Jump to content

Preprint: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
The information that had been removed was moved to separate page: "List of academic preprint repositories" or it is available on seperate subpages (e.g. about arxiv). Currently, we have >60 preprint servers and more will be created for sure. There is no point to mention all of them on the "preprint" general page. Extra plus is that we can limit far too many external links.
Line 31: Line 31:


== Types of preprint servers ==
== Types of preprint servers ==
{{see also|List of academic preprint servers}}The preprint servers can be grouped in three categories: general (accepting practically all preprints, frequently with bias towards some topic, publisher e.g. [[Authorea]]), field-specific (e.g. [[bioRxiv]], [[ChemRxiv]]) and regional (e.g. [[AfricArXiv|AfricArxiv]], [[Arabixiv]]). Additionally, preprints can be categorised by the owner (private publishing company e.g. ''[[PeerJ PrePrints]],'' libraries e.g. [[EarthArXiv]], universities e.g. [[arXiv]] or independent non-profit organisations e.g. [[HAL (open archive)|HAL]]). While many preprint servers appeared, some had been terminated. The canceled servers were oparated mainly by profit publishing companies (e.g. [[Nature Publishing Group]] closed [[Nature Precedings]] or [[O'Reilly Media|O'Reilly]]&[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE]] closed [[PeerJ PrePrints]]) or were regional (e.g. [[INArxiv]] limited to Indonesia).
{{see also|List of academic preprint servers}}The preprint servers can be grouped in three categories: general (accepting practically all preprints, frequently with bias towards some topic, publisher e.g. [[Authorea]]), field-specific (e.g. [[bioRxiv]], [[ChemRxiv]]) and regional (e.g. [[AfricArXiv|AfricArxiv]], [[Arabixiv]]). Additionally, preprints can be categorised by the owner (private publishing company e.g. ''[[PeerJ PrePrints]],'' libraries e.g. [[EarthArXiv]], universities e.g. [[arXiv]] or independent non-profit organisations e.g. [[HAL (open archive)|HAL]]). While many preprint servers appeared, some had been terminated. The canceled servers were oparated mainly by profit publishing companies (e.g. [[Nature Publishing Group]] closed [[Nature Precedings]] or [[O'Reilly Media|O'Reilly]]&[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE]] closed [[PeerJ PrePrints]]) or were regional (e.g. [[INArxiv]] limited to Indonesia). Moreover, multiple writing platforms (e.g. [[Authorea]]) developed separate preprint servers as a part of their service. For more complete list (over 60 preprints servers) see: [[List of academic preprint repositories]].


=== General ===
[[Authorea]] was launched in 2012 as a collaborative writing platform used by researchers to write, cite, collaborate, host and post their articles. The site is the only preprint server that displays manuscripts as HTML with interactive figures and hosted data.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.authorea.com/users/8850/articles/155312-introducing-the-21st-century-preprint-html-versioned-citable-data-rich|title=Introducing the 21st-century preprint: HTML, versioned, citable, data-rich.|website=Authorea}}</ref>

''PeerJ PrePrints'' is a free preprint server operated by ''[[PeerJ]]''. Articles submitted undergo a basic screening process but are not peer-reviewed. Commenting is allowed by any registered user, and download and pageview data are supplied. All articles are published with a [[Creative Commons license|CC-BY license]]. As of September 2016, 2,439 articles have been made available.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://peerj.com/preprints |title = PeerJ Preprints - Table of Contents}}</ref> On September 3rd, 2019 ''PeerJ PrePrints'' announced it would stop accepting new preprints as of September 30th, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://peerj.com/blog/post/115284881747/peerj-preprints-to-stop-accepting-new-preprints-sep-30-2019/|title=PeerJ Preprints to stop accepting new preprints Sep 30th 2019 – PeerJ Blog|website=peerj.com|access-date=2019-10-01}}</ref> [[Zenodo]] is a repository for research data that has been used also as preprint repository, because it offers document preview and a [[Digital object identifier|DOI number]] for the submitted document. [[MDPI]] launched an additional preprint server in 2016.<ref>https://www.preprints.org/</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.mdpi.com/2016/07/28/introducing-preprints-a-multidisciplinary-open-access-preprint-platform/|title=Introducing Preprints: A Multidisciplinary Open Access Preprint Platform|access-date=2016-08-01|date=2016-07-28}}</ref>

[https://www.researchsquare.com/ Research Square] is a free multidisciplinary preprint server that launched in 2018. Articles are rendered in full HTML and commenting is allowed without registration. Research Square is also home to ''In Review'', an opt-in service that posts manuscripts as preprints to Research Square while they are under consideration at participating journals. ''In Review'' features a peer review timeline, which publicly displays information like when an editor is assigned and when peer reviews are received. Research Square also hosts the [https://protocolexchange.researchsquare.com/ Protocol Exchange] which is an open repository of community-contributed protocols sponsored by [[Nature Research]].

[https://www.cambridge.org/engage/coe/public-dashboard Cambridge Open Engage] is the early content platform from [https://www.cambridge.org/ Cambridge University Press], designed to provide researchers with space and resources to connect and collaborate with their communities, and rapidly disseminate early research. It is free to upload and read content. Cambridge Open Engage content is primarily for the research community, across disciplines (though not accepting content with implications for clinical practice), but it is also freely accessible to all audiences. Content on Cambridge Open Engage is not peer-reviewed, but goes through a moderation process before it is posted. Cambridge University Press also partners with organizations such as learned societies, university departments or research centres. The first partner space was [https://preprints.apsanet.org/engage/apsa/public-dashboard APSA Preprints], launched on behalf of the American Political Science Association in August 2019.

[https://www.qeios.com/ Qeios] is a multidisciplinary [[Open science|Open Science]] platform that allows researchers to create, instantly post and [[Open peer review|openly peer review]] preprints and scholarly [[Definition|definitions]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=OAI11 – CERN-UNIGE Workshop on Innovations in Scholarly Communication|url=https://indico.cern.ch/event/786048/contributions/3373792/|access-date=2020-11-24|website=Indico}}</ref> Initially launched in 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|title=[open-science] Qeios is now LIVE — Call for Definitions!|url=https://lists-archive.okfn.org/pipermail/open-science/2019-April/009526.html}}</ref> Qeios offers a web-based text editor to [[Collaboration tool|collaboratively]] write a preprint directly online or copy-and-paste it from a [[Microsoft Word]] document into a [[Search engine optimization|SEO-friendly]], editable [[HTML]] format.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Qeios - Empowering Researchers|url=https://www.qeios.com/teaser|access-date=2020-11-24|website=www.qeios.com|language=en}}</ref> In March 2020, the peer-reviewed [[scientific journal]] [[Addiction (journal)|Addiction]] teamed up with Qeios because of the easiness with which one can [[Scholarly peer review|peer review]], comment and update preprints while maintaining an [[archive]] of previous versions each with its own [[Digital object identifier|DOI]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=West|first=Robert|date=2020|title=Addiction's policy on preprints|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/add.15063|journal=Addiction|language=en|volume=115|issue=7|pages=1206|doi=10.1111/add.15063|pmid=32198785|issn=1360-0443}}</ref> Qeios is a [[Crossref]] and [[ORCID]] member and a signatory of [[San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment|DORA]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ynnig|title=Members with open references|url=https://www.crossref.org/reporting/members-with-open-references/|access-date=2020-11-24|website=Crossref|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=ORCID|title=ORCID|url=https://orcid.org/members/0010f00002OVoaLAAT-qeios-ltd|access-date=2020-11-24|website=orcid.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Signers – DORA|url=https://sfdora.org/signers/|access-date=2020-11-24|website=sfdora.org}}</ref>

=== Library and information science ===
There are two servers for LIS and allied fields: [[E-LIS|Eprints in Library and Information Science (e-LIS)]] and the [https://osf.io/preprints/lissa LIS Scholarship Archive (LISSA)]. e-LIS was launched in 2003, and is an international [[open access]] [[Disciplinary repository|repository]] for academic papers in [[Library and Information Science]] (LIS), run by volunteers. LISSA was launched in 2017 as an open access repository for all materials created by those in LIS and allied fields, including work that happens outside the traditional realms of academia, such as oral histories, community works, code, data, and manuscripts. It is run by members of the library and archives community, and their technology partner, the Center for Open Science, using the [[Open Science Framework]] to host materials.

=== Physical sciences ===
The e-print archive [[arXiv]] (pronounced "archive") is one of the best-known preprint servers. It was created by [[Paul Ginsparg]] in 1991 at [[Los Alamos National Laboratory]] for the purpose of distributing theoretical [[high-energy physics]] preprints.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nature.com/news/the-arxiv-preprint-server-hits-1-million-articles-1.16643|title=The arXiv preprint server hits 1 million articles|date=December 30, 2014|newspaper=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|access-date=2015-09-07|author=Richard Van Noorden}}</ref> In 2001, arXiv.org moved to [[Cornell University]] and now encompasses the fields of physics, mathematics, [[computer science]], [[quantitative biology]], [[quantitative finance]], [[statistics]]. Within the field of high-energy physics, the posting of preprints on arXiv is so common that many peer-reviewed journals allow [[Electronic submission|submission of papers]] from arXiv directly, using the arXiv e-print number.

In some branches of physics, the arXiv database may serve as a focal point for the many criticisms made of the peer review process and [[peer-reviewed journals]]. In his column in ''[[Physics Today]]'', April 1992, [[David Mermin]] described Ginsparg's creation as potentially "[[string theory]]'s greatest contribution to science". About 8,000 preprints per month are uploaded to arXiv as of 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21694990-old-fashioned-ways-reporting-new-discoveries-are-holding-back-medical-research|title=Taking the online medicine|newspaper=The Economist|issn=0013-0613|access-date=2016-03-23}}</ref>

An engineering preprint server, [[engrXiv]], was launched in 2016 by the Center for Open Science and administrated by the [[University of Wisconsin–Stout]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.engrxiv.org/2016/07/announcement|title=engrXiv Blog {{!}} Announcing engrXiv, the eprint server for engineering|website=blog.engrxiv.org|access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref> Whilst under development, it used a temporary email deposit system.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://osf.io/view/engrxiv/|title=OSF {{!}} Temporary Home of engrXiv Presentations|website=osf.io|access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref> As of April 2017, the official home for engrXiv went live after the web interface was launched in December 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.engrxiv.org/2016/12/engrxiv-is-here|title=engrXiv Blog|website=blog.engrxiv.org|language=en|access-date=2017-04-13}}</ref>

The server [[viXra]] was established in 2009 for authors who are excluded from arXiv and other repositories owing to submission filtering.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Luis Reyes-Galindo|title=Automating the Horae: Boundary-work in the age of computers|journal=Social Studies of Science|date=2016|volume=46|issue=4|pages=586–606|doi=10.1177/0306312716642317|pmid=28948871|arxiv=1603.03824|bibcode=2016arXiv160303824R|s2cid=2001597}}</ref>

=== Computer science ===
The ability to distribute manuscripts as preprints has had a great impact on computer science, particularly in the way that scientific research is disseminated in that field (see [[CiteSeer]]). The [[Open access (publishing)|open access]] movement has tended to focus on distributed institutional collections of research, global harvesting, and aggregation through [[Search engine (computing)|search engine]]s and [[Gateway (web page)|gateway]]s such as [[OAIster]], rather than a global discipline base such as arXiv. ''[[Eprint|E-prints]]'' can now refer to any electronic form of a scholarly or scientific publication, including journal articles, conference papers, research theses or dissertations, because these usually are found in multidisciplinary collections, called open access repositories, or eprints archives <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Graziotin|first1=Daniel|last2=Wang|first2=Xiaofeng|last3=Abrahamsson|first3=Pekka|date=2014|title=A framework for systematic analysis of open access journals and its application in software engineering and information systems|journal=Scientometrics|volume=101|issue=3|pages=1627–1656|doi=10.1007/s11192-014-1278-7|arxiv=1308.2597|s2cid=3387874}}</ref>. [https://www.techrxiv.org/ TechRxiv], [https://engrxiv.org/ engrXiv] and [https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ HAL] are also a pre-print repositories that accept computer science papers.

=== Biological and chemical sciences ===
The biological sciences have lagged behind the physical sciences in their use of preprints. Based on the success of arXiv, [[bioRxiv]] was introduced in 2013, operated by [[Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21694990-old-fashioned-ways-reporting-new-discoveries-are-holding-back-medical-research|title=Taking the online medicine|newspaper=The Economist|issn=0013-0613|access-date=2016-03-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://biorxiv.org/content/early/recent|title=All Articles {{!}} bioRxiv|website=biorxiv.org|access-date=2016-10-04}}</ref> Therapoid Preprint was launched in 2017 by Open Therapeutics,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://therapoid.net/en/preprint/manuscript-21/|title=A philosophy for Opening Biotechnology Collaboration for Therapeutics - PrePrint Service {{!}} Open Therapeutics|website=therapoid.net|language=en|access-date=2017-05-12}}</ref> and [[ChemRxiv]] was announced in 2016 hosted by the [[American Chemical Society]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cen.acs.org/articles/94/web/2016/08/ACS-launches-chemistry-preprint-server.html|title=ACS launches chemistry preprint server {{!}} Chemical & Engineering News|last=Widener|first=Andrea|website=cen.acs.org|access-date=2016-08-11}}</ref> In 2017, it was confirmed that ChemRxiv was going to be powered by [[figshare]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchinformation.info/product/chemrxiv|title=ChemRxiv {{!}} Research Information|website=www.researchinformation.info|language=en|access-date=2017-08-16}}</ref> Articles undergo basic screening for offensive and/or non-scientific content but do not undergo a peer review process.<ref>http://biorxiv.org/about-biorxiv</ref> In early 2019, the Beilstein-Institut announced their intention to provide authors intending to submit to the Beilstein Journals the option to publish a preprint version of their manuscript to the [https://www.beilstein-archives.org/xiv/ Beilstein Archives] with a single click. Preprints published in the Beilstein Archives will be limited to the fields in which the Beilstein Journals covers, namely organic chemistry and nanotechnology.<ref>https://www.beilstein-archives.org/xiv/</ref>

Between 2007 and 2012 [[Nature Publishing Group]] ran their own preprint server, ''[[Nature Precedings]].'' It hosted manuscripts, posters, and unpublished observations.

[[ASAPbio]] (Accelerating Science and Publication in biology) is "a scientist-driven initiative to promote innovation and transparency in life sciences communication" through the use of preprints.<ref name="about-asapbio">{{cite web |title=About ASAPbio |url=http://asapbio.org/about-2 |publisher=ASAPbio |access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref>

=== Social science and humanities ===
One of the earlier preprint servers is [[PhilSci-Archive]], launched in 2001 for all subfields of Philosophy of Science, hosted by the [[D-Scribe Digital Publishing|University Library System at the University of Pittsburgh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/history.html|title=History|website=PhilSci-Archive|access-date=August 26, 2016}}</ref>

An open archive of the social sciences. [[SocArXiv]] was formed in July 2016 by a group of sociologists, members of the academic library community, and their technology partner, the Center for Open Science, using the Open Science Framework. It is administratively housed at the [[University of Maryland]] and directed by [[Philip N. Cohen|Philip Cohen]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://socopen.org/2016/07/09/announcing-the-development-of-socarxiv-an-open-social-science-archive/|title=Announcing the development of SocArXiv|access-date=2016-08-10|date=2016-07-09}}</ref> SocArXiv officially launched in December 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://socopen.org/2016/12/07/socarxiv-launches-brings-social-science-out-into-the-open/|title=SocArXiv launches, brings sociology and social science into the open, with new grant support|last=Cohen|first=Philip N.|date=2016-12-07|website=SocOpen: Home of SocArXiv|access-date=2016-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://socopen.org/2016/12/10/new-site-up-here-are-our-most-downloaded-papers/|title=New site up: Here are our most downloaded papers|last=epopp|first=Author|date=2016-12-10|website=SocOpen: Home of SocArXiv|access-date=2016-12-10}}</ref> Frequently asked questions about SocArXiv.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://socopen.org/frequently-asked-questions/|title=FAQ|date=2017-03-31|work=SocOpen: Home of SocArXiv|access-date=2017-04-01|language=en-US}}</ref>

[[PsyArXiv]] is a similar preprint service for the psychological sciences which launched in 2016 by the [http://improvingpsych.org/ Society for the Improvement of Psychological Science] and the Center for Open Science.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://osf.io/view/psyarxiv/|title=OSF {{!}} Temporary Home of PsyArXiv Presentations|website=osf.io|access-date=2016-08-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.psyarxiv.com/psyarxiv/2016/09/19/introducing-psyarxiv/|title=Introducing PsyArXiv: a preprint service for psychological science – PsyArXiv Blog|date=2016-09-19|language=en-US|access-date=2016-09-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://blog.psyarxiv.com/psyarxiv/2016/12/08/psyarxiv-press-release/|title=Introducing PsyArXiv: Psychology's dedicated open access digital archive – PsyArXiv Blog|date=2016-12-08|newspaper=PsyArXiv Blog|language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-10}}</ref>

The [[Social Science Research Network]] is a repository for both working papers and accepted papers, which shows download and citation data within the site for each stored paper. In May 2016, SSRN was acquired by [[Elsevier]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elsevier.com/connect/ssrn-the-leading-social-science-and-humanities-repository-and-online-community-joins-elsevier|title=SSRN—the leading social science and humanities repository and online community—joins Elsevier|access-date=2016-08-10}}</ref>

=== Agriculture and allied sciences ===
[https://agrirxiv.org/ AgriRXiv] is the global preprint service for agriculture and allied sciences, and was formally launched on 14 February 2017 by [http://openaccessindia.org/ Open Access India]. In June 2020 the hosting and management of agriRxiv was transferred to CABI [https://www.cabi.org/], an international, inter-governmental, not-for-profit organization that improves people's lives worldwide by providing information and applying scientific expertise to solve problems in agriculture and the environment.

=== Paleontology ===
In May 2017, [https://paleorxiv.org/ PaleorXiv] launched as a preprint server for paleontology<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fossilsandshit.com/paleorxiv-now-open-for-submissions/|title=PaleorXiv: Now open for submissions!|date=2017-05-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://fossilsandshit.com/paleorxiv/|title=PaleorXiv - Green Tea and Velociraptors|work=Green Tea and Velociraptors|access-date=2017-05-20|language=en-US}}</ref> and published its first submissions in August 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://osf.io/preprints/paleorxiv/discover|title=Preprint Archive Search|date=18 August 2017|website=osf.io/|access-date=18 August 2017}}</ref>

=== Sport ===
Under construction in April 2017 is SportRxiv, a preprint archiving service for the sport, exercise, and rehabilitation sciences which was launched in August 2017 with support from Open Science Framework.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/SportRxiv/status/855402592305901568|title=SportRxiv on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=2017-04-21|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B5Y4_jCb6W54VmRlNjBmN1drSGs/view|title=SportRxiv.pdf|work=Google Docs|access-date=2017-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/BrianNosek/status/855404178772037632|title=Brian Nosek on Twitter|work=Twitter|access-date=2017-04-21|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/SportRxiv/status/902461039802974210|title=We are very pleased to announce that SportRxiv is live! Visit and share to the archive via www.sportrxiv.org . Retweets appreciated pic.twitter.com/Q7gfbr7F3u|last=SportRχiv|date=2017-08-29|website=@SportRxiv|access-date=2017-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sportrxiv.org/|title=sportrxiv.org – The open archive for sport-related research.|website=sportrxiv.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.essex.ac.uk/news/2017/08/29/first-repository-dedicated-to-sport-and-exercise-related-research-goes-online|title=First repository dedicated to sport and exercise related research goes online {{!}} University of Essex|access-date=2017-08-29}}</ref>

=== Law ===
The service [https://osf.io/preprints/lawarxiv LawArXiv] 'Legal Scholarship in the Open' was announced in May 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.infodocket.com/2017/05/08/new-resource-lawarxiv-a-new-preprint-resource-from-the-center-for-open-science-debuts/|title=LawArXiv, a New Preprint Service From the Center for Open Science Debuts Online|last=Price|first=Gary|website=LJ INFOdocket|access-date=2017-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/lawarxiv|title=LawArXiv (@lawarxiv) {{!}} Twitter|website=twitter.com|language=en|access-date=2017-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lawarxiv.info/about|title=About|website=lawarxiv.info|access-date=2017-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.legaltechnews.com/id=1202786185193|title=Cornell Law Library's LawArXiv Removes Paywall from Scholarship, Goes Open Source|work=Legaltech News|access-date=2017-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Theses and dissertations ===
Launched in August 2017 is [[Thesis Commons]], a preprint service for free open publication of student theses and dissertations supported by Open Science Framework.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cos.io/about/news/center-open-science-launches-thesis-commons-open-source-platform-theses-and-dissertations/|title=Center for Open Science Launches Thesis Commons, an Open-source Platform for Theses and Dissertations|website=cos.io|language=en|access-date=2017-08-16}}</ref>

=== Medicine ===
[http://preprints.jmir.org JMIR Preprints] is a preprint server that evolved from [[JMIR Publications]]' experiments in open peer-review. It contains primarily submitted manuscripts which are currently under open peer-review.<ref>{{cite web|title=What are JMIR Preprints?|url=https://jmir.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/articles/115001350367-What-are-JMIR-Preprints-|publisher=JMIR Publications}}</ref>

MedArXiv is a preprint service for the medicine and health sciences which is under development with support from Open Science Framework. It was announced in September 2017 by Harlan Krumholz at [[American Medical Association]]'s Eighth International Congress on Peer Review and Scientific Publication.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://yoda.yale.edu/medarxiv|title=The YODA Project {{!}} MedArXiv|website=yoda.yale.edu|language=en|access-date=2017-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/hmkyale/status/907700357312245760|title=This is about bringing preprint server like @arxiv @biorxivpreprint to clinical medicine|last=Krumholz|first=Harlan|date=12 September 2017|website=@hmkyale|language=en|access-date=2017-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/09/plan-new-medical-preprint-server-receives-mixed-response | title=Plan for new medical preprint server receives a mixed response| date=2017-09-12}}</ref>

=== Geoscience and Earthsciences ===
Two preprint servers in the field of geoscience were confirmed in September 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2017/09/dueling-preprint-servers-coming-geosciences|title=Dueling preprint servers coming for the geosciences|date=2017-09-22|work=Science {{!}} AAAS|access-date=2017-09-25|language=en}}</ref> One option is the Earth and Space Science Open Archive (ESSOAr) run by The [[American Geophysical Union]] (AGU) with support from [[John Wiley & Sons|Wiley]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.agu.org/press-release/earth-and-space-science-open-preprint-server-to-be-powered-by-agu-and-atypon/|title=Earth and Space Science Open Preprint Server to Be Powered by AGU and Atypon - AGU Newsroom|work=AGU Newsroom|access-date=2017-09-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Moreover, Earth scientists who have published in the many journals of the European Geosciences Union have already become accustomed to such openness and are posting their work prior to peer-review as a discussion on the Copernicus platform.<ref>{{cite journal |title=On the Potential of Preprints in Geochemistry: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly |journal=Sustainability |year=2020 |doi=10.3390/su12083360|last1=Pourret |first1=Olivier |last2=Irawan |first2=Dasapta Erwin |last3=Tennant |first3=Jonathan P. |volume=12 |issue=8 |page=3360 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In addition, [[EarthArXiv]] run by a group of scientists<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/eartharxiv?lang=en|title=EarthArXiv (@EarthArXiv) {{!}} Twitter|website=twitter.com|language=en|access-date=2017-09-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/seis_matters/status/922457376233590789|title=Congrats to the inaugural members of the @EarthArXiv Steering Committee! T-minus 36 hours...pic.twitter.com/Wk8oLnAtSf|last=Jackson|first=Christopher|date=<!--6:39 AM - -->23 October 2017|website=@seis_matters|language=en|access-date=2017-10-23}}</ref> powered by the Center for Open Science launched in October 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://osf.io/preprints/eartharxiv/discover|title=EarthArXiv|website=Open Science Framework|access-date=24 October 2017}}</ref> Post launch, some further resources here.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cos.io/blog/community-driven-science-interview-eartharxiv-founders-chris-jackson-tom-narock-and-bruce-caron/|title=Community-Driven Science: An Interview With EarthArXiv Founders Chris Jackson, Tom Narock and Bruce Caron|date=October 24, 2017|website=Center for Open Science|access-date=October 27, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://agilescientific.com/blog/2017/10/25/eartharxiv-wants-your-preprints|title=EarthArXiv wants your preprints|work=Agile|access-date=2017-10-27|language=en-US}}</ref> On October 1, 2020, EarthArXiv moved its hosting to the California Digital Library, and the Janeway preprint platform.<ref name="CDL release">[https://osc.universityofcalifornia.edu/2020/10/eartharxiv-preprint-server-re-launches/ CDL Press Release]</ref>

=== Marine climate science ===
MarXiv is a free research repository for ocean-conservation and marine-climate science. Initial funding was provided by the [[David and Lucile Packard Foundation|David and Lucille Packard Foundation]]. It was due to launch in November 2017 via the Center for Open Science Preprints framework.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.octogroup.org/marxiv.html|title=MarXiv|website=www.octogroup.org|language=en|access-date=2017-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020032312/https://www.octogroup.org/marxiv.html|archive-date=2017-10-20|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/MarXivPreprint|title=MarXiv Preprint (@MarXivPreprint) {{!}} Twitter|website=twitter.com|language=en|access-date=2017-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.openchannels.org/upcoming-events/making-your-research-freely-available-marxiv-free-research-repository-ocean|title=Making Your Research Freely-Available with MarXiv: The (free!) research repository for ocean-conservation and marine-climate science {{!}} OpenChannels: Sustainable Ocean Management and Conservation|website=www.openchannels.org|language=en|access-date=2017-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171024095817/https://www.openchannels.org/upcoming-events/making-your-research-freely-available-marxiv-free-research-repository-ocean|archive-date=2017-10-24|url-status = dead}}</ref>

=== Electrochemistry ===
ECSasXiv is a preprint research repository for electrochemistry, solid state science and technology. It will be run by The Electrochemistry Society and built and hosted by Open Science Framework.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.electrochem.org/ecsarxiv/|title=ECSarXiv Coming Soon - ECS|work=ECS|access-date=2017-11-27|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Philosophy ===
[https://philarchive.org PhilArchive], an archive linked to [[PhilPapers]], is an archive for philosophy in general, while [http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/ PhilSci-Archive] is a research repository for philosophy of science in particular.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/policy.html|title=Archive Policy|work=PhilSci-Archive|access-date=2019-04-08|language=en-US}}</ref>

'''Education'''

[https://edarxiv.org/ EdArXiv], a preprint server for education research was announced on August 19, 2019. It is to be hosted by the Open Science Framework.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cos.io/about/news/center-open-science-and-edarxiv-launch-branded-preprint-service-educational-research/|title=Center for Open Science and EdArXiv Launch Branded Preprint Service for Educational Research|website=cos.io|access-date=2019-08-19}}</ref>

===Regional===

====Africa====

A pan-African preprint repository, [https://osf.io/preprints/africarxiv/ AfricArxiv] was launched in June, 2018 (see [[AfricArXiv]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.authoraid.info/en/news/details/1318/|title=AuthorAID - Guest post: Introducing AfricArxiv - a preprint repository for African researchers|website=www.authoraid.info|language=en|access-date=2018-08-24}}</ref>

==== Arabic ====
[https://arabixiv.org/ ArabiXiv] (Arabic Science Archive الأرشيف العربي العلمي) is a preprint server that hosts manuscripts (preprints and postprints) in many scientific disciplines mainly in Arabic but other languages are also considered. It has been built in January 2018, in partnership with the Center for Open Science.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-01072-8|title=Brief US shutdown, harassment data and electric fishing|date=2018-01-24|access-date=2018-01-25|language=EN|doi=10.1038/d41586-018-01072-8|bibcode=2018Natur.553..384.}}</ref>

'''China'''

Operated by National Science Library, [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]], [http://www.chinaxiv.org/ ChinaXiv] launched in 2016.

==== French ====
FrenXiv will be a preprint server that will host manuscripts in many scientific disciplines in French. It has also been built in partnership with the Center for Open Science.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-01072-8|title=Brief US shutdown, harassment data and electric fishing|date=2018-01-24|access-date=2018-01-25|language=EN|doi=10.1038/d41586-018-01072-8|bibcode=2018Natur.553..384.}}</ref>

====India====

[https://indiarxiv.org/ IndiaRxiv], an open access preprint server for Indian scholars and scholarship launched on 14th August 2019 by the Open Access India community in partnership with Centre for Open Science.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cos.io/about/news/center-open-science-and-indiarxiv-launch-branded-preprint-service/|title=Center for Open Science and IndiaRxiv Launch Branded Preprint Service|website=cos.io|access-date=2019-10-12}}</ref>

==== Indonesia ====

INArxiv is a preprint server for interdisciplinary research in Indonesia which uses the Center for Open Science to host materials.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://osf.io/preprints/inarxiv/|title=INArxiv|website=Center for Open Science}}</ref> INArxiv was launched in August 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/open-science-indonesia/ina-rxiv-2a51aae69d3a|title=INA-Rxiv|last=Irawan|first=Dasapta Erwin|date=2017-08-14|website=Good Science Indonesia|access-date=2017-09-26}}</ref> and closed October 7, 2020.

==== Latin America, Iberian Peninsula, South Africa ====

Announced in December 2017, [[SciELO Preprints]], a [[SciELO]] pre-print server, was announced in 2018 and it was to be built on the Open Science Framework platform used by the [[Center for Open Science]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://blog.scielo.org/en/2018/01/10/scielo-indexing-criteria-align-with-open-science-communication/#.WltNgqhl-Uk|title=SciELO Indexing Criteria align with open science communication {{!}} SciELO in Perspective|date=2018-01-10|work=SciELO in Perspective|access-date=2018-01-14|language=en-US}}</ref> The platform was launched in 2020 and it rests on the Open Preprint Systems (OPS), [[open-source software]] developed by the [[Public Knowledge Project]] (PKP). OPS was developd in collaboration with SciELO.<ref>{{Cite web| last = SciELO| title = SciELO Preprints begins operations {{!}} SciELO in Perspective| access-date = 2020-11-22| date = 2020-04-07| url = https://blog.scielo.org/en/2020/04/07/scielo-preprints-begins-operations/}}</ref>

==== Russian Federation ====

Russian preprint server, [https://preprints.ru/ Preprints.ru] was launched in September 2019 by [[:ru:Национальный электронно-информационный консорциум|NEICON]]

==See also==
* [[List of academic preprint servers]]
* [[List of academic preprint servers]]
* [[Cogprints]]
* [[Cogprints]]

Revision as of 10:01, 26 December 2020

See also: Manuscript (publishing)
Typical publishing workflow for an academic journal article (preprint, postprint, and published) with open access sharing rights per SHERPA/RoMEO.

In academic publishing, a preprint is a version of a scholarly or scientific paper that precedes formal peer review and publication in a peer-reviewed scholarly or scientific journal. The preprint may be available, often as a non-typeset version available free, before and/or after a paper is published in a journal.

History

Since 1991, preprints have increasingly been distributed electronically on the Internet, rather than as paper copies. This has given rise to massive preprint databases such as arXiv.org and HAL (open archive) etc. to institutional repositories. The sharing of preprints goes back to at least the 1960s, when the National Institutes of Health circulated biological preprints. After six years the use of these Information Exchange Groups was stopped, partially because journals stopped accepting submissions shared via these channels.[1]

In 2016, several new preprint servers were proposed by Crossref, Centre for Open Science and ASAPbio.[2][3][4]

In January 2017, the Medical Research Council announced that they will now be actively supporting preprints beginning in April 2017.[5] Also in January 2017, Wellcome Trust stated that they will now accept preprints in grant applications.[6] In February 2017, a coalition of scientists and biomedical funding bodies including the National Institutes of Health, the Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust launched a proposal for a central site for life-sciences preprints.[7][8][9] In February 2017, SciELO announced plans to set up a preprints server – SciELO Preprints.[10] In March 2017, the National Institutes for Health issued a new policy encouraging research preprint submissions.[11][12] In April 2017, Center for Open Science announced that it will be launching six new preprint archives.[13]

At the end of the 2010s, libraries and discovery tools increasingly integrate Unpaywall data, which indexes millions of preprints and other green open access sources and manages to serve over half of the requests by users without the need for subscriptions.[14]

Role

Academic practices

Publication of manuscripts in a peer-reviewed journal often takes weeks, months or even years from the time of initial submission, owing to the time required by editors and reviewers to evaluate and critique manuscripts, and the time required by authors to address critiques. The need to quickly circulate current results within a scholarly community has led researchers to distribute documents known as preprints, which are manuscripts that have yet to undergo peer review. The immediate distribution of preprints allows authors to receive early feedback from their peers, which may be helpful in revising and preparing articles for submission.[15]

Most publishers allow work to be published to preprint servers before submission. A minority of publishers decide on a case-by-case basis or interpret the Ingelfinger Rule to disqualify from submission.[16]

Stages of printing

While a preprint is an article that has not yet undergone peer review, a postprint is an article which has been peer reviewed in preparation for publication in a journal. Both the preprint and postprint may differ from the final published version of an article. Preprints and postprints together are referred to as e-prints or eprints.[17]

The word reprint refers to hard copies of papers that have already been published; reprints can be produced by the journal publisher, but can also be generated from digital versions (for example, from an electronic database of peer-reviewed journals), or from eprints self-archived by their authors in their institutional repositories.

Tenure and promotion

In academia, preprints are not likely to be weighed heavily when a scholar is evaluated for tenure or promotion, unless the preprint becomes the basis for a peer-reviewed publication.[18]

Some important results[19] in mathematics have been published only on the preprint server arXiv.[20][21] After nearly a century of effort by mathematicians, between 2002 and 2003 the mathematician Grigori Perelman published a series of preprint papers on the arXiv where he presented a proof of the Poincaré conjecture.[22][23][24] Perelman was offered both the prestigious $1 million Millennium Prize and the Fields Medal for the mentioned work published exclusively on arXiv, but he declined both prizes.[25]

Types of preprint servers

See also: List of academic preprint servers

The preprint servers can be grouped in three categories: general (accepting practically all preprints, frequently with bias towards some topic, publisher e.g. Authorea), field-specific (e.g. bioRxiv, ChemRxiv) and regional (e.g. AfricArxiv, Arabixiv). Additionally, preprints can be categorised by the owner (private publishing company e.g. PeerJ PrePrints, libraries e.g. EarthArXiv, universities e.g. arXiv or independent non-profit organisations e.g. HAL). While many preprint servers appeared, some had been terminated. The canceled servers were oparated mainly by profit publishing companies (e.g. Nature Publishing Group closed Nature Precedings or O'Reilly&SAGE closed PeerJ PrePrints) or were regional (e.g. INArxiv limited to Indonesia). Moreover, multiple writing platforms (e.g. Authorea) developed separate preprint servers as a part of their service. For more complete list (over 60 preprints servers) see: List of academic preprint repositories.

References

  1. ^ Cobb, Matthew (16 November 2017). "The prehistory of biology preprints: A forgotten experiment from the 1960s". PLOS Biology. 15 (11): e2003995. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2003995. PMC 5690419. PMID 29145518.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  2. ^ "Getting ready to run with preprints, any day now". Crossref Blog. 2016-08-16. Retrieved 2018-09-06.
  3. ^ "Creation of a Central Preprint Service for the Life Sciences". asapbio.org. ASAPbio. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
  4. ^ "The Acceleration of Open Access". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved 2016-10-31.
  5. ^ "The MRC supports preprints". www.mrc.ac.uk. Medical Research Council. 2017-01-03. Retrieved 2018-09-06.
  6. ^ "We now accept preprints in grant applications". wellcome.ac.uk. Wellcome. Retrieved 2017-01-10.
  7. ^ Callaway, Ewen (2017-02-16). "Heavyweight funders back central site for life-sciences preprints". Nature. 542 (7641): 283–284. Bibcode:2017Natur.542..283C. doi:10.1038/nature.2017.21466. PMID 28202994. S2CID 4466963.
  8. ^ "Principles for establishing a Central Service for Preprints: a statement from a consortium of funders | ASAPbio". asapbio.org. Retrieved 2017-02-13.
  9. ^ "ASAPbio newsletter vol 7 – Funders sign onto principles for preprint development, RFA released, scientific society town hall | ASAPbio". asapbio.org. Retrieved 2017-02-14.
  10. ^ "SciELO Preprints on the way". SciELO in Perspective. 2017-02-22. Retrieved 2017-02-22.
  11. ^ "NOT-OD-17-050: Reporting Preprints and Other Interim Research Products". grants.nih.gov. Retrieved 2017-03-25.
  12. ^ "NIH enables investigators to include draft preprints in grant proposals". Science | AAAS. 2017-03-24. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
  13. ^ "Public Goods Infrastructure for Preprints and Innovation in Scholarly Communication". cos.io. Retrieved 2017-04-19.
  14. ^ Dhakal, Kerry (15 April 2019). "Unpaywall". Journal of the Medical Library Association. 107 (2): 286–288. doi:10.5195/jmla.2019.650. PMC 6466485.
  15. ^ "Breaking Down Pros and Cons of Preprints in Biomedicine". Absolutely Maybe. 2016-05-01. Retrieved 2018-01-12.
  16. ^ "Taking the online medicine". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 2016-03-23.
  17. ^ "Self-archiving FAQ". EPrints.
  18. ^ Callaway, Ewen; Powell, Kendall (2016-02-18). "Biologists urged to hug a preprint". Nature. 530 (7590): 265. Bibcode:2016Natur.530..265C. doi:10.1038/530265a. PMID 26887471.
  19. ^ Kaufman, Marc (July 2, 2010), "Russian mathematician wins $1 million prize, but he appears to be happy with $0", Washington Post
  20. ^ Perelman, Grisha (November 11, 2002). "The entropy formula for the Ricci flow and its geometric applications". arXiv:math.DG/0211159.
  21. ^ Nadejda Lobastova and Michael Hirst, "Maths genius living in poverty", Sydney Morning Herald, August 21, 2006
  22. ^ Perelman, Grisha (November 11, 2002). "The entropy formula for the Ricci flow and its geometric applications". arXiv:math.DG/0211159.
  23. ^ Perelman, Grisha (10 March 2003). "Ricci flow with surgery on three-manifolds". arXiv:math.DG/0303109.
  24. ^ Perelman, Grisha (July 17, 2003). "Finite extinction time for the solutions to the Ricci flow on certain three-manifolds". arXiv:math.DG/0307245.
  25. ^ Kaufman, Marc (July 2, 2010), "Russian mathematician wins $1 million prize, but he appears to be happy with $0", Washington Post
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Preprint&oldid=996396070"