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| apsis = gee
| apsis = gee
| orbit_epoch = 17 November 1990<ref name="SATCAT">{{cite web|url=http://planet4589.org/space/log/satcat.txt|title=Satellite Catalog|first=Jonathan|last=McDowell|work=Jonathan's Space Page|accessdate=24 May 2013}}</ref>
| orbit_epoch = 17 November 1990<ref name="SATCAT">{{cite web|url=http://planet4589.org/space/log/satcat.txt|title=Satellite Catalog|first=Jonathan|last=McDowell|work=Jonathan's Space Page|access-date=24 May 2013}}</ref>
| orbit_reference = [[geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_reference = [[geocentric orbit|Geocentric]]
| orbit_regime = [[Low Earth orbit|Low Earth]]
| orbit_regime = [[Low Earth orbit|Low Earth]]
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{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Seat<ref>{{cite web|title=STS-38|url=http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/sts-38.htm|publisher=Spacefacts|accessdate=26 February 2014}}</ref>
! Seat<ref>{{cite web|title=STS-38|url=http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/sts-38.htm|publisher=Spacefacts|access-date=26 February 2014}}</ref>
! Launch
! Launch
! Landing
! Landing
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According to ''[[Aviation Week]]'', the shuttle initially entered a {{convert|204|km}} x {{convert|519|km}} orbit at an inclination of 28.45° to the equator. It then executed three OMS (orbital maneuvering system) burns, the last on orbit #4. The first of these circularized the orbit at {{convert|519|km}}.
According to ''[[Aviation Week]]'', the shuttle initially entered a {{convert|204|km}} x {{convert|519|km}} orbit at an inclination of 28.45° to the equator. It then executed three OMS (orbital maneuvering system) burns, the last on orbit #4. The first of these circularized the orbit at {{convert|519|km}}.


The first classified payload was code-named USA-67,<ref>[https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1990-097B NASA Space Data Center: NSSDC ID: 1990-097B USA-67] ELINT Program</ref> which was deployed from Atlantis' cargo bay on the 7th orbit and ignited its rocket motor at the ascending node of the 8th orbit to place it in a geo-synchronous transfer orbit. ''[[Aviation Week]]'' reported that USA-67 was a secret [[ELINT]] gathering satellite headed for [[geosynchronous orbit]] and launched to monitor the events during the first [[Gulf War]] in 1990. As a result of there being two upper stages aboard STS-38, USA-67 was originally believed to be a [[Magnum (satellite)|Magnum satellite]] like those deployed on [[STS-51-C]] and [[STS-33]], which were launched via a two-stage [[Inertial Upper Stage|IUS]].<ref name=UGO>{{cite web|last=Molczan|first=Ted|title=Unknown GEO Object 2000-653A / 90007 Identified as Prowler|url=http://satobs.org/seesat_ref/STS_38/Unknown_GEO_Object_2000-653A_-_90007_Identified_as_Prowler.pdf|publisher=Visual Satellite Observer's Home Page|accessdate=25 February 2011|date=21 January 2011}}</ref> Today it is believed that USA-67 was instead a secret [[Satellite Data System|SDS-2]] military communications satellite, like those deployed on [[STS-28]] and [[STS-53]].<ref>[http://www.satobs.org/seesat/Mar-2000/0378.html Satobs.org: ''USA-67 observations'' ]</ref><ref>[http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/sigint/prowler.htm FAS.org: ''GEO SIGINT Satellite'']</ref>
The first classified payload was code-named USA-67,<ref>[https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1990-097B NASA Space Data Center: NSSDC ID: 1990-097B USA-67] ELINT Program</ref> which was deployed from Atlantis' cargo bay on the 7th orbit and ignited its rocket motor at the ascending node of the 8th orbit to place it in a geo-synchronous transfer orbit. ''[[Aviation Week]]'' reported that USA-67 was a secret [[ELINT]] gathering satellite headed for [[geosynchronous orbit]] and launched to monitor the events during the first [[Gulf War]] in 1990. As a result of there being two upper stages aboard STS-38, USA-67 was originally believed to be a [[Magnum (satellite)|Magnum satellite]] like those deployed on [[STS-51-C]] and [[STS-33]], which were launched via a two-stage [[Inertial Upper Stage|IUS]].<ref name=UGO>{{cite web|last=Molczan|first=Ted|title=Unknown GEO Object 2000-653A / 90007 Identified as Prowler|url=http://satobs.org/seesat_ref/STS_38/Unknown_GEO_Object_2000-653A_-_90007_Identified_as_Prowler.pdf|publisher=Visual Satellite Observer's Home Page|access-date=25 February 2011|date=21 January 2011}}</ref> Today it is believed that USA-67 was instead a secret [[Satellite Data System|SDS-2]] military communications satellite, like those deployed on [[STS-28]] and [[STS-53]].<ref>[http://www.satobs.org/seesat/Mar-2000/0378.html Satobs.org: ''USA-67 observations'' ]</ref><ref>[http://www.fas.org/spp/military/program/sigint/prowler.htm FAS.org: ''GEO SIGINT Satellite'']</ref>


It is also believed that USA-67 was not the only satellite deployed during STS-38. A publicly released image of ''Atlantis''' vertical stabilizer and upper aft bulkhead, similar to the one released from STS-53, confirms that the ASE (Airborne Support Equipment) for the [[Inertial Upper Stage|IUS]] was absent from this flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/sseop/QuickView.pl?directory=ISD&ID=STS038-84-23 |title=The Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth |publisher=Eol.jsc.nasa.gov |access-date=12 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225065551/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/sseop/QuickView.pl?directory=ISD&ID=STS038-84-23 |archive-date=25 February 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> An explanation is that two separate satellites were deployed, using single-stage [[PAM-D]] modules. Rumors that appear to have been substantiated by the identification of an "unknown" geostationary satellite by amateur observers<ref>[http://satobs.org/seesat_ref/STS_38/Unknown_GEO_Object_2000-653A_-_90007_Identified_as_Prowler.pdf Ted Molczan, satobs.org: Unknown GEO Object 2000-653A / 90007 Identified as Prowler]</ref><ref>[http://satobs.org/seesat_ref/STS_38/Evaluation_of_the_Opportunity_to_Launch_Prowler_on_STS_38.pdf Ted Molczan, satobs.org: Evaluation of the opportunity to launch Prowler on STS-38]</ref> insist that the second payload was a stealth satellite known as [[Prowler (satellite)|Prowler]], reportedly intended to covertly inspect other nation's geostationary satellites.<ref>[http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6687654 Robert Windrem, NBC News: What is America's top-secret spy program?]</ref>
It is also believed that USA-67 was not the only satellite deployed during STS-38. A publicly released image of ''Atlantis''' vertical stabilizer and upper aft bulkhead, similar to the one released from STS-53, confirms that the ASE (Airborne Support Equipment) for the [[Inertial Upper Stage|IUS]] was absent from this flight.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/sseop/QuickView.pl?directory=ISD&ID=STS038-84-23 |title=The Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth |publisher=Eol.jsc.nasa.gov |access-date=12 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225065551/http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/scripts/sseop/QuickView.pl?directory=ISD&ID=STS038-84-23 |archive-date=25 February 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> An explanation is that two separate satellites were deployed, using single-stage [[PAM-D]] modules. Rumors that appear to have been substantiated by the identification of an "unknown" geostationary satellite by amateur observers<ref>[http://satobs.org/seesat_ref/STS_38/Unknown_GEO_Object_2000-653A_-_90007_Identified_as_Prowler.pdf Ted Molczan, satobs.org: Unknown GEO Object 2000-653A / 90007 Identified as Prowler]</ref><ref>[http://satobs.org/seesat_ref/STS_38/Evaluation_of_the_Opportunity_to_Launch_Prowler_on_STS_38.pdf Ted Molczan, satobs.org: Evaluation of the opportunity to launch Prowler on STS-38]</ref> insist that the second payload was a stealth satellite known as [[Prowler (satellite)|Prowler]], reportedly intended to covertly inspect other nation's geostationary satellites.<ref>[http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6687654 Robert Windrem, NBC News: What is America's top-secret spy program?]</ref>

Revision as of 12:58, 29 December 2020

STS-38
Atlantis in orbit; in-flight photography of this Department of Defense support mission is limited
Mission typeSatellite deployment
OperatorNASA
COSPAR ID1990-097A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.20935
Mission duration4 days, 21 hours, 54 minutes, 31 seconds
Distance travelled3,291,199 kilometres (2,045,056 mi)
Orbits completed79
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftSpace Shuttle Atlantis
Crew
Crew size5
Members
Start of mission
Launch date15 November 1990, 23:48:13 (1990-11-15UTC23:48:13Z) UTC
Launch siteKennedy LC-39A
End of mission
Landing date20 November 1990, 21:42:42 (1990-11-20UTC21:42:43Z) UTC
Landing siteKennedy SLF Runway 33
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric
RegimeLow Earth
Perigee altitude260 kilometres (160 mi)[1]
Apogee altitude269 kilometres (167 mi)[1]
Inclination28.4 degrees[1]
Period89.79 minutes[1]
Epoch17 November 1990[1]

Left to right - Seated: Culbertson, Covey; Standing: Gemar, Springer, Meade
← STS-41
STS-35 →

STS-38 was a Space Shuttle mission by NASA using the Space Shuttle Atlantis. It was the 37th shuttle mission, and carried a classified payload for the U.S. Department of Defense. It was the 7th flight for Atlantis and the 7th flight dedicated to the Department of Defense. The mission was a 4-day mission that traveled more than 2 million miles and completed 79 revolutions. Atlantis landed at Kennedy Space Center's Shuttle Landing Facility's runway 33. The launch was originally scheduled for July 1990, but was rescheduled due to a hydrogen leak found on Space Shuttle Columbia during the STS-35 countdown. During a rollback to the Orbiter Processing Facility Atlantis was damaged during a hail storm. The eventual launch date of 15 November 1990 was set due to a payload problem. The launch window was between 18:30 and 22:30 EST. The launch occurred at 18:48 EST.

Crew

Position Astronaut
Commander Richard O. Covey
Third spaceflight
Pilot Frank L. Culbertson Jr.
First spaceflight
Mission Specialist 1 Carl J. Meade
First spaceflight
Mission Specialist 2 Robert C. Springer
Second and last spaceflight
Mission Specialist 3 Charles D. Gemar
First spaceflight

Crew seating arrangements

Seat[2] Launch Landing
Seats 1–4 are on the Flight Deck. Seats 5–7 are on the Middeck.
S1 Covey Covey
S2 Culbertson Culbertson
S3 Meade Gemar
S4 Springer Springer
S5 Gemar Meade

Preparations and launch

The launch occurred on 15 November 1990, 18:48:13 EST. It was originally scheduled for July 1990, however, a liquid hydrogen leak found on Columbia during the STS-35 countdown prompted three precautionary tanking tests on Atlantis at the pad on 29, 13 June July – 25 July 1990. Tests confirmed the hydrogen fuel leak on the external tank side of the external tank/orbiter 432 millimetres (17.0 in) quick disconnect umbilical. This could not be repaired at the pad and Atlantis was rolled back to the VAB on 9 August, demated, then transferred to the Orbiter Processing Facility (OPF). During rollback, the vehicle remained parked outside the VAB for about a day while the Columbia/STS-35 stack was transferred to the pad for launch. While outside, Atlantis suffered minor hail damage to its tiles during a thunderstorm. After repairs were made in the OPF, Atlantis was transferred to the VAB for mating on 2 October. During hoisting operations, the platform beam that was to have been removed from the orbiter's aft compartment fell and caused minor damage, which was repaired. The vehicle rolled out to Pad A on 12 October 1990. The fourth mini-tanking test was performed on 24 October, with no excessive hydrogen or oxygen leakage detected. During the Flight Readiness Review, the launch date was set for 9 November 1990. The launch was reset for 15 November due to payload problems. Liftoff occurred during a classified launch window lying within a launch period extending from 18:30 to 22:30 EST on 15 November.

Classified payload

According to Aviation Week, the shuttle initially entered a 204 kilometres (127 mi) x 519 kilometres (322 mi) orbit at an inclination of 28.45° to the equator. It then executed three OMS (orbital maneuvering system) burns, the last on orbit #4. The first of these circularized the orbit at 519 kilometres (322 mi).

The first classified payload was code-named USA-67,[3] which was deployed from Atlantis' cargo bay on the 7th orbit and ignited its rocket motor at the ascending node of the 8th orbit to place it in a geo-synchronous transfer orbit. Aviation Week reported that USA-67 was a secret ELINT gathering satellite headed for geosynchronous orbit and launched to monitor the events during the first Gulf War in 1990. As a result of there being two upper stages aboard STS-38, USA-67 was originally believed to be a Magnum satellite like those deployed on STS-51-C and STS-33, which were launched via a two-stage IUS.[4] Today it is believed that USA-67 was instead a secret SDS-2 military communications satellite, like those deployed on STS-28 and STS-53.[5][6]

It is also believed that USA-67 was not the only satellite deployed during STS-38. A publicly released image of Atlantis' vertical stabilizer and upper aft bulkhead, similar to the one released from STS-53, confirms that the ASE (Airborne Support Equipment) for the IUS was absent from this flight.[7] An explanation is that two separate satellites were deployed, using single-stage PAM-D modules. Rumors that appear to have been substantiated by the identification of an "unknown" geostationary satellite by amateur observers[8][9] insist that the second payload was a stealth satellite known as Prowler, reportedly intended to covertly inspect other nation's geostationary satellites.[10]

Landing

The mission was extended by one day due to unacceptable crosswinds at the original planned landing site of Edwards Air Force Base. Continued adverse conditions led to a decision to shift the landing to KSC. Landing occurred on 20 November 1990, 16:42:42 EST, Runway 33, at the Kennedy Space Center. The rollout distance was 9,032 feet (2,753 m) and rollout time was 57 seconds. STS-38 marked the first KSC landing for Atlantis, and the first shuttle landing at KSC since April 1985 (the last being STS-51-D). Atlantis weighed 191,091 pounds (86,677 kg) at landing.[citation needed]

  • Atlantis (right) and Columbia pass.
    Atlantis (right) and Columbia pass.
  • Sunlight on the ocean.
    Sunlight on the ocean.
  • Launch of STS-38
    Launch of STS-38

See also

References

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

  1. ^ a b c d e McDowell, Jonathan. "Satellite Catalog". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 24 May 2013.
  2. ^ "STS-38". Spacefacts. Retrieved 26 February 2014.
  3. ^ NASA Space Data Center: NSSDC ID: 1990-097B USA-67 ELINT Program
  4. ^ Molczan, Ted (21 January 2011). "Unknown GEO Object 2000-653A / 90007 Identified as Prowler" (PDF). Visual Satellite Observer's Home Page. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
  5. ^ Satobs.org: USA-67 observations
  6. ^ FAS.org: GEO SIGINT Satellite
  7. ^ "The Gateway to Astronaut Photography of Earth". Eol.jsc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2010.
  8. ^ Ted Molczan, satobs.org: Unknown GEO Object 2000-653A / 90007 Identified as Prowler
  9. ^ Ted Molczan, satobs.org: Evaluation of the opportunity to launch Prowler on STS-38
  10. ^ Robert Windrem, NBC News: What is America's top-secret spy program?
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