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==Biography==
==Biography==
Born to a [[Jews|Jewish]] family<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wzo.org.il/index.php?dir=site&page=articles&op=item&cs=3210|title=A Story of Successful Absorption : Aliyah from Iraq|website=wzo.org.il|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref> in [[Baghdad]] in Iraq, Hillel [[aliyah|immigrated]] to [[Mandatory Palestine|Mandate Palestine]] with his family in 1934 at the age of eleven.<ref name=DG>[http://www.dangoor.com/74078.html Shlomo Hillel in London] The Scribe, Autumn 2001</ref> After graduating from the [[Herzliya Hebrew High School]] in [[Tel Aviv]], he underwent agricultural training in kibbutz [[Degania Alef]], and later [[Pardes Hana]]. Hillel was secretary of a [[Hebrew Scouts]] group that later established Kibbutz [[Ma'agan Michael]]. In 1945, Hillel and his colleagues worked at a [[Haganah]] munitions factory disguised as a laundry facility in the basement of the Ayalon Institute in [[Rehovot]].<ref name=scoop>{{Cite web
Born to a [[Mizrahi Jews]] family<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wzo.org.il/index.php?dir=site&page=articles&op=item&cs=3210|title=A Story of Successful Absorption : Aliyah from Iraq|website=wzo.org.il|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref> in [[Baghdad]] in Iraq, Hillel [[aliyah|immigrated]] to [[Mandatory Palestine|Mandate Palestine]] with his family in 1934 at the age of eleven.<ref name=DG>[http://www.dangoor.com/74078.html Shlomo Hillel in London] The Scribe, Autumn 2001</ref> After graduating from the [[Herzliya Hebrew High School]] in [[Tel Aviv]], he underwent agricultural training in kibbutz [[Degania Alef]], and later [[Pardes Hana]]. Hillel was secretary of a [[Hebrew Scouts]] group that later established Kibbutz [[Ma'agan Michael]]. In 1945, Hillel and his colleagues worked at a [[Haganah]] munitions factory disguised as a laundry facility in the basement of the Ayalon Institute in [[Rehovot]].<ref name=scoop>{{Cite web
|last = Chotkovsky
|last = Chotkovsky
|first = Meir
|first = Meir

Revision as of 17:41, 16 December 2020

Template:Infobox member of the Knesset

Shlomo Hillel (Template:Lang-he, born 23 April 1923) is an Iraqi-born Israeli diplomat and politician who served as Speaker of the Knesset, Minister of Police, Minister of Internal Affairs, and ambassador to several countries in Africa. As an agent of the Mossad LeAliyah Bet in the late 1940s and early 1950s, he arranged the mass airlift of Iraqi Jews to Israel known as Operation Ezra and Nehemiah.

Biography

Born to a Mizrahi Jews family[1] in Baghdad in Iraq, Hillel immigrated to Mandate Palestine with his family in 1934 at the age of eleven.[2] After graduating from the Herzliya Hebrew High School in Tel Aviv, he underwent agricultural training in kibbutz Degania Alef, and later Pardes Hana. Hillel was secretary of a Hebrew Scouts group that later established Kibbutz Ma'agan Michael. In 1945, Hillel and his colleagues worked at a Haganah munitions factory disguised as a laundry facility in the basement of the Ayalon Institute in Rehovot.[3][4] He studied political science, economics and public administration at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He married Temima, with whom he has two children, a son and a daughter. He lives in Ramat Denya, Jerusalem.[2] Hillel's daughter Hagar was a pioneer in the research of Jewish journalism in the Arab world.[5]

Zionist activism

Operation Michaelberg

In 1946, Hillel flew to Baghdad on an Iraqi passport and remained there for one year as an operative for the Zionist underground in Iraq. At that time, Iraqi Jews made aliyah to Israel through slow and treacherous overland routes facilitated by unreliable smugglers. Hillel spearheaded the first large-scale Iraqi aliyah by air, hiring two American pilots and a C-46 to fly 100 Iraqi Jews to Israel in what later became known as Operation Michaelberg.[6] The flight was conducted in secret both to avoid detection by Iraqi authorities upon departure from Baghdad and to avoid detection by British authorities on arrival in Mandatory Palestine.

Operation Ezra and Nehemiah

Hillel visited Baghdad again in 1950 to negotiate the mass immigration of the Jews of Iraq, 120,000 of whom were airlifted to Israel in Operation Ezra and Nehemiah between 1950 and 1952. On these trips, he disguised himself as either a Frenchman or an Englishman. The airlift was made possible through the cooperation of Iran, which was a close ally of Israel at the time.[7][8]

Hillel's partner was Ronnie Barnett, a British Jew who worked for Trans-Ocean Airlines. While organizing pilgrimages to Mecca, Barnett met the director of a travel agency called Iraq Tours, Abdul Rahman Raouf.[9] Barnett and Raouf met in Rome and Hillel came along as "Richard Armstrong." Raouf realized that there was money to be made in transporting the Jews out of Iraq, and arranged for the two to meet with the prime minister of Iraq, Tawfiq al-Suweidi, who was a board member of his company.[2] They visited the prime minister at his home. Al-Suweidi complained that the illegal emigration of the Jews was harming Iraq because they were probably smuggling out property and leaving without paying their taxes. According to his estimates, at least 60,000 Jews would leave the country if they could. They agreed on a ticket price of 12 dinars (about $48) per ticket.[2]

Political and diplomatic career

For the 1951 Knesset elections Hillel was given a place on the Mapai list. Although he failed to win a seat, he entered the Knesset on 21 December 1952 as a replacement for the deceased Eliyahu Hacarmeli. He was re-elected in 1955, but resigned from the Knesset shortly before the 1959 elections, after which he joined the foreign service, and was appointed ambassador to Guinea in 1959. In 1961 he became ambassador to the Côte d'Ivoire, Dahomey, Republic of Upper Volta, and Niger, before becoming a member of the Israeli Delegation to the United Nations between 1963 and 1967. He returned to Israel in 1967, serving as the Deputy Director of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs until 1969.[7]

In 1969, Hillel returned to the Knesset on the Alignment list. He served consecutively from the 1969 elections until the 1992 elections, in which he lost his seat. He was Minister of Police between 1969 and 1977, and Interior Minister in 1974 and 1977. In 1984 he was elected Speaker of the eleventh Knesset.[7]

Awards and recognition

In 1988, Hillel was awarded the Israel Prize, for his special contribution to the society and the State of Israel.[10]

He is president of the Society for Preservation of Israel Heritage Sites.

Published works

In 1984, Hillel published Operation Babylon: The Story of the Rescue of the Jews of Iraq, a memoir of the operation, which was later translated into English, French, German, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian and Arabic.[7][11]

See also

References

  1. ^ "A Story of Successful Absorption : Aliyah from Iraq". wzo.org.il. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d Shlomo Hillel in London The Scribe, Autumn 2001
  3. ^ Chotkovsky, Meir (2 November 2007). "Former Speaker of the Knesset Shlomo Hillel: I am still optimistic". Interview with Shlomo Hillel (in Hebrew). Scoop. Archived from the original on 3 November 2007. Retrieved 20 May 2008.
  4. ^ Horovitz, David (12 April 2007). "Editor's Note:Role models". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 20 May 2008.[permanent dead link‍]
  5. ^ The Dr. Hagar Hillel Jewish Press in Arab Lands Section
  6. ^ Zieve, Tamara. "Operation Michaelberg's Iraqi Immigrants Mark 70th Anniversary". The Jerusalem Post.
  7. ^ a b c d "Shlomo Hillel". Knesset. Retrieved 20 May 2008.
  8. ^ Middleton, Drew (5 January 1988). "Books: Iraq's Jews". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2008.
  9. ^ Escaping modern Babylon Haaretz
  10. ^ "Israel Prize Official Site – Recipients in 1998 (in Hebrew)".
  11. ^ Books: Iraq's Jews New York Times
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