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Changes "Fort Rock Caves" to "Five Mile Caves" whomever wrote that the sagebrush sandals were discovered in the Fort Rock Caves is VERY WRONG and it is not to be confused with the Five Mile Caves where the sagebrush sandals were actually found!
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supported by sources. Many caves have artifacts. Barlow Cave in Bend also had sandals
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{{about|the archaeological site in Oregon|the Oregon landmark|Fort Rock|the community in Oregon|Fort Rock, Oregon}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Five Mile Caves}}
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{{about|the archaeological site in Oregon|the Oregon landmark|Paisley|the community in Oregon|Paisley, Oregon}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox NRHP
{{Infobox NRHP
| name = Five Mile Caves
| name = Fort Rock Cave
| nrhp_type = nhl
| nrhp_type = nhl
| caption = University of Oregon archaeological excavations at Five Mile Caves, 1966
| image = University of Oregon archaeological excavations at Fort Rock Cave, Oregon (USA), 1966.jpg
| caption = University of Oregon archaeological excavations at Fort Rock Cave, 1966
| location = {{Address Restricted|spell_archaeology=1}}
| location = {{Address Restricted|spell_archaeology=1}}
| nearest_city = [[Paisley, Oregon]]
| nearest_city = [[Fort Rock, Oregon]]
| area =
| area =
| designated_nrhp_type= January 20, 1961
| designated_nrhp_type= January 20, 1961
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| refnum=66000641
| refnum=66000641
}}
}}
'''Five Mile Caves''' was the site of the earliest evidence of human habitation in the US state of [[Oregon]] before the excavation of [[Paisley Caves]]. Five Mile Caves featured numerous well-preserved sagebrush sandals, ranging from 9,000 to 13,000 years old.<ref name="robbins">{{cite book | first = William G. | last = Robbins | title = Oregon: This Storied Land | publisher = Oregon Historical Society Press | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-87595-286-0}}</ref>
'''Fort Rock Cave''' was the site of the earliest evidence of human habitation in the US state of [[Oregon]] before the excavation of [[Paisley Caves]]. Fort Rock Cave featured numerous well-preserved sagebrush sandals, ranging from 9,000 to 13,000 years old.<ref name="robbins">{{cite book | first = William G. | last = Robbins | title = Oregon: This Storied Land | publisher = Oregon Historical Society Press | year = 2005 | isbn = 0-87595-286-0}}</ref>
The cave is located approximately {{convert|1.5|mi}} west of [[Fort Rock]] near [[Fort Rock State Natural Area]] in [[Lake County, Oregon|Lake County]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ascoinfo.org/index_files/Page359.htm |title= Five Mile Caves, Oregon |publisher= Archeological Society of Central Oregon |access-date= 2008-04-29 |archive-url= https://www.webcitation.org/66g2kyLpS?url=http://www.ascoinfo.org/index_files/Page359.htm |archive-date= April 4, 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Five Mile Caves was declared a [[National Historic Landmark]] in 1961,<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=472&ResourceType=Site|title=Five Mile Caves|access-date=2007-11-19|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301173703/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=472&ResourceType=Site|archive-date=March 1, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> and added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1966.<ref name="SHPOdb">{{Citation | last = Oregon Parks and Recreation Department | author-link = Oregon Parks and Recreation Department | title = Oregon Historic Sites Database | url = http://heritagedata.prd.state.or.us/historic/ | access-date = June 20, 2014}}.</ref>
The cave is located approximately {{convert|1.5|mi}} west of [[Fort Rock]] near [[Fort Rock State Natural Area]] in [[Lake County, Oregon|Lake County]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ascoinfo.org/index_files/Page359.htm |title= Fort Rock Cave, Oregon |publisher= Archeological Society of Central Oregon |access-date= 2008-04-29 |archive-url= https://www.webcitation.org/66g2kyLpS?url=http://www.ascoinfo.org/index_files/Page359.htm |archive-date= April 4, 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref> Fort Rock Cave was declared a [[National Historic Landmark]] in 1961,<ref name="nhlsum">{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=472&ResourceType=Site|title=Fort Rock Cave|access-date=2007-11-19|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301173703/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=472&ResourceType=Site|archive-date=March 1, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> and added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1966.<ref name="SHPOdb">{{Citation | last = Oregon Parks and Recreation Department | author-link = Oregon Parks and Recreation Department | title = Oregon Historic Sites Database | url = http://heritagedata.prd.state.or.us/historic/ | access-date = June 20, 2014}}.</ref>


The cave was found on [[Reub Long]]'s ranch. It was formerly known as Menkenmaier Cave and Cow Cave.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cGZYAAAAIBAJ&pg=3674,2206559&dq=reub-long+fort-rock-cave&hl=en|title=Geographic board okays naming cave after Long|last=Brogan|first=Phil|date=June 16, 1975|work=[[The Bulletin (Bend)|The Bulletin]]|page=2|access-date=December 8, 2011|quote=Board directors said the proposal is not a name change – the cavern, oldest known habitation of man in the region, has been known over the years by various names, Menkenmaier Cave, Five Mile Cavesand Cow Cave. It has been known in recent years as Five Mile Caves and this has resulted in much confusion with the Fort Rock formation, about a mile and a half to the east. ... Several years ago, Mr. and Mrs. Long formally presented the cave, on Reub Long's land, to the U.S. Park Service. The cave got its Cow Cavern name because Long's cattle sought shelter there from winter storms. ... The Fort Rock basin cave won national attention in 1938 when Dr. L. S. Cressman, University of Oregon anthropologist, found in the old cave a cache of sandals made from sagebrush.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5P9XAAAAIBAJ&pg=3578,1131543&dq=reub-long+fort-rock-cave&hl=en|title=Fort Rock: It's too small for a beer license|work=[[The Bulletin (Bend)|The Bulletin]]|page=7|access-date=December 8, 2011|date=September 1, 1970|quote=About two miles northwest of the rock is Five Mile Caves, where the discovery in 1938 of prehistoric sandals established the Fort Rock basin as the oldest known habitat of man in the Oregon country. Anthropologists set the radio-carbon age of the sandals at around 9,000 years. The cave is located on what was once Reub Long's "home" ranch.}}</ref>
The cave was found on [[Reub Long]]'s ranch. It was formerly known as Menkenmaier Cave and Cow Cave.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=cGZYAAAAIBAJ&pg=3674,2206559&dq=reub-long+fort-rock-cave&hl=en|title=Geographic board okays naming cave after Long|last=Brogan|first=Phil|date=June 16, 1975|work=[[The Bulletin (Bend)|The Bulletin]]|page=2|access-date=December 8, 2011|quote=Board directors said the proposal is not a name change – the cavern, oldest known habitation of man in the region, has been known over the years by various names, Menkenmaier Cave, Fort Rock Cave and Cow Cave. It has been known in recent years as Fort Rock Cave, and this has resulted in much confusion with the Fort Rock formation, about a mile and a half to the east. ... Several years ago, Mr. and Mrs. Long formally presented the cave, on Reub Long's land, to the U.S. Park Service. The cave got its Cow Cavern name because Long's cattle sought shelter there from winter storms. ... The Fort Rock basin cave won national attention in 1938 when Dr. L. S. Cressman, University of Oregon anthropologist, found in the old cave a cache of sandals made from sagebrush.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5P9XAAAAIBAJ&pg=3578,1131543&dq=reub-long+fort-rock-cave&hl=en|title=Fort Rock: It's too small for a beer license|work=[[The Bulletin (Bend)|The Bulletin]]|page=7|access-date=December 8, 2011|date=September 1, 1970|quote=About two miles northwest of the rock is Fort Rock Cave, where the discovery in 1938 of prehistoric sandals established the Fort Rock basin as the oldest known habitat of man in the Oregon country. Anthropologists set the radio-carbon age of the sandals at around 9,000 years. The cave is located on what was once Reub Long's "home" ranch.}}</ref>


==Archaeology==
==Archaeology==
[[File:Fort Rock Sandals OHS.jpg|thumb|left|Fort Rock sandals on display at the [[Oregon Historical Society]]]]
[[File:Fort Rock Sandals OHS.jpg|thumb|left|Fort Rock sandals on display at the [[Oregon Historical Society]]]]
[[University of Oregon]] archaeologist [[Luther Cressman]]'s 1938 excavations at Five Mile Caves placed human habitation in Oregon as early as 13,200 years ago.<ref name="robbins"/><ref name="oregonstateparks">{{cite web | title =Fort Rock State Natural Area | publisher =Oregon State Parks | url =http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_40.php | access-date = 2007-04-09}}</ref><ref name="sandals-UO">{{cite web | title =World's Oldest Shoes | publisher =University of Oregon | url =http://www.uoregon.edu/~connolly/FRsandals.htm | access-date =2007-04-09 | archive-url =https://www.webcitation.org/66g2mGbTE?url=http://pages.uoregon.edu/connolly/FRsandals.htm | archive-date =April 4, 2012 | url-status =dead }}</ref> Cressman's team also recovered numerous examples of sandals woven from [[Artemisia tridentata|sagebrush]] bark below a layer of [[Mazama Ash]] (deposited by the explosion forming [[Crater Lake]] about 7600 years ago). [[Radiocarbon dating]] of these sandals, now displayed at the [[University of Oregon Museum of Natural and Cultural History]] in [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]] and in the town of Fort Rock, has shown some to be over 10,000 years old. This sandal style is known as Fort Rock style, since they were first discovered there. This sandal style is distinct from other variants; they are flat, closed toed and have a twined sole.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paisley Sandals|url=http://pages.uoregon.edu/connolly/FRsandals.htm|access-date=October 17, 2011}}</ref> They have been found at other sites, such as Cougar Mountain and Catlow Caves, as well.<ref name="sandals-UO" /><ref name="sandals-OHS">{{cite web | last =Tucker | first =Kathy | title =Fort Rock Sandals | publisher =Oregon Historical Society | year =2002 | url =http://www.ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/historical_records/dspDocument.cfm?doc_ID=000E82E3-D82A-1DBE-BB3880B05272FE9F | access-date =2007-04-09}}</ref> Several other prehistoric artifacts have been found at Five Mile Caves, including basketry and stone tools.<ref name="culturalsequence">{{cite web | title =Cultural Sequence in the Northern Great Basin: The View From Fort Rock | publisher =University of Oregon Department of Anthropology | url =http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~anthro/academics/FieldSchool/section3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040715224414/http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~anthro/academics/FieldSchool/section3.html |archive-date=July 15, 2004| access-date = 2011-08-16}}</ref> The artifacts found by Stephen Bedwell in 1970 were found in one of the remaining unvandalized areas of the cave.<ref name="culturalsequence"/>
[[University of Oregon]] archaeologist [[Luther Cressman]]'s 1938 excavations at Fort Rock Cave placed human habitation in Oregon as early as 13,200 years ago.<ref name="robbins"/><ref name="oregonstateparks">{{cite web | title =Fort Rock State Natural Area | publisher =Oregon State Parks | url =http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_40.php | access-date = 2007-04-09}}</ref><ref name="sandals-UO">{{cite web | title =World's Oldest Shoes | publisher =University of Oregon | url =http://www.uoregon.edu/~connolly/FRsandals.htm | access-date =2007-04-09 | archive-url =https://www.webcitation.org/66g2mGbTE?url=http://pages.uoregon.edu/connolly/FRsandals.htm | archive-date =April 4, 2012 | url-status =dead }}</ref> Cressman's team also recovered numerous examples of sandals woven from [[Artemisia tridentata|sagebrush]] bark below a layer of [[Mazama Ash]] (deposited by the explosion forming [[Crater Lake]] about 7600 years ago). [[Radiocarbon dating]] of these sandals, now displayed at the [[University of Oregon Museum of Natural and Cultural History]] in [[Eugene, Oregon|Eugene]] and in the town of Fort Rock, has shown some to be over 10,000 years old. This sandal style is known as Fort Rock style, since they were first discovered there. This sandal style is distinct from other variants; they are flat, closed toed and have a twined sole.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fort Rock Sandals|url=http://pages.uoregon.edu/connolly/FRsandals.htm|access-date=October 17, 2011}}</ref> They have been found at other sites, such as Cougar Mountain and Catlow Caves, as well.<ref name="sandals-UO" /><ref name="sandals-OHS">{{cite web | last =Tucker | first =Kathy | title =Fort Rock Sandals | publisher =Oregon Historical Society | year =2002 | url =http://www.ohs.org/education/oregonhistory/historical_records/dspDocument.cfm?doc_ID=000E82E3-D82A-1DBE-BB3880B05272FE9F | access-date =2007-04-09}}</ref> Several other prehistoric artifacts have been found at Fort Rock Cave, including basketry and stone tools.<ref name="culturalsequence">{{cite web | title =Cultural Sequence in the Northern Great Basin: The View From Fort Rock | publisher =University of Oregon Department of Anthropology | url =http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~anthro/academics/FieldSchool/section3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040715224414/http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~anthro/academics/FieldSchool/section3.html |archive-date=July 15, 2004| access-date = 2011-08-16}}</ref> The artifacts found by Stephen Bedwell in 1970 were found in one of the remaining unvandalized areas of the cave.<ref name="culturalsequence"/>


== See also ==
== See also ==
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==External links==
==External links==
{{commons category|Five Mile Caves}}
{{commons category|Fort Rock Cave}}
*[http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_249.php Five Mile Caves information] from [[Oregon Parks and Recreation Department]]
*[http://www.oregonstateparks.org/park_249.php Fort Rock Cave information] from [[Oregon Parks and Recreation Department]]
*[http://fortrockoregon.com/ history]
*[http://fortrockoregon.com/ history]
{{Navbox prehistoric caves}}
{{Navbox prehistoric caves}}
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[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Lake County, Oregon]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Lake County, Oregon]]
[[Category:Pre-Clovis archaeological sites in the Americas]]
[[Category:Pre-Clovis archaeological sites in the Americas]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Five_Mile_Caves}}

Revision as of 20:53, 28 December 2020

This article is about the archaeological site in Oregon. For the Oregon landmark, see Fort Rock. For the community in Oregon, see Fort Rock, Oregon.

Fort Rock Cave
University of Oregon archaeological excavations at Fort Rock Cave, 1966
LocationAddress restricted[1]
Nearest cityFort Rock, Oregon
NRHP reference No.66000641
Significant dates
Added to NRHPOctober 15, 1966
Designated NHLJanuary 20, 1961

Fort Rock Cave was the site of the earliest evidence of human habitation in the US state of Oregon before the excavation of Paisley Caves. Fort Rock Cave featured numerous well-preserved sagebrush sandals, ranging from 9,000 to 13,000 years old.[2] The cave is located approximately 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west of Fort Rock near Fort Rock State Natural Area in Lake County.[3] Fort Rock Cave was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961,[4] and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.[5]

The cave was found on Reub Long's ranch. It was formerly known as Menkenmaier Cave and Cow Cave.[6][7]

Archaeology

Fort Rock sandals on display at the Oregon Historical Society

University of Oregon archaeologist Luther Cressman's 1938 excavations at Fort Rock Cave placed human habitation in Oregon as early as 13,200 years ago.[2][8][9] Cressman's team also recovered numerous examples of sandals woven from sagebrush bark below a layer of Mazama Ash (deposited by the explosion forming Crater Lake about 7600 years ago). Radiocarbon dating of these sandals, now displayed at the University of Oregon Museum of Natural and Cultural History in Eugene and in the town of Fort Rock, has shown some to be over 10,000 years old. This sandal style is known as Fort Rock style, since they were first discovered there. This sandal style is distinct from other variants; they are flat, closed toed and have a twined sole.[10] They have been found at other sites, such as Cougar Mountain and Catlow Caves, as well.[9][11] Several other prehistoric artifacts have been found at Fort Rock Cave, including basketry and stone tools.[12] The artifacts found by Stephen Bedwell in 1970 were found in one of the remaining unvandalized areas of the cave.[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ Federal and state laws and practices restrict general public access to information regarding the specific location of this resource. In some cases, this is to protect archaeological sites from vandalism, while in other cases it is restricted at the request of the owner. See: Knoerl, John; Miller, Diane; Shrimpton, Rebecca H. (1990), Guidelines for Restricting Information about Historic and Prehistoric Resources, National Register Bulletin, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, OCLC 20706997.
  2. ^ a b Robbins, William G. (2005). Oregon: This Storied Land. Oregon Historical Society Press. ISBN 0-87595-286-0.
  3. ^ "Fort Rock Cave, Oregon". Archeological Society of Central Oregon. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved April 29, 2008.
  4. ^ "Fort Rock Cave". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on March 1, 2007. Retrieved November 19, 2007.
  5. ^ Oregon Parks and Recreation Department, Oregon Historic Sites Database, retrieved June 20, 2014.
  6. ^ Brogan, Phil (June 16, 1975). "Geographic board okays naming cave after Long". The Bulletin. p. 2. Retrieved December 8, 2011. Board directors said the proposal is not a name change – the cavern, oldest known habitation of man in the region, has been known over the years by various names, Menkenmaier Cave, Fort Rock Cave and Cow Cave. It has been known in recent years as Fort Rock Cave, and this has resulted in much confusion with the Fort Rock formation, about a mile and a half to the east. ... Several years ago, Mr. and Mrs. Long formally presented the cave, on Reub Long's land, to the U.S. Park Service. The cave got its Cow Cavern name because Long's cattle sought shelter there from winter storms. ... The Fort Rock basin cave won national attention in 1938 when Dr. L. S. Cressman, University of Oregon anthropologist, found in the old cave a cache of sandals made from sagebrush.
  7. ^ "Fort Rock: It's too small for a beer license". The Bulletin. September 1, 1970. p. 7. Retrieved December 8, 2011. About two miles northwest of the rock is Fort Rock Cave, where the discovery in 1938 of prehistoric sandals established the Fort Rock basin as the oldest known habitat of man in the Oregon country. Anthropologists set the radio-carbon age of the sandals at around 9,000 years. The cave is located on what was once Reub Long's "home" ranch.
  8. ^ "Fort Rock State Natural Area". Oregon State Parks. Retrieved April 9, 2007.
  9. ^ a b "World's Oldest Shoes". University of Oregon. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved April 9, 2007.
  10. ^ "Fort Rock Sandals". Retrieved October 17, 2011.
  11. ^ Tucker, Kathy (2002). "Fort Rock Sandals". Oregon Historical Society. Retrieved April 9, 2007.
  12. ^ a b "Cultural Sequence in the Northern Great Basin: The View From Fort Rock". University of Oregon Department of Anthropology. Archived from the original on July 15, 2004. Retrieved August 16, 2011.
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