Nylon-eating bacteria: Difference between revisions
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==Role in evolution teaching== |
==Role in evolution teaching== |
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{{main|Nylon-eating bacteria and creationism}} |
{{main|Nylon-eating bacteria and creationism}} |
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There is scientific consensus that the capacity to synthesize nylonase most probably developed as a single-step mutation that survived because it improved the fitness of the bacteria possessing the mutation. More importantly, the enzyme involved was produced by a mutation completely randomizing the original gene.{{dubious|reason=disproved, please rewrite}} Despite this, the new gene still had a novel, albeit weak, catalytic capacity. This is seen as a good example of how mutations easily can provide the raw material for [[evolution]] by [[natural selection]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Thwaites WM |title=New Proteins Without God's Help |journal=Creation Evolution Journal |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=1–3 |date=Summer 1985 |url=http://ncse.com/cej/5/2/new-proteins-without-gods-help}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nmsr.org/nylon.htm Evolution and Information: The Nylon Bug]</ref><ref>[http://www.nbcnews.com/id/9452500 Why scientists dismiss 'intelligent design'], Ker Than, [[NBC News]], September 23, 2005</ref><ref>Miller, Kenneth R. [[Only A Theory|''Only a Theory: Evolution and the Battle for America's Soul'']] (2008) pp. 80-82</ref> |
There is scientific consensus that the capacity to synthesize nylonase most probably developed as a single-step mutation that survived because it improved the fitness of the bacteria possessing the mutation. More importantly, the enzyme involved was produced by a mutation completely randomizing the original gene.{{dubious|reason=disproved, please rewrite|date=December 2020}} Despite this, the new gene still had a novel, albeit weak, catalytic capacity. This is seen as a good example of how mutations easily can provide the raw material for [[evolution]] by [[natural selection]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Thwaites WM |title=New Proteins Without God's Help |journal=Creation Evolution Journal |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=1–3 |date=Summer 1985 |url=http://ncse.com/cej/5/2/new-proteins-without-gods-help}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nmsr.org/nylon.htm Evolution and Information: The Nylon Bug]</ref><ref>[http://www.nbcnews.com/id/9452500 Why scientists dismiss 'intelligent design'], Ker Than, [[NBC News]], September 23, 2005</ref><ref>Miller, Kenneth R. [[Only A Theory|''Only a Theory: Evolution and the Battle for America's Soul'']] (2008) pp. 80-82</ref> |
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A 1995 paper showed that scientists have also been able to induce another species of bacterium, ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'', to evolve the capability to break down the same nylon byproducts in a laboratory by forcing them to live in an environment with no other source of nutrients. The ''P. aeruginosa'' strain NK87 did not seem to use the same enzymes{{dubious|reason=Like with EI, an amidase was use for the same reaction}} that had been utilized by the original KI72 strain.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Prijambada ID, Negoro S, Yomo T, Urabe I|date=May 1995|title=Emergence of nylon oligomer degradation enzymes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO through experimental evolution|url=http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7646041|journal=Appl. Environ. Microbiol.|volume=61|issue=5|pages=2020–2|doi=10.1128/AEM.61.5.2020-2022.1995|pmc=167468|pmid=7646041}}</ref> |
A 1995 paper showed that scientists have also been able to induce another species of bacterium, ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'', to evolve the capability to break down the same nylon byproducts in a laboratory by forcing them to live in an environment with no other source of nutrients. The ''P. aeruginosa'' strain NK87 did not seem to use the same enzymes{{dubious|reason=Like with EI, an amidase was use for the same reaction|date=December 2020}} that had been utilized by the original KI72 strain.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Prijambada ID, Negoro S, Yomo T, Urabe I|date=May 1995|title=Emergence of nylon oligomer degradation enzymes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO through experimental evolution|url=http://aem.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7646041|journal=Appl. Environ. Microbiol.|volume=61|issue=5|pages=2020–2|doi=10.1128/AEM.61.5.2020-2022.1995|pmc=167468|pmid=7646041}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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Revision as of 12:30, 28 December 2020
| Nylon-eating bacteria | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Bacteria |
| Phylum: | Actinomycetota |
| Class: | Actinomycetia |
| Order: | Micrococcales |
| Family: | Micrococcaceae |
| Genus: | Arthrobacter |
| Species: | A. sp. KI72
|
| Binomial name | |
| Arthrobacter sp. KI72 Takehara I, 2017[1]
| |
| Synonyms | |
(Due to an OCR error, the strain name has occasionally been reported as "K172".) | |
Arthrobacter sp. KI72, popularly known as nylon-eating bacteria, is a strain of Arthrobacter that can digest certain by-products of nylon 6 manufacture.[2] It uses a set of enzymes to digest nylon, popularly known as nylonase.[3]
Discovery and nomenclature
In 1975, a team of Japanese scientists discovered a strain pf bacterium, living in ponds containing waste water from a nylon factory, that could digest certain byproducts of nylon 6 manufacture, such as the linear dimer of 6-aminohexanoate. These substances are not known to have existed before the invention of nylon in 1935. It was initially named as Achromobacter guttatus.[4]
Studies in 1977 revealed that the three enzymes that the bacteria were using to digest the byproducts were significantly different from any other enzymes produced by any other bacteria, and not effective on any material other than the manmade nylon byproducts.[5]
The bacterium is reassigned to Flavobacterium in 1980.[6] Its genome was resolved in 2017, again reassigning it to Arthrobacter.[1] The Genome Taxonomy Database considers it a strain of Paenarthrobacter ureafaciens following a 2016 reclassification.[7]
The enzymes
The bacterium contains the following three enzymes:
- 6-aminohexanoate-cyclic-dimer hydrolase (EI, NylA, P13398)
- 6-aminohexanoate-dimer hydrolase (EII, NylB, P07061)
- Endo-type 6-aminohexanoateoligomer hydrolase (EIII, NylC, Q57326)
All three enzymes are encoded on a plasmid called pOAD2.[8] The plasmid can be transferred to E. coli, as shown in an 1983 publication.[9]
EI
The enzyme EI is related to amidases. Its structure was resolved in 2010.[10]
EII
EII has evolved by gene duplication followed by base substitution of another protein EII'. Both enzymes have 345 identical aminoacids out of 392 aminoacids (88% homology).[11]
The EII' (NylB', P07062) protein is about 100x times less efficient compared to EII. A 2007 research by the Seiji Negoro team shows that just two amino-acid alterations to EII', i.e. G181D and H266N, raises its activity to 85% of EII.[8]
EIII
The structure of EIII was resolved in 2018. Instead of being a completely novel enzyme, it appears to be a member of the N-terminal nucleophile (N-tn) hydrolase family.[12] Specifically, computational approaches classifiy it as a MEROPS S58 hydrolase.[13]
EIII was originally thought to be completely novel. Susumu Ohno proposed that it had come about from the combination of a gene-duplication event with a frameshift mutation. An insertion of thymidine change would turn an arginine-rich 427aa protein into the 392aa enzyme.[14]
Role in evolution teaching
There is scientific consensus that the capacity to synthesize nylonase most probably developed as a single-step mutation that survived because it improved the fitness of the bacteria possessing the mutation. More importantly, the enzyme involved was produced by a mutation completely randomizing the original gene.[dubious – discuss] Despite this, the new gene still had a novel, albeit weak, catalytic capacity. This is seen as a good example of how mutations easily can provide the raw material for evolution by natural selection.[15][16][17][18]
A 1995 paper showed that scientists have also been able to induce another species of bacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, to evolve the capability to break down the same nylon byproducts in a laboratory by forcing them to live in an environment with no other source of nutrients. The P. aeruginosa strain NK87 did not seem to use the same enzymes[dubious – discuss] that had been utilized by the original KI72 strain.[19]
See also
- Organisms breaking down plastic
- Biodegradable plastic
- E. coli long-term evolution experiment
- Radiotrophic fungus
- London Underground mosquito
- Lonicera fly
- Mealworms are capable of digesting polystyrene
References
- ^ a b Takehara, I; Kato, DI; Takeo, M; Negoro, S (27 April 2017). "Draft Genome Sequence of the Nylon Oligomer-Degrading Bacterium Arthrobacter sp. Strain KI72". Genome announcements. 5 (17). doi:10.1128/genomeA.00217-17. PMID 28450506.
- ^ Takehara, I; Fujii, T; Tanimoto, Y (Jan 2018). "Metabolic pathway of 6-aminohexanoate in the nylon oligomer-degrading bacterium Arthrobacter sp. KI72: identification of the enzymes responsible for the conversion of 6-aminohexanoate to adipate". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 102 (2): 801–814. doi:10.1007/s00253-017-8657-y. PMID 29188330. S2CID 20206702.
- ^ Michael Le Page (March 2009). "Five classic examples of gene evolution". New Scientist.
- ^ Kinoshita, S.; Kageyama, S.; Iba, K.; Yamada, Y.; Okada, H. (1975). "Utilization of a cyclic dimer and linear oligomers of e-aminocaproic acid by Achromobacter guttatus KI 72". Agricultural and Biological Chemistry. 39 (6): 1219–23. doi:10.1271/bbb1961.39.1219. ISSN 0002-1369.
- ^ S, Kinoshita; S, Negoro; M, Muramatsu; Vs, Bisaria; S, Sawada; H, Okada (1977-11-01). "6-Aminohexanoic Acid Cyclic Dimer Hydrolase. A New Cyclic Amide Hydrolase Produced by Achromobacter Guttatus KI74". European Journal of Biochemistry. 80 (2): 489–95. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1977.tb11904.x. PMID 923591.
- ^ Negoro, S; Shinagawa, H; Nakata, A; Kinoshita, S; Hatozaki, T; Okada, H (July 1980). "Plasmid control of 6-aminohexanoic acid cyclic dimer degradation enzymes of Flavobacterium sp. KI72". Journal of bacteriology. 143 (1): 238–45. doi:10.1128/JB.143.1.238-245.1980. PMID 7400094.
- ^ "GTDB - GCF_002049485.1". gtdb.ecogenomic.org.
- ^ a b Negoro S, Ohki T, Shibata N, et al. (June 2007). "Nylon-oligomer degrading enzyme/substrate complex: catalytic mechanism of 6-aminohexanoate-dimer hydrolase". J. Mol. Biol. 370 (1): 142–56. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2007.04.043. PMID 17512009.
- ^ Negoro S, Taniguchi T, Kanaoka M, Kimura H, Okada H (July 1983). "Plasmid-determined enzymatic degradation of nylon oligomers". J. Bacteriol. 155 (1): 22–31. doi:10.1128/JB.155.1.22-31.1983. PMC 217646. PMID 6305910.
- ^ Yasuhira, K; Shibata, N; Mongami, G; Uedo, Y; Atsumi, Y; Kawashima, Y; Hibino, A; Tanaka, Y; Lee, YH; Kato, D; Takeo, M; Higuchi, Y; Negoro, S (8 January 2010). "X-ray crystallographic analysis of the 6-aminohexanoate cyclic dimer hydrolase: catalytic mechanism and evolution of an enzyme responsible for nylon-6 byproduct degradation". The Journal of biological chemistry. 285 (2): 1239–48. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.041285. PMID 19889645.
- ^ Okada, H.; Negoro, S.; Kimura, H.; Nakamura, S. (10–16 November 1983). "Evolutionary adaptation of plasmid-encoded enzymes for degrading nylon oligomers". Nature. 306 (5939): 203–206. doi:10.1038/306203a0. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 6646204. S2CID 4364682.
- ^ Negoro, S; Shibata, N; Lee, YH; Takehara, I; Kinugasa, R; Nagai, K; Tanaka, Y; Kato, DI; Takeo, M; Goto, Y; Higuchi, Y (27 June 2018). "Structural basis of the correct subunit assembly, aggregation, and intracellular degradation of nylon hydrolase". Scientific reports. 8 (1): 9725. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-27860-w. PMID 29950566.
- ^ "Q57326". InterPro.
- ^ Ohno S (April 1984). "Birth of a unique enzyme from an alternative reading frame of the preexisted, internally repetitious coding sequence". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 81 (8): 2421–5. Bibcode:1984PNAS...81.2421O. doi:10.1073/pnas.81.8.2421. PMC 345072. PMID 6585807.
- ^ Thwaites WM (Summer 1985). "New Proteins Without God's Help". Creation Evolution Journal. 5 (2): 1–3.
- ^ Evolution and Information: The Nylon Bug
- ^ Why scientists dismiss 'intelligent design', Ker Than, NBC News, September 23, 2005
- ^ Miller, Kenneth R. Only a Theory: Evolution and the Battle for America's Soul (2008) pp. 80-82
- ^ Prijambada ID, Negoro S, Yomo T, Urabe I (May 1995). "Emergence of nylon oligomer degradation enzymes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO through experimental evolution". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61 (5): 2020–2. doi:10.1128/AEM.61.5.2020-2022.1995. PMC 167468. PMID 7646041.
- Yomo T, Urabe I, Okada H (May 1992). "No stop codons in the antisense strands of the genes for nylon oligomer degradation". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89 (9): 3780–4. Bibcode:1992PNAS...89.3780Y. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.9.3780. PMC 525574. PMID 1570296.