, dehiscent, and papery.[4]

Propagation

Propagation is usually accomplished by cuttings or seed. Seeds are sown in containers in mid spring or mid fall. The seeds take about 2 weeks to germinate.

Traditional uses

Lobelia inflata has a long use as a medicinal plant, as an entheogenic, emetic, and a dermatological and respiratory aid.[5] Native Americans used it for respiratory and muscle disorders, as a purgative, and as a ceremonial medicine.[5] The leaves were chewed and smoked.[6] The plant was used as a traditional medicinal plant by the Cherokee, Iroquois, Penobscot, and other indigenous peoples. The foliage was burned by the Cherokee as a natural insecticide, to smoke out gnats.[5] It was widely used in the pre-Columbian New England region, long before the time of Samuel Thomson, who was erroneously credited as discovering it.

It is still used medicinally in the present day;[7] however, there are adverse effects that limit its use.[8] Side effects can include sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, rapid heartbeat, mental confusion, convulsions, hypothermia, coma, and possibly death.[9]

The root is toxic and can be fatal if eaten.[6]

Chemical constituents

Lobelia inflata has been shown to contain 52 different alkaloid compounds,[10] the most studied and medically pertinent being lobeline.[11]

References

  1. ^ Franz Eugen Köhler, 1897, Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen
  2. ^ "Lobelia inflata". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2009-04-09.
  3. ^ Caldecott, T. Western Materia Medica: Lobelia inflata (pdf file)[permanent dead link‍]
  4. ^ "Some Call Them Weeds". 2016-01-02.
  5. ^ a b c University of Michigan at Dearborn: Native American Ethnobotany of Lobelia inflata
  6. ^ a b Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. p. 441. ISBN 0-394-50432-1.
  7. ^ "Lobelia". EBSCO Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) Review Board. January 2006. Retrieved 2007-09-12.
  8. ^ "Risky pills: Supplements to avoid". Consumer Reports. 73 (1): 46–7. 2008. PMID 18488285.
  9. ^ "Lobelia". University of Maryland Medical Center. It can cause serious side effects, such as profuse sweating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, rapid heartbeat, mental confusion, convulsions, hypothermia, coma, and possibly even death.
  10. ^ Kursinszki, László; Szőke, Éva (2015). "HPLC-ESI-MS/MS of brain neurotransmitter modulator lobeline and related piperidine alkaloids in Lobelia inflataL". Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 50 (5): 727–33. doi:10.1002/jms.3581. PMID 26259655.
  11. ^ "Taxon: Lobelia inflata L." National Plant Germplasm System.
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