Tomohon: Difference between revisions
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'''Tomohon''' is a city in [[North Sulawesi]] |
'''Tomohon''' is a city in [[North Sulawesi]] (''[[Sulawesi Utara]]'') Province, in central [[Indonesia]]. It covers an area of 114.2 km<sup>2</sup>, and had a population of 91,553 at the 2010 Census; the latest official estimate (as at 1 July 2019) is 107,600.<ref>Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2019.</ref>.Tomohon was formerly a part of the [[Minahasa Regency]] in [[North Sulawesi]], but it officially became a city separated from the Regency, inaugurated on August 4, 2003.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tomohon Tourism |url=http://www.indonesia-tourism.com/north-sulawesi/tomohon.html |publisher=Indonesia-Tourism.com |access-date=23 April 2017}}</ref><ref name="antara1">{{cite news|title=Tomohon continues to improve tourism infrastructure |url=http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/108710/tomohon-continues-to-improve-tourism-infrastructure |publisher=[[Antara (news agency)|Antara]] |access-date=23 April 2017}}</ref> |
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Tomohon is known for flower planting at people's homes. Nearby is the volcano ''Gunung Lokon'' or [[Mount Lokon]] and [[Mount Empung]]. Tomohon is also known for wooden-house production, palm-sugar (''aren'' ) production, vegetable agriculture, as a center of Christian Ministry, and as a student town.<ref name="antara1"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Tomohon City Tour |url=http://flowerslane.com/tourpackages/daily/tomohon-city-tour.html |publisher=Flowers Lane Vacation |access-date=23 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Enchanting Tomohon International Flower Festival 2016 |url=http://www.indonesia.travel/en/post/the-enchanting-tomohon-international-flower-festival-2016 |publisher=[[Ministry of Tourism (Indonesia)|Ministry of Tourism]] |access-date=23 April 2017}}</ref> |
Tomohon is known for flower planting at people's homes. Nearby is the volcano ''Gunung Lokon'' or [[Mount Lokon]] and [[Mount Empung]]. Tomohon is also known for wooden-house production, palm-sugar (''aren'' ) production, vegetable agriculture, as a center of Christian Ministry, and as a student town.<ref name="antara1"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Tomohon City Tour |url=http://flowerslane.com/tourpackages/daily/tomohon-city-tour.html |publisher=Flowers Lane Vacation |access-date=23 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Enchanting Tomohon International Flower Festival 2016 |url=http://www.indonesia.travel/en/post/the-enchanting-tomohon-international-flower-festival-2016 |publisher=[[Ministry of Tourism (Indonesia)|Ministry of Tourism]] |access-date=23 April 2017}}</ref> |
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[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een stadsgezicht van Tomohon van bovenaf gezien TMnr 60014273.jpg|thumb|220px|left|Cityscape of Tomohon in 1924]] |
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een stadsgezicht van Tomohon van bovenaf gezien TMnr 60014273.jpg|thumb|220px|left|Cityscape of Tomohon in 1924]] |
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[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Kerk te Tomohon. TMnr 60008323.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Tomohon highway in 1900-1920]] |
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Kerk te Tomohon. TMnr 60008323.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Tomohon highway in 1900-1920]] |
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Tomohon has been written of in several historical records. One of them was found in the ethnographic works of Reverend Nicolaas Graafland, written on Queen Elizabeth Ships on 14 January 1864. He described a heart-capturing country on the Minahasa highland in Northern Celebes (Sulawesi) called Tomohon that he had visited in 1850.<ref name="graafland_144">{{Harvnb|Graafland|1867|p=144}}</ref> The development of civilization and the dynamics of development and social implementation from year to year made Tomohon one of the capital districts in the Minahasa regency.<ref name="graafland_146-147">{{Harvnb|Graafland|1867|p=146-147}}</ref> In the beginning, Tomohon was a district of the Toumbulu people located in northwestern Minahasa, which consists of Talete, Kamasi, Paslaten, Kolongan, and Matani.<ref name="graafland_147_and_200">{{Harvnb|Graafland|1867|p=147 and 200}}</ref> In 1880, the Sarongsong district were united into Tomohon, and Kakaskasen district combined in 1908.<ref name="lundström-burghoorn_61">{{Harvnb|Lundström-Burghoorn|1981|p=61}}</ref> In 1927, Tomohon was integrated into [[Manado]] as a subdistrct, and in 1935, Tombariri district combined with Tomohon subdistrict under the Manado district. In 1945, Tomohon was separated from Manado and again became the Tomohon district with two subdistrict: Tomohon and Tombariri. During the ''[[Permesta]]'' between March 1956 and October 1961, some of the Tombariri combined to Tomohon. In 1974–2003, Tomohon was a [[List of districts of Indonesia|district]] under the [[Minahasa Regency]].<ref name="lundström-burghoorn_61">{{Harvnb|Lundström-Burghoorn|1981|p=61}}</ref><ref name="kojongian_20-26">{{Harvnb|Kojongian|1986|p=20-26}}</ref> |
Tomohon has been written of in several historical records. One of them was found in the ethnographic works of Reverend Nicolaas Graafland, written on Queen Elizabeth Ships on 14 January 1864. He described a heart-capturing country on the Minahasa highland in Northern Celebes (''Sulawesi'') called Tomohon that he had visited in 1850.<ref name="graafland_144">{{Harvnb|Graafland|1867|p=144}}</ref> The development of civilization and the dynamics of development and social implementation from year to year made Tomohon one of the capital districts in the Minahasa regency.<ref name="graafland_146-147">{{Harvnb|Graafland|1867|p=146-147}}</ref> In the beginning, Tomohon was a district of the Toumbulu people located in northwestern Minahasa, which consists of Talete, Kamasi, Paslaten, Kolongan, and Matani.<ref name="graafland_147_and_200">{{Harvnb|Graafland|1867|p=147 and 200}}</ref> In 1880, the Sarongsong district were united into Tomohon, and Kakaskasen district combined in 1908.<ref name="lundström-burghoorn_61">{{Harvnb|Lundström-Burghoorn|1981|p=61}}</ref> In 1927, Tomohon was integrated into [[Manado]] as a subdistrct, and in 1935, Tombariri district combined with Tomohon subdistrict under the Manado district. In 1945, Tomohon was separated from Manado and again became the Tomohon district with two subdistrict: Tomohon and Tombariri. During the ''[[Permesta]]'' between March 1956 and October 1961, some of the Tombariri combined to Tomohon. In 1974–2003, Tomohon was a [[List of districts of Indonesia|district]] under the [[Minahasa Regency]].<ref name="lundström-burghoorn_61">{{Harvnb|Lundström-Burghoorn|1981|p=61}}</ref><ref name="kojongian_20-26">{{Harvnb|Kojongian|1986|p=20-26}}</ref> |
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In the early decades of the 2000s, people in some parts of the Minahasa regency bore inspiration and aspirations of the strategic environmental trends both internally and externally for regional expansion. Efforts at reformation and the implementation of regional autonomy had been accelerating the process of accommodation people's aspirations for the expansion of the region. Through a long legal process and mature consideration in order to accelerate national development for the welfare of society, then the Minahasa regency government along with the Regional Representatives Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah - ''DPRD'') of Minahasa Regency recommended the aspirations for the establishment of South Minahasa Regency, Tomohon and North Minahasa Regency; which was also supported by The Provincial Government of North Sulawesi. The formation of South Minahasa Regency and Tomohon was established by the Central Government by issuing the Act No. 10 of 2003 and the establishment of the North Minahasa Regency through Act No. 33 of 2003.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 33 Tahun 2003 |url=http://www.bpkp.go.id/uu/filedownload/2/40/278.bpkp |publisher=Badan Pengawasan Keuangan dan Pembangunan |access-date=13 July 2017|language=id}}</ref> |
In the early decades of the 2000s, people in some parts of the Minahasa regency bore inspiration and aspirations of the strategic environmental trends both internally and externally for regional expansion. Efforts at reformation and the implementation of regional autonomy had been accelerating the process of accommodation people's aspirations for the expansion of the region. Through a long legal process and mature consideration in order to accelerate national development for the welfare of society, then the Minahasa regency government along with the Regional Representatives Council (''Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah'' - ''DPRD'') of Minahasa Regency recommended the aspirations for the establishment of South Minahasa Regency, Tomohon and North Minahasa Regency; which was also supported by The Provincial Government of North Sulawesi. The formation of South Minahasa Regency and Tomohon was established by the Central Government by issuing the Act No. 10 of 2003 and the establishment of the North Minahasa Regency through Act No. 33 of 2003.<ref>{{cite web|title=Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 33 Tahun 2003 |url=http://www.bpkp.go.id/uu/filedownload/2/40/278.bpkp |publisher=Badan Pengawasan Keuangan dan Pembangunan |access-date=13 July 2017|language=id}}</ref> |
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The establishment of the legislative institution of Tomohon came as election results of 2004, resulting in Tomohon Regional Regulation Number 22 Year 2005 about Regional Symbol and Regulations of Tomohon and No. 29 of 2005 about the Anniversary of Tomohon. Tomohon inaugurated the Minister of Home Affairs ''Hari Sabarno'' on behalf of the President of the Republic of Indonesia on 4 August 2003.<ref>{{cite news|title=Buku Sejarah Kota Tomohon |url=http://sulutpos.com/2016/05/buku-sejarah-kota-tomohon.html |publisher=SulutPos.com |access-date=13 July 2017|language=id}}</ref> |
The establishment of the legislative institution of Tomohon came as election results of 2004, resulting in Tomohon Regional Regulation Number 22 Year 2005 about Regional Symbol and Regulations of Tomohon and No. 29 of 2005 about the Anniversary of Tomohon. Tomohon inaugurated the Minister of Home Affairs ''Hari Sabarno'' on behalf of the President of the Republic of Indonesia on 4 August 2003.<ref>{{cite news|title=Buku Sejarah Kota Tomohon |url=http://sulutpos.com/2016/05/buku-sejarah-kota-tomohon.html |publisher=SulutPos.com |access-date=13 July 2017|language=id}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 07:32, 27 December 2020
Tomohon | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Pagoda in Tomohon | |
 Coat of arms | |
 Location within North Sulawesi | |
| Coordinates: 1°19′30″N 124°50′20″E / 1.32500°N 124.83889°E | |
| Country | Indonesia |
| Province | North Sulawesi |
| Established | 25 February 2003 |
| Inauguration | 4 August 2003 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Jimmy Feidy Eman |
| • City Council | Micky Junita Wenur |
| Area | |
• Total | 114.2 km2 (44.1 sq mi) |
| Population (mid 2019)[2] | |
• Total | 107,600 |
| • Density | 940/km2 (2,400/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (Indonesia Central Time) |
| Postcodes | 954xx |
| Area code | (+62) 431 |
| Vehicle registration | DB |
| Website | tomohon.go.id |
Tomohon is a city in North Sulawesi (Sulawesi Utara) Province, in central Indonesia. It covers an area of 114.2 km2, and had a population of 91,553 at the 2010 Census; the latest official estimate (as at 1 July 2019) is 107,600.[3].Tomohon was formerly a part of the Minahasa Regency in North Sulawesi, but it officially became a city separated from the Regency, inaugurated on August 4, 2003.[4][5]
Tomohon is known for flower planting at people's homes. Nearby is the volcano Gunung Lokon or Mount Lokon and Mount Empung. Tomohon is also known for wooden-house production, palm-sugar (aren ) production, vegetable agriculture, as a center of Christian Ministry, and as a student town.[5][6][7]
History
Tomohon has been written of in several historical records. One of them was found in the ethnographic works of Reverend Nicolaas Graafland, written on Queen Elizabeth Ships on 14 January 1864. He described a heart-capturing country on the Minahasa highland in Northern Celebes (Sulawesi) called Tomohon that he had visited in 1850.[8] The development of civilization and the dynamics of development and social implementation from year to year made Tomohon one of the capital districts in the Minahasa regency.[9] In the beginning, Tomohon was a district of the Toumbulu people located in northwestern Minahasa, which consists of Talete, Kamasi, Paslaten, Kolongan, and Matani.[10] In 1880, the Sarongsong district were united into Tomohon, and Kakaskasen district combined in 1908.[11] In 1927, Tomohon was integrated into Manado as a subdistrct, and in 1935, Tombariri district combined with Tomohon subdistrict under the Manado district. In 1945, Tomohon was separated from Manado and again became the Tomohon district with two subdistrict: Tomohon and Tombariri. During the Permesta between March 1956 and October 1961, some of the Tombariri combined to Tomohon. In 1974–2003, Tomohon was a district under the Minahasa Regency.[11][12]
In the early decades of the 2000s, people in some parts of the Minahasa regency bore inspiration and aspirations of the strategic environmental trends both internally and externally for regional expansion. Efforts at reformation and the implementation of regional autonomy had been accelerating the process of accommodation people's aspirations for the expansion of the region. Through a long legal process and mature consideration in order to accelerate national development for the welfare of society, then the Minahasa regency government along with the Regional Representatives Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah - DPRD) of Minahasa Regency recommended the aspirations for the establishment of South Minahasa Regency, Tomohon and North Minahasa Regency; which was also supported by The Provincial Government of North Sulawesi. The formation of South Minahasa Regency and Tomohon was established by the Central Government by issuing the Act No. 10 of 2003 and the establishment of the North Minahasa Regency through Act No. 33 of 2003.[13]
The establishment of the legislative institution of Tomohon came as election results of 2004, resulting in Tomohon Regional Regulation Number 22 Year 2005 about Regional Symbol and Regulations of Tomohon and No. 29 of 2005 about the Anniversary of Tomohon. Tomohon inaugurated the Minister of Home Affairs Hari Sabarno on behalf of the President of the Republic of Indonesia on 4 August 2003.[14]
Geography
Tomohon locates in 1°15' North and 124°50' East. Tomohon broad based decision-Law No. 10 of 2003 is approximately 11,420 hectares (28,200 acres) with population of 87,719 inhabitants. In general, Tomohon is located on the main circulation route connecting Manado as the provincial capital and other cities in North Sulawesi. Tomohon is surrounded by Minahasa Regency, with the borders of the area are:[15]
- North: Pineleng and Tombulu District, Minahasa Regency
- South: Remboken and Sonder District, Minahasa Regency
- West: Tombariri District, Minahasa Regency
- East: Tombulu and West Tondano District, Minahasa Regency
The geography of Tomohon is located in the Asian portion of the Pacific Ring of Fire, flanked by two active volcanoes, those are Mount Lokon (1,689 m or 5,541 ft) and Mount Mahawu (1,311 m or 4,301 ft).[16][17] The area is mostly made of young volcanic rock, with a composition of andesitic and basaltic tuff, and is of a brittle nature and easily eroded.[18] The material component of the volcanic eruption with a cool temperature increase the fertile soil, and for the people taking advantage to produces fruits, vegetables, and flowers.[19] In the southern, there's a Lake Linow, a naturally formed crater from volcanic eruption. Around the lake, there are various geothermal manifestation such as hot springs, fumarole, and also mud pool.[20]
Climate
Tomohon has a cooler temperature than Manado (Tomohon's neighbor city) which is at a lower land nearby the sea.[21] Tomohon is situated at an altitude of about 700–1,000 metres (2,300–3,300 ft) above sea level (asl), Temperatures in Tomohon in the daytime are between 17–30 °C (63–86 °F) and 16–24 °C (61–75 °F) at night. Tomohon has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af), with a significant amount of rainfall during the year even for the driest month.[22]
| Climate data for Tomohon, Indonesia | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 25.7 (78.3) |
25.7 (78.3) |
26.1 (79.0) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.6 (79.9) |
26.3 (79.3) |
26.3 (79.3) |
26.9 (80.4) |
27.2 (81.0) |
27.5 (81.5) |
26.9 (80.4) |
26.1 (79.0) |
26.5 (79.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 21.8 (71.2) |
21.7 (71.1) |
22.1 (71.8) |
22.3 (72.1) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.3 (72.1) |
22.3 (72.1) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.4 (72.3) |
22.6 (72.7) |
22.4 (72.3) |
22.0 (71.6) |
22.3 (72.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 17.9 (64.2) |
17.8 (64.0) |
18.2 (64.8) |
18.1 (64.6) |
18.7 (65.7) |
18.4 (65.1) |
18.3 (64.9) |
18.1 (64.6) |
17.6 (63.7) |
17.7 (63.9) |
18.0 (64.4) |
18.0 (64.4) |
18.1 (64.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 257 (10.1) |
211 (8.3) |
215 (8.5) |
221 (8.7) |
250 (9.8) |
175 (6.9) |
121 (4.8) |
91 (3.6) |
117 (4.6) |
180 (7.1) |
241 (9.5) |
245 (9.6) |
2,324 (91.5) |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 89 | 88 | 84 | 82 | 76 | 79 | 65 | 58 | 57 | 59 | 86 | 87 | 75.8 |
| Source 1: Climate-Data.org[22] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Tomohon (humidity only)[23] | |||||||||||||
Administration
The city area based on the Village Potential Data 2014 was 147.21 square kilometres.[24] The city administration is divided into 5 districts (kecamatan) and 44 villages (kelurahan).[25] The mayor (walikota) leads the city administration. The first mayor of Tomohon is Boy Simon Tangkawarouw. Since 2005, city residents have directly voted for a mayor, and Jefferson SM Rumajar elected as the first definitive mayor.[26]
Administrative districts
The city is divided into five districts (kecamatan) with 91,553 inhabitants at the 2010 Census. The table below lists population as at 2010.[27]
| Name | English name | Area in km2 |
Population Census 2010 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tomohon Selatan | (South Tomohon) | 36.6 | 21,062 |
| Tomohon Tengah | (Central Tomohon) | 17.6 | 20,156 |
| Tomohon Timur | (East Tomohon) | 11.4 | 10,269 |
| Tomohom Barat | (West Tomohon) | 39.1 | 14,160 |
| Tomohon Utara | (North Tomohon) | 42.3 | 25,906 |
Community based ecotourism
In general, Community Based Eco-Tourism (CBET) is tourism that is managed by the community for the tourist destinations. With general tourism, tourist visits are often marketed and organised by private travel companies and government-protected areas where the bulk of the profits go to the private companies and government enterprises. In contrast, CBET is managed and run by the community itself, management decisions are made by local people and profits directly go to the community. CBET itself, is a part of sustainable tourism development, because it is meets the needs of the present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing the opportunity for the future. It is envisaged as leading to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled, while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems(World Tourism Organisation in Bhoj Raj K Hanal, 2007)In order for community based ecotourism to be successful (sustainable), there are many questions that need to be asked and answered in the planning process through implementation stages. One problem of participatory approaches must be pointed out - what defines “community” and “local” in terms of participation? Communities are not free of conflict, nor they are homogeneous. This fact can complicate any development plans for local communities — communities must agree on representatives for decision-making. According to the Quebec Declaration on ecotourism, ecotourism embraces the principles of sustainable tourism. The following principles distinguish it from the wider concept of sustainable tourism:
- Contributes actively to the conservation of natural and cultural heritage;
- Includes local and indigenous communities in its planning, development and operation contributing to their well-being;
- interprets the natural and cultural heritage of the destination to the visitor; and
- lends itself better to independent travelers, as well as organizes tours for small sized groups.
Distinctive features
There are several colorful parks in the center of the city with various flowers. The local government of Tomohon City routinely holds an annual flower festival which is able to attract many tourists to come to Tomohon. Other tourism destinations include Lake Linow, waruga (sarcophagus), Tinoor waterfall, Doahill, agritourism in Rurukan, wooden house craft center in Woloan, and amphitheater in Woloan.
Some other tourism destinations nearby Tomohon City are Bunaken sea park, Lake Tondano, Mount Klabat, Mount Soputan, and Kali Waterfall. The 'Visit Tomohon 2008' campaign promoted tourist visits Tomohon. Some of the agendas on Visit Tomohon 2008 were a cultural and music festival, flower exhibition, photography competition, fashion style, and a seminar on flower cultivation.
The city is also known for its infamous wet market, called the Tomohon Extreme Market, where mammals such as monkeys, dogs, cats and bats are beaten and torched alive for food [28] [29]"It was the most horrific cruelty I have witnessed so far [in] 10 years … and it was all done in full view of very young children," said Lola Webber, director of Change for Animals Foundation.[30] This market has been described as a "cafeteria for animal pathogens" and a "time bomb", because of the risk of Zoonosis, similar to the way that the Coronavirus disease 2019 arose at the Huanan Seafood Market in Wuhan.[31]
Art and culture
Tombulu language is spoken in and around Kota Tomohon.
Economy
Tomohon has classified as medium city (based on the total population) and classified as polis city (based on the level of city development) is an area that developed into a city that still has the nature of agrarian. It is called agrarian because most of its inhabitants are farmers' livelihood. In 2016, Tomohon economy activity ranged on 6.22% with gross domesctic local product through 2.6 trillion. The local budget is about 645 billion, which are dynamic and passionate as the stimulus of various large-scale events that generate growth impacts. Life expectancy reached 72.95 years, this shows a good health status indicator with a clean and healthy lifestyle. In the road infrastructure that has been on the asphalt until the year 2015 reached 355.21 kilometers and farm roads that have been built in 2015 along the 3.8 kilometers.[32]
Tourism
Such tourism attractions in Tomohon are suitable to visit, like the volcanoes Mount Lokon and Mount Empung, which were both active volcanoes until now. Also once a year, Tomohon commences a parade with the Tomohon Flower Festival, and Cap Gomeh, which is a Buddhist Chinese ritual also done in the parade. The parade commences from the northern part of Tomohon which is Kakaskasen through the main city road, until the end of the parade, which usually stops at the "Tololiu Statue" at the center of the city. For better tourism atmosphere through Tomohon, using a traditional horse cart or locally called Bendi, Andong, or Delman runs through the city streets and roads.
Education
Tomohon itself is usually called "Kota Siswa" which means "City of Students" after then it was changed to "Kota Bunga" meaning "City of Flowers" after upgrading the status of their residence into an autonomous city. Tomohon itself provides schools starting from Kindergarten to University education centres; there are also many educational centres in Tomohon for student and school needs. In May 2017, Tomohon has 327 kindergartens, 68 elementary schools, 24 middle schools, and 10 high schools.[33] Tomohon also has several universities such as:
- Christian University of Indonesia, Tomohon
- Sariputra Indonesia Tomohon University
- Parakletos Theological Seminary
- St. Luke Academy of Physiotherapy
- Bethesda Nursing Academy
- Nursing Academy of Gunung Maria
- Minaesa Technology Institute
Observatories
Located inside the Lokon St. Nikolaus campus, there is a Mount Lokon Observatory (MLO). In the observatory's dome which is five meters in diameter there are a Meade LX-200 GPS automatic telescope and a Hunter manual telescope. A special feature of the MLO was that was connected to NASA`s space telescopes.[34] This observatory established since October 2011, and was inaugurated by the North Sulawesi governor Sinyo Sarundajang.[35]
Transportation
Tomohon has a public transportation called bendi, a traditional horse cart.[36] Public transportation is often used is mikrolet. Tomohon Terminal is a transportation hub in Tomohon city, serves the mikrolet transportation to various places inside and outside the city, and also serve bus transportation to Manado.[37]
-
Bendi, the horse cart in Tomohon
Sister cities
References
- ^ North Sulawesi in Figures 2013. Badan Pusat Statistik Sulawesi Utara, 2013, p. 52.
- ^ Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2019.
- ^ Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2019.
- ^ "Tomohon Tourism". Indonesia-Tourism.com. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
- ^ a b "Tomohon continues to improve tourism infrastructure". Antara. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
- ^ "Tomohon City Tour". Flowers Lane Vacation. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
- ^ "The Enchanting Tomohon International Flower Festival 2016". Ministry of Tourism. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
- ^ Graafland 1867, p. 144
- ^ Graafland 1867, p. 146-147
- ^ Graafland 1867, p. 147 and 200
- ^ a b Lundström-Burghoorn 1981, p. 61
- ^ Kojongian 1986, p. 20-26
- ^ "Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 33 Tahun 2003" (in Indonesian). Badan Pengawasan Keuangan dan Pembangunan. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
- ^ "Buku Sejarah Kota Tomohon" (in Indonesian). SulutPos.com. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
- ^ "UU 10/2003 Pembentukan Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan Dan Kota Tomohon Di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara dalam Kompilasi Hukum Tata Negara Dan Administrasi Negara" (in Indonesian). E-Codification and Legal Information System. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
- ^ "Mt. Mahawu". Geocaching. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
- ^ "Thousands flee as Mount Lokon volcano erupts in Indonesia". Channel 4. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
- ^ Soejono 2006, p. 254
- ^ "Feast the Fascinating Floral Colors of Tomohon, near Manado". Ministry of Tourism. Archived from the original on 16 June 2017. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
- ^ "Linow lake". Geothermal of North Sulawesi. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
- ^ Soejono 2006, p. 253
- ^ a b "Climate: Tomohon". Climate-Data.rg. Retrieved 14 July 2017.
- ^ "Average of Temperature and Humidity per month in Tomohon Municipality 2015". Statistics of Tomohon City. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017. Retrieved 12 April 2019.
- ^ "Total Area by Subdistrict in Tomohon Municipality". Statistics of Tomohon City. Archived from the original on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
- ^ "Daftar Kecamatan, Kelurahan dan Desa Wilayah KOTA TOMOHON" (in Indonesian). MAGZIMP. Archived from the original on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
- ^ "9 Tahun. Tomohon Koleksi 7 Walikota, 2 Wakil Walikota". PT BMCOM. Retrieved 23 April 2017.
- ^ Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.
- ^ https://www.cbsnews.com/news/indonesia-sulawesi-tomohon-extreme-market-animal-cruelty-tripadvisor/
- ^ https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1013575/tomohon-extreme-market-indonesia-sulawesi-dog-cat-meat-trade-rabies
- ^ https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-09-11/dogs-and-cats-burnt-alive-at-extreme-market-in-indonesia/10222240
- ^ Paddock, Richard C.; Sijabat, Dera Menra (2020-05-13). "Where Bats Are Still on the Menu, if No Longer the Best Seller". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
- ^ "Berapa Laju Pertumbuhan Penduduk dan Ekonomi Tomohon? Simak Data Ini" (in Indonesian). PT BMCOM. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
- ^ "Ini Jumlah Sekolah dan Siswa di Kota Tomohon" (in Indonesian). PT BMCOM. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
- ^ "N. Sulawesi to have sophisticated Mt Lokon observatory". Antara. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
- ^ "Bandung Ada Bosscha, Tomohon Kini Punya MLO" (in Indonesian). Okezone.com. Retrieved 20 July 2017.
- ^ "Zaman Boleh Modern, Tapi Bendi Tetap Eksis di Tomohon". Tribun Manado. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
- ^ "Pasar Beriman dan Terminal Tomohon" (in Indonesian). Reach and Ride. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
- ^ "Tomohon Sister City dengan Bethlehem" (in Indonesian). CyberSulutNews.co.id. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
- ^ "Okegawa-Tomohon Bahas Brige Toward The Sister City Exchange Project" (in Indonesian). PT BMCOM. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
Bibliography
- Soejono, R. P. (2006). Archaeology: Indonesian Perspective : R.P. Soejono's Festschrift. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia. p. 618. ISBN 978-979-262-499-1.
- Graafland, Nicolaas (1867). De Minahassa: haar verleden en haar tegenwoordige toestand (eene bijdrage tot de taal- en volkenkunde) (in Dutch). Rotterdam: Wyt & Zonen. p. 293.
- Lundström-Burghoorn, Wil (1981). Minahasa Civilization: A Tradition of Change. Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis. p. 260. ISBN 978-917-346-095-8.
- Kojongian, Adrianus (1986). Riwayatmu Tomohon (in Indonesian). Tomohon: Dinas Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
External links
Media related to Tomohon at Wikimedia Commons
Tomohon travel guide from Wikivoyage- Official website
Regencies and cities of North Sulawesi | ||
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Capital: Manado | ||
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