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Coordinates: 2°52′22″S 67°48′7″W / 2.87278°S 67.80194°W / -2.87278; -67.80194
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'''Tonantins''' is a [[municipality]] in [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]], in northwest [[Brazil]]. Its population was 17,079 as of 2005, all of which were Brazilians.<ref name=ibge>{{cite web | url=https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/painel/painel.php?codmun=130423 | title=Amazonas » Tonantins » Infográficos: Dados gerais do município | work=[[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]]}}</ref> It is on the [[Amazon River]] and is 867 km upstream (west) of [[Manaus]], the state capital. The municipality is directly east of and overlaps parts of the [[Jutaí-Solimões Ecological Station]].<ref>{{cite web | language=Portuguese | title=Unidade de Conservação: Estação Ecológica de Jutaí-Solimões | publisher=Ministério do Meio Ambiente | url=http://sistemas.mma.gov.br/cnuc/index.php?ido=relatorioparametrizado.exibeRelatorio&relatorioPadrao=true&idUc=56}}</ref> It is only accessible via boat.
'''Tonantins''' is a [[municipality]] in [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]], in northwest [[Brazil]]. Its population was 17,079 as of 2005, all of which were Brazilians.<ref name=ibge>{{cite web | url=https://cidades.ibge.gov.br/painel/painel.php?codmun=130423 | title=Amazonas » Tonantins » Infográficos: Dados gerais do município | work=[[Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics]]}}</ref> It is on the [[Amazon River]] and is 867 km upstream (west) of [[Manaus]], the state capital. The municipality is directly east of and overlaps parts of the [[Jutaí-Solimões Ecological Station]].<ref>{{cite web | language=pt | title=Unidade de Conservação: Estação Ecológica de Jutaí-Solimões | publisher=Ministério do Meio Ambiente | url=http://sistemas.mma.gov.br/cnuc/index.php?ido=relatorioparametrizado.exibeRelatorio&relatorioPadrao=true&idUc=56}}</ref> It is only accessible via boat.


==Climate==
==Climate==
Line 51: Line 51:


==History==
==History==
Around 1754, the [[Spaniards]] continued to penetrate the western [[Amazon rainforest]], which worried the [[Portuguese colonial]] government. In the region of the [[Putumayo River]], with the help of the Franciscans, they had already established several villages and tried to create a fort at the mouth of the river, near the [[Amazon River]]. The river had belonged to Spain until then, by virtue of the [[Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)|Treaty of Madrid]], but the Spanish wanted to recover at all costs the lost positions, neglecting the Treaty of 1750.<ref>{{cite book |last=SOUZA |first=Marcio |author-link= |date= |title=História da Amazônia: Do período pré-colombiano aos desafios do século XXI |trans-title=History of the Amazon: From the pre-Columbian period to the challenges of the 21st century |url= |location= |publisher=Record |page= |isbn=9788501117496 |language=pt}}</ref>
Around 1754, the [[Spaniards]] continued to penetrate the western [[Amazon rainforest]], which worried the [[Portuguese colonial]] government. In the region of the [[Putumayo River]], with the help of the Franciscans, they had already established several villages and tried to create a fort at the mouth of the river, near the [[Amazon River]]. The river had belonged to Spain until then, by virtue of the [[Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)|Treaty of Madrid]], but the Spanish wanted to recover at all costs the lost positions, neglecting the Treaty of 1750.<ref>{{cite book |last=SOUZA |first=Marcio |title=História da Amazônia: Do período pré-colombiano aos desafios do século XXI |trans-title=History of the Amazon: From the pre-Columbian period to the challenges of the 21st century |publisher=Record |isbn=9788501117496 |language=pt}}</ref>


In 1766 they left the fort and went to the river Napo, facing the difficulties of communication with the Papal Post Office and the tropical climate. In 1768 the position, abandoned by the Spanish, was taken by soldiers of the Portuguese captain, who by order of the Governor of the colonial state of the [[Grão-Pará and Rio Negro (state)|Grão-Pará and Rio Negro]], Fernando da Costa de Ataíde Teive, was named Fort of São Fernando do Içá.<ref>{{cite book |last=GOES NEVES |first=Eduardo |author-link= |date= |title=Arqueologia da Amazônia (Descobrindo o Brasil) |trans-title=Archeology of the Amazon (Discovering Brazil) |url= |location= |publisher=Zahar |page= |asin=B008M6CEK8 |language=pt}}</ref>
In 1766 they left the fort and went to the river Napo, facing the difficulties of communication with the Papal Post Office and the tropical climate. In 1768 the position, abandoned by the Spanish, was taken by soldiers of the Portuguese captain, who by order of the Governor of the colonial state of the [[Grão-Pará and Rio Negro (state)|Grão-Pará and Rio Negro]], Fernando da Costa de Ataíde Teive, was named Fort of São Fernando do Içá.<ref>{{cite book |last=GOES NEVES |first=Eduardo |title=Arqueologia da Amazônia (Descobrindo o Brasil) |trans-title=Archeology of the Amazon (Discovering Brazil) |publisher=Zahar |asin=B008M6CEK8 |language=pt}}</ref>


New expeditions followed when Colonel Joaquim Tinoco Valente, governor of the Grão-Pará and Rio Negro, became captain; João Pereira Caldas, who was also military, was Xavier de Sampaio's spokesman. The commander of the war expeditions against the invaders was Captain Felipe Sturn.
New expeditions followed when Colonel Joaquim Tinoco Valente, governor of the Grão-Pará and Rio Negro, became captain; João Pereira Caldas, who was also military, was Xavier de Sampaio's spokesman. The commander of the war expeditions against the invaders was Captain Felipe Sturn.


On October 1, 1777, Portugal and Spain reinstated restrictions in the South American colonies, keeping the 1777 [[First Treaty of San Ildefonso|Treaty of Saint Idelfonso]] in force. In this treaty, the boundaries of the Amazon range from the [[Madeira River]] to the central [[Mamoré River]], to the mouth of the Madeira, and straight to the bank of the [[Javari River]], bounded by the Amazon River.<ref>{{cite book |last={{uc:Rohter}} |first=Larry |author-link= |date= |title=Rondon: Uma biografia |trans-title=Biography of Marshal Candido Mariano Rondon |url= |location= |publisher=Objetiva |page= |asin=B07PPWV12J |language=pt}}</ref>
On October 1, 1777, Portugal and Spain reinstated restrictions in the South American colonies, keeping the 1777 [[First Treaty of San Ildefonso|Treaty of Saint Idelfonso]] in force. In this treaty, the boundaries of the Amazon range from the [[Madeira River]] to the central [[Mamoré River]], to the mouth of the Madeira, and straight to the bank of the [[Javari River]], bounded by the Amazon River.<ref>{{cite book |last={{uc:Rohter}} |first=Larry |title=Rondon: Uma biografia |trans-title=Biography of Marshal Candido Mariano Rondon |publisher=Objetiva |asin=B07PPWV12J |language=pt}}</ref>


The first village of Tonantins was founded by the Carmelite missionary Frei Matias Diniz, who was settled by the Caiuvicenas natives, and murdered by rival indigenous from a tribe called Tonantins, which gives the name of the municipality and where today it is known as the district of São Francisco.
The first village of Tonantins was founded by the Carmelite missionary Frei Matias Diniz, who was settled by the Caiuvicenas natives, and murdered by rival indigenous from a tribe called Tonantins, which gives the name of the municipality and where today it is known as the district of São Francisco.

Revision as of 15:35, 17 December 2020

Not to be confused with Tocantins.
For the river in the same state, see Tonantins River.
Tonantins
Municipality
Tonantins river port in 2008
Tonantins river port in 2008
Location of the municipality inside Amazonas
Location of the municipality inside Amazonas
Tonantins is located in Brazil
Tonantins
Tonantins
Location in Brazil
Coordinates: 2°52′22″S 67°48′7″W / 2.87278°S 67.80194°W / -2.87278; -67.80194
Country Brazil
RegionNorth
State Amazonas
Area
 • Total
6,446 km2 (2,489 sq mi)
Elevation
62 m (203 ft)
Population
 (2005)
 • Total
17,079
Time zoneUTC−4 (BRT)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (DST no longer used)
Area code+55 97
Demonymtonantinense
[1]

Tonantins is a municipality in Amazonas, in northwest Brazil. Its population was 17,079 as of 2005, all of which were Brazilians.[1] It is on the Amazon River and is 867 km upstream (west) of Manaus, the state capital. The municipality is directly east of and overlaps parts of the Jutaí-Solimões Ecological Station.[2] It is only accessible via boat.

Climate

The temperature is almost always between 23 degrees Celsius (74 degrees Fahrenheit) and 31 degrees Celsius (87 degrees Fahrenheit). It is a rainforest humid climate, and the rainy season lasts 8.5 months per year, from mid-October to June.

Economy

The primary economy is subsistence agriculture. The main product is cassava (yuca), followed by beans, rice, and corn.

History

Around 1754, the Spaniards continued to penetrate the western Amazon rainforest, which worried the Portuguese colonial government. In the region of the Putumayo River, with the help of the Franciscans, they had already established several villages and tried to create a fort at the mouth of the river, near the Amazon River. The river had belonged to Spain until then, by virtue of the Treaty of Madrid, but the Spanish wanted to recover at all costs the lost positions, neglecting the Treaty of 1750.[3]

In 1766 they left the fort and went to the river Napo, facing the difficulties of communication with the Papal Post Office and the tropical climate. In 1768 the position, abandoned by the Spanish, was taken by soldiers of the Portuguese captain, who by order of the Governor of the colonial state of the Grão-Pará and Rio Negro, Fernando da Costa de Ataíde Teive, was named Fort of São Fernando do Içá.[4]

New expeditions followed when Colonel Joaquim Tinoco Valente, governor of the Grão-Pará and Rio Negro, became captain; João Pereira Caldas, who was also military, was Xavier de Sampaio's spokesman. The commander of the war expeditions against the invaders was Captain Felipe Sturn.

On October 1, 1777, Portugal and Spain reinstated restrictions in the South American colonies, keeping the 1777 Treaty of Saint Idelfonso in force. In this treaty, the boundaries of the Amazon range from the Madeira River to the central Mamoré River, to the mouth of the Madeira, and straight to the bank of the Javari River, bounded by the Amazon River.[5]

The first village of Tonantins was founded by the Carmelite missionary Frei Matias Diniz, who was settled by the Caiuvicenas natives, and murdered by rival indigenous from a tribe called Tonantins, which gives the name of the municipality and where today it is known as the district of São Francisco.

The village was reborn between 1774 and 1775 by a Lord called Sampaio, who gathered with him the indians of the Caiuvicenas, Passés and Tikunas tribes. On the way, they were catechized by others who came on expeditions, thus building churches and a school.

Historical chronology

The permanent settlement dates to 1814, when a church was established on the bank of the river. The settlement was originally part of Tefé. On December 1, 1938, Tonantins was made a part of São Paulo de Olivença. On December 19, 1955, Tonantins was made a part of Santo Antônio do Içá. On December 10, 1981, it was separated to form its own jurisdiction. Tonantins was officially incorporated on July 2, 1985.[1]

In 2017, Tonantins was featured in the television show 90 Day Fiancé as the hometown of Karine Martins, one of the cast members.[6]

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Tonantins.

References

  1. ^ a b c "Amazonas » Tonantins » Infográficos: Dados gerais do município". Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics.
  2. ^ "Unidade de Conservação: Estação Ecológica de Jutaí-Solimões" (in Portuguese). Ministério do Meio Ambiente.
  3. ^ SOUZA, Marcio. História da Amazônia: Do período pré-colombiano aos desafios do século XXI [History of the Amazon: From the pre-Columbian period to the challenges of the 21st century] (in Portuguese). Record. ISBN 9788501117496.
  4. ^ GOES NEVES, Eduardo. Arqueologia da Amazônia (Descobrindo o Brasil) [Archeology of the Amazon (Discovering Brazil)] (in Portuguese). Zahar. ASIN B008M6CEK8.
  5. ^ ROHTER, Larry. Rondon: Uma biografia [Biography of Marshal Candido Mariano Rondon] (in Portuguese). Objetiva. ASIN B07PPWV12J.
  6. ^ Adams, Kirby (August 1, 2017). "Long distance love? Louisville man travels to Brazil for date on TLC show". The Courier-Journal.
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