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|isbn= 978-0-312-32322-6}}
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Kim was appointed commander of the 6th division in 1937, at the age of 24, controlling a few hundred men in a group that came to be known as "Kim Il-sung's division". While commanding this division, he executed a [[Battle of Pochonbo|raid on Poch’onbo]], on 4 June 1937. Although Kim's division only captured the small Japanese-held town just within the Korean border for a few hours, it was nonetheless considered{{by whom|date=July 2015}} a military success at this time, when the guerrilla units had experienced difficulty in capturing any enemy territory. This accomplishment would grant Kim some measure of fame among Chinese guerrillas, and North Korean biographies would later exploit it as a great victory for Korea. For their part, the Japanese regarded Kim as one of the most effective and popular Korean guerrilla leaders.<ref name="Cumings"/>{{rp|160–161}}<ref>{{cite book | title = Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey | url = https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/87 | url-access = registration | last = Robinson | first = Michael E | year = 2007 | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | location = Honolulu | isbn = 978-0-8248-3174-5 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/87 87, 155] }}</ref> He appeared on Japanese wanted lists as the "Tiger".<ref name="McCormack 1993">{{cite book | title = Korea since 1850 | last1 = Lone | first1 = Stewart| last2 = McCormack | first2 = Gavan | author-link2 = Gavan McCormack | publisher = Longman Cheshire | location = Melbourne | year = 1993 | page=100 }}</ref> The Japanese "Maeda Unit" was sent to hunt him in February 1940.<ref name="McCormack 1993"/> Later in 1940, the Japanese kidnapped a woman named Kim Hye-sun, believed to have been Kim Il Sung's first wife. After using her as a hostage to try to convince the Korean guerrillas to surrender, she was killed. Kim was appointed commander of the 2nd operational region for the 1st Army, but by the end of 1940 he was the only 1st Army leader still alive. Pursued by Japanese troops, Kim and what remained of his army escaped by crossing the [[Amur River]] into the Soviet Union.<ref name="Lankov"/>{{rp|53–54}} Kim was sent to a camp at [[Vyatskoye, Khabarovsk Krai|Vyatskoye]] near [[Khabarovsk]], where the Soviets retrained the Korean communist guerrillas. In August 1942, Kim and his army were assigned to a special unit which belong to the [[Soviet Red Army]]. Kim's immediate superior was [[Zhou Baozhong]].<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hant|url=http://dangshi.people.com.cn/BIG5/16700257.html|date=23 December 2011|access-date=1 June 2019|script-title=zh:金日成父子與周保中父女的兩代友誼|website=people.com.cn |author=寸麗香}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nknews.org/2019/02/how-an-obscure-red-army-unit-became-the-cradle-of-the-north-korean-elite/|date=4 February 2019|access-date=1 June 2019|title=How an obscure Red Army unit became the cradle of the North Korean elite|publisher=[[NK News]]|author=Fyodor Tertitskiy}}</ref> Kim became a Major in the Soviet Red Army and served in it until the end of [[World War II]] in 1945.
Kim was appointed commander of the 6th division in 1937, at the age of 24, controlling a few hundred men in a group that came to be known as "Kim Il-sung's division". While commanding this division, he executed a [[Battle of Pochonbo|raid on Poch’onbo]], on 4 June 1937. Although Kim's division only captured the small Japanese-held town just within the Korean border for a few hours, it was nonetheless considered{{by whom|date=July 2015}} a military success at this time, when the guerrilla units had experienced difficulty in capturing any enemy territory. This accomplishment would grant Kim some measure of fame among Chinese guerrillas, and North Korean biographies would later exploit it as a great victory for Korea. For their part, the Japanese regarded Kim as one of the most effective and popular Korean guerrilla leaders.<ref name="Cumings"/>{{rp|160–161}}<ref>{{cite book | title = Korea's Twentieth-Century Odyssey | url = https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/87 | url-access = registration | last = Robinson | first = Michael E | year = 2007 | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | location = Honolulu | isbn = 978-0-8248-3174-5 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi/page/87 87, 155] }}</ref> He appeared on Japanese wanted lists as the "Tiger".<ref name="McCormack 1993">{{cite book | title = Korea since 1850 | last1 = Lone | first1 = Stewart| last2 = McCormack | first2 = Gavan | author-link2 = Gavan McCormack | publisher = Longman Cheshire | location = Melbourne | year = 1993 | page=100 }}</ref> The Japanese "Maeda Unit" was sent to hunt him in February 1940.<ref name="McCormack 1993"/> Later in 1940, the Japanese kidnapped a woman named Kim Hye-sun, believed to have been Kim Il-Sung's first wife. After using her as a hostage to try to convince the Korean guerrillas to surrender, she was killed. Kim was appointed commander of the 2nd operational region for the 1st Army, but by the end of 1940 he was the only 1st Army leader still alive. Pursued by Japanese troops, Kim and what remained of his army escaped by crossing the [[Amur River]] into the Soviet Union.<ref name="Lankov"/>{{rp|53–54}} Kim was sent to a camp at [[Vyatskoye, Khabarovsk Krai|Vyatskoye]] near [[Khabarovsk]], where the Soviets retrained the Korean communist guerrillas. In August 1942, Kim and his army were assigned to a special unit which belong to the [[Soviet Red Army]]. Kim's immediate superior was [[Zhou Baozhong]].<ref>{{cite web|language=zh-hant|url=http://dangshi.people.com.cn/BIG5/16700257.html|date=23 December 2011|access-date=1 June 2019|script-title=zh:金日成父子與周保中父女的兩代友誼|website=people.com.cn |author=寸麗香}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nknews.org/2019/02/how-an-obscure-red-army-unit-became-the-cradle-of-the-north-korean-elite/|date=4 February 2019|access-date=1 June 2019|title=How an obscure Red Army unit became the cradle of the North Korean elite|publisher=[[NK News]]|author=Fyodor Tertitskiy}}</ref> Kim became a Major in the Soviet Red Army and served in it until the end of [[World War II]] in 1945.


=== Return to Korea ===
=== Return to Korea ===

Revision as of 13:18, 24 December 2020

In this Korean name, the family name is Kim.
Eternal Leader
Generalissimo
Kim Il-sung
김일성
Kim Il-sung in 1950
1st Supreme Leader of North Korea
In office
9 September 1948 – 8 July 1994
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byKim Jong-il
1st President of North Korea
In office
28 December 1972 – 8 July 1994
PremierKim Il
Pak Song-chol
Ri Jong-ok
Kang Song-san
Ri Kun-mo
Yon Hyong-muk
Kang Song-san
Vice President
Choe Yong-gon
Kang Ryang-uk
Kim Tong-kyu
Kim Il
Pak Song-chol
Rim Chun-chu [ko; zh; ja]
Ri Jong-ok
Kim Pyong-sik
Preceded byOffice established[a]
Succeeded byOffice abolished[b]
1st Premier of North Korea
In office
9 September 1948 – 28 December 1972
First Vice PremierKim Il
Vice Premier
Pak Hon-yong
Hong Myong-hui
Kim Chaek
Kim Il
Jong Il-ryong
Nam Il
Pak Ui-wan
Jong Jun-thaek
Kim Kwang-hyop
Kim Chang-man
Ri Jong-ok
Ri Ju-yon
Pak Song-chol
Choe Yong-jin
Preceded byOffice established
Succeeded byKim Il
General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea
(to 11 October 1966 as Chairman)
In office
30 June 1949 – 8 July 1994
Preceded byKim Tu-bong
Succeeded byKim Jong-il
Supreme Commander
of the Korean People's Army
In office
5 July 1950 – 24 December 1991
Preceded byChoe Yong-gon
Succeeded byKim Jong-il
Personal details
Born
Kim Sŏng-ju

(1912-04-15)15 April 1912
Died8 July 1994(1994-07-08) (aged 82)
Resting place
NationalityNorth Korean
Political partyWorkers' Party of Korea
Other political
affiliations		Workers' Party of North Korea (1946–1949)
Communist Party of China (1931–1946)
Spouses
  • ​
    ​
    (m. 1941; died 1949)​
  • ​
    ​
    (m. 1952)​
Children
Parents
RelativesKim Chol-ju (younger brother)
Kim Yong-ju (younger brother)
Residence(s)Pyongyang, North Korea
ProfessionPolitician
Signature
Military service
Allegiance
Branch/service Korean People's Army Ground Force
Red Army
Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army
Years of service
  • 1941–1945
  • 1948–1994
Rank Taewonsu (대원수, roughly translated as Grand Marshal or Generalissimo)
CommandsAll (Supreme Commander)
Battles/wars
Korean name
Chosŏn'gŭl
Hancha
Revised RomanizationKim Il(-)seong
McCune–ReischauerKim Ilsŏng
Birth name
Chosŏn'gŭl
Hancha
Revised RomanizationKim Seong(-)ju
McCune–ReischauerKim Sŏngchu
Central institution membership
  • 1980–1994: Member, Presidium of the Political Bureau of the 6th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
  • 1970-1980: Member, Political Committee of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
  • 1966–1994: Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Korea
  • 1966-1970: Member, Standing Committee of the Political Committee of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
  • 1961-1970: Chairman, Political Committee of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
  • 1956-1961: Member, Standing Committee of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
  • 1948–1994: Deputy, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th Supreme People's Assembly
  • 1946-1956: Member, Political Committee of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
  • 1946–1994: Member, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
Other offices held
  • 1982-1994: Chairman, Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea
  • 1972–1992: Chairman, National Defense Commission of the Central People's Committee of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
  • 1970-1982: Chairman, Military Commission of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea
  • 1992-1993: Chairman, National Defense Commission of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea
  • 1947-1948: Chairman, People's Committee of North Korea
  • 1946–1949: Vice Chairman, Central Committee of the Workers' Party of North Korea
  • 1946-1947: Chairman, Provisional People's Committee of North Korea
  • 1945–1946: Chairman, North Korea Bureau of the Communist Party of Korea
Leader of the Democratic People's
Republic of Korea

Kim Il-sung[c] (/ˈkɪm ˈɪlˈsʌŋ, -ˈsʊŋ/;[1] Korean: 김일성, Korean pronunciation: [kimils͈ʌŋ]; born Kim Sŏng-ju (김성주), 15 April 1912 – 8 July 1994) was the founder of North Korea, which he ruled from the country's establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994. He held the posts of Premier from 1948 to 1972 and President from 1972 to 1994. He was also the leader of the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) from 1949 to 1994 (titled as Chairman from 1949 to 1966 and as General Secretary after 1966). Coming to power after the end of Japanese rule in 1945, he authorized the invasion of South Korea in 1950, triggering an intervention in defense of South Korea by the United Nations led by the United States. Following the military stalemate in the Korean War, a ceasefire was signed on 27 July 1953. He was the third longest-serving non-royal head of state/government in the 20th century, in office for more than 45 years.

Under his leadership, North Korea was established as a communist state with a publicly owned and planned economy. It had close political and economic relations with the Soviet Union. By the late 1950s and during the 1960s and 1970s, North Korea enjoyed a higher standard of living than the South, which was suffering from political chaos and economic crises. The situation was reversed in the 1980s, as a newly stable South Korea became an economic powerhouse which was fueled by Japanese and American investment, military aid and internal economic development, while North Korea stagnated and then declined during the same period. Differences emerged between North Korea and the Soviet Union, chief among them was Kim Il-sung's philosophy of Juche, which focused on Korean nationalism, self-reliance and socialism. Despite this, the country received funds, subsidies and aid from the USSR (and the Eastern Bloc) until the dissolution of the USSR in 1991. The resulting loss of economic aid adversely affected the North's economy, causing widespread famine in 1994. During this period, North Korea also remained critical of the United States defense force's presence in the region, which it considered imperialist, having seized the American ship USS Pueblo in 1968, which was part of an infiltration and subversion campaign to reunify the peninsula under North Korea's rule. He outlived Joseph Stalin by four decades and Chinese Communist Party chairman Mao Zedong by almost two and remained in power during the terms of office of six South Korean Presidents, ten US Presidents and the reigns of British monarchs George VI and later his daughter Elizabeth II. Known as the Great Leader (Suryong), he established a personality cult which dominates domestic politics in North Korea.

At the 6th WPK Congress in 1980, his oldest son Kim Jong-il was elected to be a Presidium member and chosen to be his successor. Kim Il-sung's birthday is a public holiday in North Korea called the "Day of the Sun". In 1998, 4 years after his death, Kim Il-sung was declared "Eternal President of the Republic".

Early life

Controversy about origins

Controversy surrounds Kim's life before the founding of North Korea, with some labeling him an impostor. Several sources indicate that the name "Kim Il-sung" had previously been used by a prominent early leader of the Korean resistance, Kim Kyung-cheon.[2]: 44  The Soviet officer Grigory Mekler, who worked with Kim during the Soviet occupation, said that Kim assumed this name from a former commander who had died.[3] However, historian Andrei Lankov has argued that this is unlikely to be true. Several witnesses knew Kim before and after his time in the Soviet Union, including his superior, Zhou Baozhong, who dismissed the claim of a "second" Kim in his diaries.[4]: 55  Historian Bruce Cumings pointed out that Japanese officers from the Kwantung Army have attested to his fame as a resistance figure.[5]: 160–161  Historians generally accept the view that, while Kim's exploits were exaggerated by the personality cult which was built around him, he was a significant guerrilla leader.[6][7][8] A documentation at the National Archives and Records Administration shows that US Army Military Government in Korea have acknowledged that Kim was formerly named Kim Sŏng-ju, and he was a nephew of Anti-Japanese General Kim Il-sung, later he used his uncle's name after his uncle's death.[9]

Family background

Around the time the song Star of Korea was being spread, my comrades changed my name and began to call me Han Byol ... meaning "One Star". It was Pyon Tae U and other public-minded people in Wujiazi and such young communists as Choe Il Chon who proposed to change my name into Kim Il Sung. Thus I was called by three names, Song Ju, Han Byol and Il Sung. ... I did not like to be called by another name. Still less did I tolerate the people extolling me by comparing me to a star or the sun; it did not befit me, [as a] young man. But my comrades would not listen to me, no matter how sternly I rebuked them for it or argued against it....

It was in the spring of 1931 when I spent some three weeks in prison, having been arrested by the warlords in Guyushu, that the name Kim Il Sung appeared in the press for the first time. Until that time most of my acquaintances had called me by my real name, Song Ju. It was in later years when I started the armed struggle in east Manchuria that I was called by one name, Kim Il Sung, by my comrades. These comrades upheld me as their leader, even giving me a new name and singing a song about me. Thus they expressed their innermost feelings.

—Kim Il-sung, With the Century[10]: 110–111 

He was born to Kim Hyŏng-jik and Kang Pan-sŏk, who gave him the name Kim Sŏng-ju; Kim also had two younger brothers, Ch’ŏl-chu (or Kim Chul-ju) and Kim Yŏng-ju.[11][better source needed]: 15 

Kim's family is said to have originated from Jeonju, North Jeolla Province. His great-grandfather, Kim Ung-u, settled in Mangyongdae in 1860. Kim is reported to have been born in the small village of Mangyungbong (then called Namni) near Pyongyang on 15 April 1912.[12][11]: 12  An early semi-official biography of Kim Il-sung, which published in 1964 in Japan with North Korean support, reported that Kim was born in his mother's home in Chingjong, and grew up in Mangyungbong.[13]: 73 

According to Kim, his family was not very poor, but was always a step away from poverty. Kim said that he was raised in a Presbyterian family, that his maternal grandfather was a Protestant minister, that his father had gone to a missionary school and was an elder in the Presbyterian Church, and that his parents were very active in the religious community.[14][15] According to the official version, Kim's family participated in anti-Japanese activities and in 1920, they fled to Manchuria. Like most Korean families, they resented the Japanese occupation of the Korean peninsula, which began on 29 August 1910.[11]: 12  Another view seems to be that his family settled in Manchuria, as many Koreans had at the time, to escape famine. Nonetheless, Kim's parents, especially Kim's mother Kang Ban Suk, played a role in the anti-Japanese struggle that was sweeping the peninsula.[11]: 16  Their exact involvement—whether their cause was missionary, nationalist, or both—is unclear nevertheless.[4]: 53  Still, Japanese repression of opposition was brutal, resulting in the arrest and detention of more than 52,000 Korean citizens in 1912 alone.[11]: 13  This repression forced many Korean families to flee Korea and settle in Manchuria.

Communist and guerrilla activities

In October 1926, Kim founded the Down-with-Imperialism Union.[16] Kim attended Whasung Military Academy in 1926, but finding the academy's training methods outdated, he quit in 1927. From that time, he attended Yuwen Middle School in China's Jilin province up to 1930,[17] where he rejected the feudal traditions of older-generation Koreans and became interested in communist ideologies; his formal education ended when the police arrested and jailed him for his subversive activities. At seventeen, Kim had become the youngest member of an underground Marxist organization with fewer than twenty members, led by Hŏ So, who belonged to the South Manchurian Communist Youth Association. The police discovered the group three weeks after it formed in 1929, and jailed Kim for several months.[4]: 52 [18]

In 1931, Kim joined the Communist Party of China—the Communist Party of Korea had been founded in 1925, but had been thrown out of the Comintern in the early 1930s for being too nationalist. He joined various anti-Japanese guerrilla groups in northern China. Feelings against the Japanese ran high in Manchuria, but as of May 1930 the Japanese had not yet occupied Manchuria. On 30 May 1930, a spontaneous violent uprising in eastern Manchuria arose in which peasants attacked some local villages in the name of resisting "Japanese aggression."[19] The authorities easily suppressed this unplanned, reckless and unfocused uprising. Because of the attack, the Japanese began to plan an occupation of Manchuria.[20] In a speech before a meeting of Young Communist League delegates on 20 May 1931 in Yenchi County in Manchuria, Kim warned the delegates against such unplanned uprisings as the 30 May 1930 uprising in eastern Manchuria.[21]

Four months later, on 18 September 1931, the "Mukden Incident" occurred, in which a relatively weak dynamite explosive charge went off near a Japanese railroad in the town of Mukden in Manchuria. Although no damage occurred, the Japanese used the incident as an excuse to send armed forces into Manchuria and to appoint a puppet government.[22] In 1935, Kim became a member of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army, a guerrilla group led by the Communist Party of China. Kim was appointed[by whom?] the same year to serve as political commissar for the 3rd detachment of the second division, consisting of around 160 soldiers.[4]: 53  Here Kim met the man who would become his mentor as a communist, Wei Zhengmin, Kim's immediate superior officer, who served at the time as chairman of the Political Committee of the Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army. Wei reported directly to Kang Sheng, a high-ranking party member close to Mao Zedong in Yan'an, until Wei's death on 8 March 1941.[23]

In 1935, Kim took the name Kim Il-sung, meaning "Kim become the sun".[24]: 30  Kim was appointed commander of the 6th division in 1937, at the age of 24, controlling a few hundred men in a group that came to be known as "Kim Il-sung's division". While commanding this division, he executed a raid on Poch’onbo, on 4 June 1937. Although Kim's division only captured the small Japanese-held town just within the Korean border for a few hours, it was nonetheless considered[by whom?] a military success at this time, when the guerrilla units had experienced difficulty in capturing any enemy territory. This accomplishment would grant Kim some measure of fame among Chinese guerrillas, and North Korean biographies would later exploit it as a great victory for Korea. For their part, the Japanese regarded Kim as one of the most effective and popular Korean guerrilla leaders.[5]: 160–161 [25] He appeared on Japanese wanted lists as the "Tiger".[26] The Japanese "Maeda Unit" was sent to hunt him in February 1940.[26] Later in 1940, the Japanese kidnapped a woman named Kim Hye-sun, believed to have been Kim Il-Sung's first wife. After using her as a hostage to try to convince the Korean guerrillas to surrender, she was killed. Kim was appointed commander of the 2nd operational region for the 1st Army, but by the end of 1940 he was the only 1st Army leader still alive. Pursued by Japanese troops, Kim and what remained of his army escaped by crossing the Amur River into the Soviet Union.[4]: 53–54  Kim was sent to a camp at Vyatskoye near Khabarovsk, where the Soviets retrained the Korean communist guerrillas. In August 1942, Kim and his army were assigned to a special unit which belong to the Soviet Red Army. Kim's immediate superior was Zhou Baozhong.[27][28] Kim became a Major in the Soviet Red Army and served in it until the end of World War II in 1945.

Return to Korea

Kim Il-sung (centre) and Kim Tu-bong (second from right) at the joint meeting of the New People's Party and the Workers' Party of North Korea in Pyongyang, 28 August 1946

The Soviet Union declared war on Japan on 8 August 1945, and the Red Army entered Pyongyang on 24 August 1945. Stalin had instructed Lavrentiy Beria to recommend a communist leader for the Soviet-occupied territories and Beria met Kim several times before recommending him to Stalin.[12][29][30]

Kim arrived in the Korean port of Wonsan on 19 September 1945 after 26 years in exile.[24]: 51  According to Leonid Vassin, an officer with the Soviet MVD, Kim was essentially "created from zero". For one, his Korean was marginal at best; he only had eight years of formal education, all of it in Chinese. He needed considerable coaching to read a speech (which the MVD prepared for him) at a Communist Party congress three days after he arrived.[2]: 50 

In December 1945, the Soviets installed Kim as chairman of the North Korean branch of the Korean Communist Party.[24]: 56  Originally, the Soviets preferred Cho Man-sik to lead a popular front government, but Cho refused to support a UN-backed trusteeship and clashed with Kim.[31] General Terentii Shtykov, who led the Soviet occupation of northern Korea, supported Kim over Pak Hon-yong to lead the Provisional People's Committee for North Korea on 8 February 1946.[32] As chairman of the committee, Kim was "the top Korean administrative leader in the North," though he was still de facto subordinate to General Shtykov until the Chinese intervention in the Korean War.[30][24]: 56 [32]

To solidify his control, Kim established the Korean People's Army (KPA), aligned with the Communist Party, and he recruited a cadre of guerrillas and former soldiers who had gained combat experience in battles against the Japanese and later against Nationalist Chinese troops.[33] Using Soviet advisers and equipment, Kim constructed a large army skilled in infiltration tactics and guerrilla warfare. Prior to Kim's invasion of the South in 1950, which triggered the Korean War, Stalin equipped the KPA with modern, Soviet-built medium tanks, trucks, artillery, and small arms. Kim also formed an air force, equipped at first with Soviet-built propeller-driven fighters and attack aircraft. Later, North Korean pilot candidates were sent to the Soviet Union and China to train in MiG-15 jet aircraft at secret bases.[34]

Leader of North Korea

Early years

Despite United Nations plans to conduct all-Korean elections, the Soviets held elections of their own in their zone on 25 August 1948 for a Supreme People's Assembly. Voters were presented with a single list from the Communist-dominated Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland.[citation needed] The Democratic People's Republic of Korea was proclaimed on 9 September 1948, with Kim as the Soviet-designated premier. On 15 August 1948, the south had declared statehood as the Republic of Korea. The Communist Party was nominally led by Kim Tu-bong, though from the outset Kim Il-sung held the real power.[citation needed]

On 12 October, the Soviet Union recognized Kim's government as the sovereign government of the entire peninsula, including the south.[35] The Communist Party merged with the New People's Party of Korea to form the Workers' Party of North Korea, with Kim as vice-chairman. In 1949, the Workers' Party of North Korea merged with its southern counterpart to become the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK) with Kim as party chairman.[36] By 1949, Kim and the communists had consolidated their rule in North Korea.[2]: 53  Around this time, Kim began promoting an intense personality cult. The first of many statues of him appeared, and he began calling himself "Great Leader".[2]: 53 

In February 1946, Kim Il-sung decided to introduce a number of reforms. Over 50% of the arable land was redistributed, an 8-hour work day was proclaimed and all heavy industry was to be nationalized.[37] There were improvements in the health of the population after he nationalized healthcare and made it available to all citizens.[38]

Korean War

Main article: Korean War

Archival material suggests[39][40][41] that North Korea's decision to invade South Korea was Kim's initiative, not a Soviet one. Evidence suggests that Soviet intelligence, through its espionage sources in the US government and British SIS, had obtained information on the limitations of US atomic bomb stockpiles as well as defense program cuts, leading Stalin to conclude that the Truman administration would not intervene in Korea.[42]

China acquiesced only reluctantly to the idea of Korean reunification after being told by Kim that Stalin had approved the action.[39][40][41] The Chinese did not provide North Korea with direct military support (other than logistics channels) until United Nations troops, largely US forces, had nearly reached the Yalu River late in 1950. At the outset of the war in June and July, North Korean forces captured Seoul and occupied most of the South, save for a small section of territory in the southeast region of the South that was called the Pusan Perimeter. But in September, the North Koreans were driven back by the US-led counterattack that started with the UN landing in Incheon, followed by a combined South Korean-US-UN offensive from the Pusan Perimeter. By October, UN forces had retaken Seoul and invaded the North to reunify the country under the South. On 19 October, US and South Korean troops captured P’yŏngyang, forcing Kim and his government to flee north, first to Sinuiju and eventually into Kanggye.[43][44]

On 25 October 1950, after sending various warnings of their intent to intervene if UN forces did not halt their advance,[45]: 23  Chinese troops in the thousands crossed the Yalu River and entered the war as allies of the KPA. There were nevertheless tensions between Kim and the Chinese government. Kim had been warned of the likelihood of an amphibious landing at Incheon, which was ignored. There was also a sense that the North Koreans had paid little in war compared to the Chinese who had fought for their country for decades against foes with better technology.[45]: 335–336  The UN troops were forced to withdraw and Chinese troops retook P’yŏngyang in December and Seoul in January 1951. In March, UN forces began a new offensive, retaking Seoul and advanced north once again halting at a point just north of the 38th Parallel. After a series of offensives and counter-offensives by both sides, followed by a grueling period of largely static trench warfare that lasted from the summer of 1951 to July 1953, the front was stabilized along what eventually became the permanent "Armistice Line" of 27 July 1953. Over 2.5 million people died during the Korean war.[46]

Chinese and Russian documents from that time reveal that Kim became increasingly desperate to establish a truce, since the likelihood that further fighting would successfully unify Korea under his rule became more remote with the UN and US presence. Kim also resented the Chinese taking over the majority of the fighting in his country, with Chinese forces stationed at the center of the front line, and the Korean People's Army being mostly restricted to the coastal flanks of the front.[47]

Consolidating power

Kim on a 1956 visit to East Germany, chatting with painter Otto Nagel and Prime Minister Otto Grotewohl

With the end of the Korean War, despite the failure to unify Korea under his rule, Kim il-sung proclaimed the war a victory in the sense that he had remained in power in the north. However, the three-year war left North Korea devastated, and Kim immediately embarked on a large reconstruction effort. He launched a five-year national economic plan to establish a command economy, with all industry owned by the state and all agriculture collectivized. The economy was focused on heavy industry and arms production. By the 1960s, North Korea briefly enjoyed a standard of living higher than the South, which was fraught with political instability and economic crises.[48][49][50] Both South and North Korea retained huge armed forces to defend the 1953 Demilitarized Zone, and US forces remained in the South.

In the ensuing years, Kim established himself as an independent leader of international communism. In 1956, he joined Mao in the "anti-revisionist" camp, which did not accept Nikita Khrushchev's program of de-Stalinization, yet he did not become a Maoist himself. At the same time, he consolidated his power over the Korean communist movement. Rival leaders were eliminated. Pak Hon-yong, leader of the Korean Communist Party, was purged and executed in 1955. Choe Chang-ik appears to have been purged as well.[51][52] The 1955 Juche speech, which stressed Korean independence, debuted in the context of Kim's power struggle against leaders such as Pak, who had Soviet backing. This was little noticed at the time until state media started talking about it in 1963.[53][54]

Kim Il-sung's cult of personality had initially been criticized by some members of the government. The North Korean ambassador to the USSR, Li Sangjo, a member of the Yan'an faction, reported that it had become a criminal offense to so much as write on Kim's picture in a newspaper and that he had been elevated to the status of Marx, Lenin, Mao, and Stalin in the communist pantheon. He also charged Kim with rewriting history so it would appear as if his guerrilla faction had single-handedly liberated Korea from the Japanese, completely ignoring the assistance of the Chinese People's Volunteers. In addition, Li stated that in the process of agricultural collectivization, grain was being forcibly confiscated from the peasants, leading to "at least 300 suicides" and he also stated that Kim made nearly all major policy decisions and appointments himself. Li reported that over 30,000 people were in prison for completely unjust and arbitrary reasons which were as trivial as not printing Kim Il-sung's portrait on sufficient quality paper or using newspapers with his picture to wrap parcels. Grain confiscation and tax collection were also conducted with force, which consisted of violence, beatings, and threats of imprisonment.[55]

During the 1956 August Faction Incident, Kim Il-sung successfully resisted Soviet and Chinese efforts to depose him in favor of pro-Soviet Koreans or Koreans who belonged to the pro-Chinese Yan'an faction.[56][57] The last Chinese troops withdrew from the country in October 1958, which is the consensus as the latest date when North Korea became effectively independent, though some scholars believe that the 1956 August incident demonstrated North Korea's independence.[56][57]

During his rise and consolidation of power, Kim created the songbun caste system, which divided the North Korean people into three groups. Each person was classified as belonging to the “core,” “wavering,” or “hostile” class, based on his or her political, social, and economic background – a system which persists today. Songbun was used to decide all aspects of a person's existence in North Korean society, including access to education, housing, employment, food rationing, ability to join the ruling party, and even where a person was allowed to live. Large numbers of people from the so-called hostile class, which included intellectuals, land owners, and former supporters of Japan's occupying government during World War II, were forcibly relocated to the country's isolated and impoverished northern provinces. When years of famine ravaged the country in the 1990s, those people who lived in its marginalized and remote communities were hardest hit.[58]

During his rule, North Korea was responsible for widespread human rights abuses.[59][60][61] Kim Il-Sung punished real and perceived dissent through purges which included public executions and enforced disappearances. Not only dissenters but their entire extended families were reduced to the lowest songbun rank, and many of them were relocated to a secret system of political prison camps. These camps or kwanliso, a part of Kim's vast network of abusive penal and forced labor institutions, were fenced and heavily guarded colonies in mountainous areas of the country, where prisoners were forced to perform back-breaking labor such as logging, mining, and picking crops. Most prisoners were held in these camps for life, and their living and working conditions in them were often deadly. For example, prisoners were nearly starved to death, denied medical care, denied proper housing and clothes, subjected to sexual violence, regularly mistreated, tortured and executed by guards.[58]

Later rule

Kim greets visiting Romanian President Nicolae Ceaușescu in Pyongyang, 1971

Despite his opposition to de-Stalinization, Kim never officially severed relations with the Soviet Union, and he did not take part in the Sino-Soviet Split. After Khrushchev was replaced by Leonid Brezhnev in 1964, Kim's relations with the Soviet Union became closer. At the same time, Kim was increasingly alienated by Mao's unstable style of leadership, especially during the Cultural Revolution in the late 1960s. Kim in turn was denounced by Mao's Red Guards.[62] At the same time, Kim reinstated relations with most of Eastern Europe's communist countries, primarily with Erich Honecker's East Germany and Nicolae Ceauşescu's Romania. Ceauşescu, in particular, was heavily influenced by Kim's ideology, and the personality cult which grew around him in Romania was very similar to that of Kim.[63]

However, Albania's Enver Hoxha (another independent-minded communist leader) was a fierce enemy of the country and Kim Il-sung, writing in June 1977 that "genuine Marxist-Leninists" will understand that the "ideology which is guiding the Korean Workers' Party and the Communist Party of China...is revisionist" and later that month he added that "in Pyongyang, I believe that even Tito will be astonished at the proportions of the cult of his host [Kim Il Sung], which has reached a level unheard of anywhere else, either in past or present times, let alone in a country which calls itself socialist."[64][65] He further claimed that "the leadership of the Communist Party of China has betrayed [the working people]. In Korea, too, we can say that the leadership of the Korean Workers' Party is wallowing in the same waters" and claimed that Kim Il Sung was begging for aid from other countries, especially among the Eastern Bloc and non-aligned countries like Yugoslavia. As a result, relations between North Korea and Albania would remain cold and tense right up until Hoxha's death in 1985. Although a resolute anti-communist, Zaire's Mobutu Sese Seko was also heavily influenced by Kim's style of rule.[66] At the same time, Kim was establishing an extensive personality cult. Kim developed the policy and ideology of Juche in opposition to the idea of North Korea as a satellite state of China or the Soviet Union.

In the 1960s, Kim became impressed with the efforts of North Vietnamese Leader Ho Chi Minh to reunify Vietnam through guerrilla warfare and thought that something similar might be possible in Korea.[67]: 30–31  Infiltration and subversion efforts were thus greatly stepped up against US forces and the leadership in South Korea.[67]: 32–33  These efforts culminated in an attempt to storm the Blue House and assassinate President Park Chung-hee.[67]: 32  North Korean troops thus took a much more aggressive stance toward US forces in and around South Korea, engaging US Army troops in fire-fights along the Demilitarized Zone. The 1968 capture of the crew of the spy ship USS Pueblo was a part of this campaign.[67]: 33 

The North Korean government's practice of abducting foreign nationals, such as South Koreans, Japanese, Chinese, Thais, and Romanians, is another practice of Kim Il-Sung which persists to the present day. Kim Il-Sung planned these operations to seize persons who could be used to support North Korea's overseas intelligence operations, or those who had technical skills to maintain the socialist state's economic infrastructure in farms, construction, hospitals, and heavy industry. According to the Korean War Abductees Family Union (KWAFU), those abducted by North Korea after the war included 2,919 civil servants, 1,613 police, 190 judicial officers and lawyers, and 424 medical practitioners. In the hijacking and seizure of Korean Airlines flight YS-11 in 1969 by North Korean agents, the pilots and mechanics, and others with specialized skills, were the only ones never permitted to return to South Korea. The total number of foreign abductees and disappeared is still unknown, but is estimated to include more than 200,000 people. The vast majority of disappearances occurred or were linked to the Korean War, but hundreds of South Koreans and Japanese people were abducted during the 1960s and 1980s. A number of South Koreans and nationals of the People's Republic of China have also been apparently abducted in the 2000s and 2010s. At least 100,000 people remain disappeared.[58]

A new constitution was proclaimed in December 1972, which created an executive presidency. Kim gave up the premiership and was elected president. On 14 April 1975, North Korea discontinued most formal use of its traditional units and adopted the metric system.[68] In 1980, he decided that his son Kim Jong-il would succeed him, and increasingly delegated the running of the government to him. The Kim family was supported by the army, due to Kim Il-sung's revolutionary record and the support of the veteran defense minister, O Chin-u. At the Sixth Party Congress in October 1980, Kim publicly designated his son as his successor. In 1986, a rumor spread that Kim had been assassinated, making the concern for Jong-il's ability to succeed his father actual. Kim dispelled the rumors, however, by making a series of public appearances. It has been argued, however, that the incident helped establish the order of succession—the first patrifilial in a communist state—which eventually would occur upon Kim Il-Sung's death in 1994.[69]

From about this time, North Korea encountered increasing economic difficulties. South Korea became an economic powerhouse fueled by Japanese and American investment, military aid, and internal economic development, while North Korea stagnated and then declined in the 1980s.[70][71] The practical effect of Juche was to cut the country off from virtually all foreign trade in order to make it entirely self-reliant. The economic reforms of Deng Xiaoping in China from 1979 onward meant that trade with the moribund economy of North Korea held decreasing interest for China. The Revolutions of 1989 in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, from 1989–1992, completed North Korea's virtual isolation. These events led to mounting economic difficulties because Kim refused to issue any economic or political reforms.[72]

Kim Il Sung's calcium deposit tumor is noticeable on the back of his head in this rare newsreel still image during a diplomatic meeting between him and Chinese Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong in Beijing, 1970.

As he aged, starting in the 1970s, Kim developed a calcium deposit growth on the right side of the back of his neck. It was long believed that its close proximity to his brain and spinal cord made it inoperable. However, Juan Reynaldo Sanchez, a defected bodyguard for Fidel Castro who met Kim in 1986 wrote later that it was Kim's own paranoia that prevented it from being operated on. [73] Because of its unappealing nature, North Korean reporters and photographers were required to photograph Kim while standing slightly to his left in order to hide the growth from official photographs and newsreels. Hiding the growth became increasingly difficult as the growth reached the size of a baseball by the late 1980s.[74]: xii 

Kim Il-sung's 80th birthday ceremony with international guests, April 1992

To ensure a full succession of leadership to his son and designated successor Kim Jong-il, Kim turned over his chairmanship of North Korea's National Defense Commission—the body mainly responsible for control of the armed forces as well as the supreme commandership of the country's now million-man strong military force, the Korean People's Army—to his son in 1991 and 1993. So far, the elder Kim—even though he is dead—has remained the country's president, the general-secretary of its ruling Workers' Party of Korea, and the chairman of the Party's Central Military Commission, the party's organization that has supreme supervision and authority over military matters.

In early 1994, Kim began investing in nuclear power to offset energy shortages brought on by economic problems. This was the first of many "nuclear crises". On 19 May 1994, Kim ordered spent fuel to be unloaded from the already disputed nuclear research facility in Yongbyon. Despite repeated chiding from Western nations, Kim continued to conduct nuclear research and carry on with the uranium enrichment program. In June 1994, former US president Jimmy Carter travelled to Pyongyang in an effort to persuade Kim to negotiate with the Clinton Administration over its nuclear program.[75] To the astonishment of the United States and the International Atomic Energy Agency, Kim agreed to halt his nuclear research program and seemed to be embarking upon a new opening to the West.[76]

Death

Main article: Death and state funeral of Kim Il-sung

On the late morning of 8 July 1994, Kim Il-sung collapsed from a sudden heart attack at his residence in Hyangsan, North Pyongan. After the heart attack, Kim Jong-il ordered the team of doctors who were constantly at his father's side to leave, and arranged for the country's best doctors to be flown in from Pyongyang. After several hours, the doctors from Pyongyang arrived, but despite their efforts to save him, Kim Il-sung died later that day at the age of 82. After the traditional Confucian Mourning period, his death was declared thirty hours later.[77]

Kim Il-sung's death resulted in nationwide mourning and a ten-day mourning period was declared by Kim Jong-il. His funeral was on July 17, 1994 in Pyongyang and was attended by hundreds of thousands of people who were flown into the city from all over North Korea. Kim Il-sung's body was placed in a public mausoleum at the Kumsusan Palace of the Sun, where his preserved and embalmed body lies under a glass coffin for viewing purposes. His head rests on a traditional Korean pillow and he is covered by the flag of the Workers' Party of Korea. Newsreel video of the funeral at Pyongyang was broadcast on several networks, and can now be found on various websites.[78]

Personal life

See also: Kim dynasty (North Korea)
Kim's first wife, Kim Jŏng Suk, and his son, Kim Jong-il

Kim Il-sung married twice. His first wife, Kim Jong-suk (1917–1949), gave birth to two sons and one daughter before her death in childbirth during the delivery of a stillborn girl. Kim Jong-il was his oldest son. The other son (Kim Man-il, or Shaura Kim) of this marriage died in 1947 in a swimming accident. A daughter, Kim Kyong-hui, was born in 1946. Kim married Kim Song-ae (1924–2014) in 1952, and it is believed that he had three children with her: Kim Yŏng-il (not to be confused with the former Premier of North Korea with the same name), Kim Kyŏng-il, and Kim Pyong-il. Kim Pyong-il was prominent in Korean politics until he became ambassador to Hungary. In 2015, Kim Pyong-il became ambassador to the Czech Republic, but officially retired in 2019 and resides once again in North Korea. Kim was reported to have had other children with women who he was not married to.[79] They included Kim Hyŏn-nam (born 1972, head of the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Workers' Party since 2002).[80]

Awards

Main article: Awards and decorations received by Kim Il-sung

According to North Korean sources, Kim Il-sung had received 230 foreign orders, medals and titles from 70 countries since the 1940s until, and after, his death.[81] They include: The Soviet Order of the Red Banner and the Order of Lenin (twice),[82][83] Order of the Republic of Indonesia (first class), the Bulgarian Order of Georgi Dimitrov (twice), the Togolese Order of Mono (Grand Cross), the Order of the Yugoslav Star (Great Star),[84] the Cuban Order of José Martí (twice), the East German Order of Karl Marx (twice), Order of the Republic of Malta, the Burkinabe Order of the Gold Star of Nahouri, Order of the Grand Star of Honour of Socialist Ethiopia, the Nicaraguan Augusto Cesar Sandino Order [es], the Vietnamese Gold Star Order,[83] the Czechoslovak Order of Klement Gottwald,[85] the Royal Order of Cambodia (Grand Cross),[86] the Malagasy Grand National Cross (first class),[87] the Mongolian Order of Sukhbaatar,[88] and the Romanian orders of Order of Victory of Socialism and Order of the Star of the Romanian Socialist Republic (first class with band).[83][89]

Legacy

Further information: Kim Il-sung's cult of personality
A mural in Pyongyang of a young Kim Il-sung giving a speech
The Mansudae Grand Monuments, depicting large bronze statues of Kim Il-sung and his son Kim Jong-il.

There are over 500 statues of Kim Il-sung in North Korea, similar to the many statues and monuments that Eastern Bloc leaders put up in honor of themselves.[90] The most prominent are at Kim Il-sung University, Kim Il-sung Stadium, Mansudae Hill, Kim Il-sung Bridge and the Immortal Statue of Kim Il-sung. Some statues have reportedly been destroyed by explosions or damaged with graffiti by North Korean dissidents.[2]: 201 [91] Yŏng Saeng ("eternal life") monuments have been erected throughout the country, each dedicated to the departed "Eternal Leader".[92]

Kim Il-sung's image, especially his posthumous portrait released in 1994, is prominent in places associated with public transportation, which hangs at every North Korean train station and airport.[90] It is also placed prominently at the border crossings between China and North Korea.[citation needed] Thousands of gifts to Kim Il-sung from foreign leaders are housed in the International Friendship Exhibition.[93]

Official portrait of Kim Il Sung, often seen in public places

Kim Il-sung's birthday, "Day of the Sun", is celebrated every year as a public holiday in North Korea.[94] The associated April Spring Friendship Art Festival gathers hundreds of artists from all over the world.[95]

Works

Main article: Kim Il-sung bibliography

Kim Il-sung was the author of many works. According to North Korean sources, these amount to approximately 10,800 speeches, reports, books, treatises, and others.[96] Some, such as the 100-volume Complete Collection of Kim Il-sung's Works (김일성전집), are published by the Workers' Party of Korea Publishing House.[97] Shortly before his death, he published an eight-volume autobiography, With the Century.[31]: 26 

According to official North Korean sources, Kim Il-sung was the original writer of many plays and operas.[98] One of these, The Flower Girl, a revolutionary theatrical opera, was adapted into a locally produced feature film in 1972.[99][100][10]: 178 

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Choi Yong-kun was previously head of state as the President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly.
  2. ^ Kim Yong-nam became later head of state as the President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly.
  3. ^ Officially transcribed as Kim Il Sung by North Korean sources.

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Further reading

Wikiquote has quotations related to Kim Il Sung.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kim Il-sung.
Government offices
New title Premier of North Korea
1948–1972 		Succeeded by
Preceded byas President of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly President of North Korea
(Eternal President since 5 September 1998)
1972–1994 		Succeeded byas Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly
New title Chairman of the National Defence Commission
1972–1993 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
New title Chairman of the Workers’ Party of Korea
1949–1966 		Himself as General Secretary
Chairman of the WPK Organization Bureau
1949–1951 		Succeeded by
Chairman of the WPK Central Military Commission
1950–1994 		Vacant
Title next held by
Kim Jong-il
General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea
1966–1994
Military offices
Preceded by Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army
1950–1991 		Succeeded by
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