Equivocation: Difference between revisions
I changed the attribute ''rational'', (referred to men but not to women in this example),in ''tall'', so the example is still valid but it can't feed already existing sexist ideas related to higher or lower male intellect compared to the woman's one Tag: Reverted |
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Below are some examples of equivocation in [[syllogism|syllogisms]] (a logical chain of reasoning): |
Below are some examples of equivocation in [[syllogism|syllogisms]] (a logical chain of reasoning): |
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: Since only man [human] is |
: Since only man [human] is rational. |
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: And no woman is a man [male]. |
: And no woman is a man [male]. |
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: Therefore, no woman is |
: Therefore, no woman is rational.<ref name="Damer2008" /> |
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The first instance of "man" implies the entire human species, while the second implies just those who are male. |
The first instance of "man" implies the entire human species, while the second implies just those who are male. |
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Revision as of 08:36, 16 December 2020
In logic, equivocation ('calling two different things by the same name') is an informal fallacy resulting from the use of a particular word/expression in multiple senses within an argument.[1][2]
It is a type of ambiguity that stems from a phrase having two or more distinct meanings, not from the grammar or structure of the sentence.[1]
Below are some examples of equivocation in syllogisms (a logical chain of reasoning):
- Since only man [human] is rational.
- And no woman is a man [male].
- Therefore, no woman is rational.[1]
The first instance of "man" implies the entire human species, while the second implies just those who are male.
- A feather is light [not heavy].
- What is light [bright] cannot be dark.
- Therefore, a feather cannot be dark.
In the above example, distinct meanings of the word "light" are implied in contexts of the first and second statements.
- All jackasses [male donkey] have long ears.
- Carl is a jackass [annoying person].
- Therefore, Carl has long ears.
Here, the equivocation is the metaphorical use of "jackass" to imply a simple-minded or obnoxious person instead of a male donkey.
See also
- Antanaclasis: a related purposeful rhetorical device
- Circumlocution: phrasing to explain something without saying it
- Etymological fallacy: a kind of linguistic misconception
- Evasion (ethics): tell the truth while deceiving
- Fallacy of four terms: an ill form of syllogism
- False equivalence: fallacy based on flawed reasoning
- If-by-whiskey: an example
- Mental reservation: a doctrine in moral theology
- Persuasive definition: skewed definition of term
- Plausible deniability: a blame shifting technique
- Polysemy: the property of word or phrase having certain type of multiple meanings
- Principle of explosion: one of the fundamental laws in logic
- Syntactic ambiguity, Amphiboly, Amphibology: ambiguity of a sentence by its grammatical structure
- When a white horse is not a horse: an example
References
- ^ a b c Damer, T. Edward (21 February 2008). Attacking Faulty Reasoning: A Practical Guide to Fallacy-Free Arguments. Cengage Learning. pp. 121–123. ISBN 0-495-09506-0.
- ^ Fischer, D. H. (June 1970), Historians' fallacies: toward a logic of historical thought, Harper torchbooks (first ed.), New York: HarperCollins, p. 274, ISBN 978-0-06-131545-9, OCLC 185446787
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