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==History==
==History==
{{main|Nagorno-Karabakh conflict}}
{{main|Nagorno-Karabakh conflict}}
At the outset of the Karabakh conflict, the majority-Armenian [[Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast]] was surrounded by regions with Azerbaijani majorities and had no land border with Armenia.
At the outset of the 1991-1994 Karabakh conflict, the majority-Armenian [[Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast]] was surrounded by regions with Azerbaijani majorities and had no land border with Armenia.
* 18 May 1992, Armenian forces took [[Lachin]], opening the [[Lachin corridor]] for land communications between NKR and Armenia. A strong offensive by Armenian forces occurred in 1993, resulting in the securing of further territory to act as a "security zone".
* 18 May 1992, Armenian forces took [[Lachin]], opening the [[Lachin corridor]] for land communications between NKR and Armenia. A strong offensive by Armenian forces occurred in 1993, resulting in the securing of further territory to act as a "security zone".
* 27 March 1993, Armenian forces launched an offensive in [[Kelbajar]] and by 5 April had completely captured the area of [[Kalbajar District]], creating a strong link between Nagorno Karabakh and Armenia and removing from the Lachin corridor the threat of attack from the north.
* 27 March 1993, Armenian forces launched an offensive in [[Kelbajar]] and by 5 April had completely captured the area of [[Kalbajar District]], creating a strong link between Nagorno Karabakh and Armenia and removing from the Lachin corridor the threat of attack from the north.
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* 29 October 1993 – [[Zangilan]] was taken.
* 29 October 1993 – [[Zangilan]] was taken.


Since then, Armenians have been in control of most of the territory of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, with Azerbaijan controlling parts of the eastern [[Martuni Region|Martuni]] and eastern [[Martakert Region|Martakert]]. In addition, since that time and until 2020, Armenians occupied all of the territory between the former NKAO and Iran, as well as all of the territory between the former NKAO and Armenia, and some areas to the east surrounding Aghdam. Nagorno-Karabakh also claims but does not control the region known until 1992 as [[Shahumian]], which although being majority-Armenian before 1992, was not part of the NKAO. Shahumian's Armenian population was driven out during the war, and the Armenian and Azeri forces have been separated on the northern front by the [[Murovdag]] mountain chain until 2020.<ref>[http://www.nr2.ru/kavkaz/95299.html/print/ Приднестровье и Нагорный Карабах — два состоявшихся самодостаточных государства] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
From then till the 2020 war, Armenians were in control of most of the territory of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, with Azerbaijan controlling parts of the eastern [[Martuni Region|Martuni]] and eastern [[Martakert Region|Martakert]]. In addition, since that time and until 2020, Armenians occupied all of the territory between the former NKAO and Iran, as well as all of the territory between the former NKAO and Armenia, and some areas to the east surrounding Aghdam. Nagorno-Karabakh also claims but did not control the region known until 1992 as [[Shahumian]], which although being majority-Armenian before 1992, was not part of the NKAO. Shahumian's Armenian population was driven out during the war, and the Armenian and Azeri forces were separated on the northern front by the [[Murovdag]] mountain chain until 2020.<ref>[http://www.nr2.ru/kavkaz/95299.html/print/ Приднестровье и Нагорный Карабах — два состоявшихся самодостаточных государства] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>


Since 1994, [[Armenia]] and [[Azerbaijan]] have held talks on the future of the security belt territories. The Armenian side has offered to act in accordance with the "land for status" formula (returning the territory of the security belt to the control of Azerbaijan in exchange for Azerbaijan recognizing the independence of the Nagorno-Karabakh and giving security assurances to the Nagorno-Karabakh and the [[Lachin corridor]]),<ref name="na380">[http://www.newsarmenia.ru/arm1/20071214/41789380.html Контролируемые карабахской стороной территории могут быть возвращены Азербайджану лишь в обмен на независимость НКР -дептутат] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> Azerbaijan, on a formula of "land for peace" (returning the territory of the security belt back to Azerbaijan in exchange for security guarantees with Azerbaijan controlling territories of Nagorno-Karabakh). Facilitators have also offered, in particular, another "land for status" option (returning the territory of the security belt to the control of Azerbaijan in exchange for guarantees by Azerbaijan to hold at some point a referendum on the status of Nagorno-Karabakh).<ref>[http://www.regnum.ru/news/617150.html Дартмутская конференция] {{in lang|ru}}<br />[http://nregion.com/print.php?i=14406 Ереван "сдает" Карабах и спешит в объятия НАТО] {{in lang|ru}}<br />[http://www.memo.ru/hr/hotpoints/caucas1/msg/2005/09/m50530.htm Визит действующего председателя ОБСЕ Дмитрия Рупеля] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192642/http://www.memo.ru/hr/hotpoints/caucas1/msg/2005/09/m50530.htm |date=3 March 2016 }} {{in lang|ru}}<br />[http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/nagorny-karabakh/russian/russian10.php Препятствия на пути к урегулированию: взгляд из Азербайджана] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011050852/http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/nagorny-karabakh/russian/russian10.php |date=11 October 2008 }} {{in lang|ru}}<br />[http://www.geocities.com/lv_site/20040611_karabah.html Земля преткновения]{{in lang|ru}}. 25 October 2009.<br />[http://www.eurasianet.org/russian/departments/insight/articles/eav012405aru.shtml Переговоры по Карабаху: внимание переключается на президента Алиева] {{in lang|ru}}<br />[http://www.regnum.ru/news/837374.html "Сатана" раскрывает "детали", а "они не нужны нам и подавно": политики Армении и Карабаха о возможности сдачи территорий] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> The involved parties have failed to reach any agreement.
Since 1994, [[Armenia]] and [[Azerbaijan]] have held talks on the future of the security belt territories. The Armenian side has offered to act in accordance with the "land for status" formula (returning the territory of the security belt to the control of Azerbaijan in exchange for Azerbaijan recognizing the independence of the Nagorno-Karabakh and giving security assurances to the Nagorno-Karabakh and the [[Lachin corridor]]),<ref name="na380">[http://www.newsarmenia.ru/arm1/20071214/41789380.html Контролируемые карабахской стороной территории могут быть возвращены Азербайджану лишь в обмен на независимость НКР -дептутат] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> Azerbaijan, on a formula of "land for peace" (returning the territory of the security belt back to Azerbaijan in exchange for security guarantees with Azerbaijan controlling territories of Nagorno-Karabakh). Facilitators have also offered, in particular, another "land for status" option (returning the territory of the security belt to the control of Azerbaijan in exchange for guarantees by Azerbaijan to hold at some point a referendum on the status of Nagorno-Karabakh).<ref>[http://www.regnum.ru/news/617150.html Дартмутская конференция] {{in lang|ru}}<br />[http://nregion.com/print.php?i=14406 Ереван "сдает" Карабах и спешит в объятия НАТО] {{in lang|ru}}<br />[http://www.memo.ru/hr/hotpoints/caucas1/msg/2005/09/m50530.htm Визит действующего председателя ОБСЕ Дмитрия Рупеля] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192642/http://www.memo.ru/hr/hotpoints/caucas1/msg/2005/09/m50530.htm |date=3 March 2016 }} {{in lang|ru}}<br />[http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/nagorny-karabakh/russian/russian10.php Препятствия на пути к урегулированию: взгляд из Азербайджана] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011050852/http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/nagorny-karabakh/russian/russian10.php |date=11 October 2008 }} {{in lang|ru}}<br />[http://www.geocities.com/lv_site/20040611_karabah.html Земля преткновения]{{in lang|ru}}. 25 October 2009.<br />[http://www.eurasianet.org/russian/departments/insight/articles/eav012405aru.shtml Переговоры по Карабаху: внимание переключается на президента Алиева] {{in lang|ru}}<br />[http://www.regnum.ru/news/837374.html "Сатана" раскрывает "детали", а "они не нужны нам и подавно": политики Армении и Карабаха о возможности сдачи территорий] {{in lang|ru}}</ref> The involved parties have failed to reach any agreement.

Revision as of 03:55, 1 January 2021


Map of the occupied districts prior to the 2020 war, where the former NKAO is depicted in pink and pre-2020 Azerbaijani-held territory in yellow.
1. Kalbajar
2. Lachin
3. Qubadli
4. Zangilan 		5. Jabrayil
6. Fuzuli
7. Agdam

The Armenian-occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh[a] were areas of Azerbaijan, situated outside the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO), which were occupied by the military forces of the internationally unrecognized Republic of Artsakh from the end of the First Nagorno-Karabakh War (1988–1994) to 2020, when the territories were returned to Azerbaijani control in accordance to the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement.[1][2][3][4]

Unlike Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, the population of all the adjacent Armenian-occupied districts were majority-Azerbaijani until their deportations from the districts during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.[5][6]

The United Nations Security Council adopted four resolutions during the First Nagorno-Karabakh war demanding that all occupying forces in the territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh withdraw.[7][8][9][10] In 2008, the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 62/243, demanding the withdrawal of all Armenian forces from all the occupied territories of Azerbaijan.[11]

In the wake of the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war, Armenian forces lost control of Fuzuli, Jabrayil, Zangilan and Qubadli districts, and agreed to withdraw from Agdam, Kalbajar and Lachin districts, returning them to Azerbaijani control, by 20 November, 25 November and 1 December 2020, respectively. This agreement was codified in a Russian-brokered ceasefire agreement and will be enforced by Russian peacekeepers under an initial 5-year mandate. As part of this settlement, Russian peacekeepers are deployed in the Lachin corridor connecting Armenia to the areas of Nagorno-Karabakh that remain under Armenian control.[12]

History

Main article: Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

At the outset of the 1991-1994 Karabakh conflict, the majority-Armenian Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast was surrounded by regions with Azerbaijani majorities and had no land border with Armenia.

  • 18 May 1992, Armenian forces took Lachin, opening the Lachin corridor for land communications between NKR and Armenia. A strong offensive by Armenian forces occurred in 1993, resulting in the securing of further territory to act as a "security zone".
  • 27 March 1993, Armenian forces launched an offensive in Kelbajar and by 5 April had completely captured the area of Kalbajar District, creating a strong link between Nagorno Karabakh and Armenia and removing from the Lachin corridor the threat of attack from the north.
  • 23 July 1993, after 40 days of fighting, officially known in Armenia as the "suppression of enemy firing points", Agdam was taken. Then followed an attack in the south:
  • 22 August 1993 – Fuzuli was taken.
  • 25 August 1993 – Jabrayil was taken.
  • 31 August 1993 – Qubadli was taken.
  • 29 October 1993 – Zangilan was taken.

From then till the 2020 war, Armenians were in control of most of the territory of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, with Azerbaijan controlling parts of the eastern Martuni and eastern Martakert. In addition, since that time and until 2020, Armenians occupied all of the territory between the former NKAO and Iran, as well as all of the territory between the former NKAO and Armenia, and some areas to the east surrounding Aghdam. Nagorno-Karabakh also claims but did not control the region known until 1992 as Shahumian, which although being majority-Armenian before 1992, was not part of the NKAO. Shahumian's Armenian population was driven out during the war, and the Armenian and Azeri forces were separated on the northern front by the Murovdag mountain chain until 2020.[13]

Since 1994, Armenia and Azerbaijan have held talks on the future of the security belt territories. The Armenian side has offered to act in accordance with the "land for status" formula (returning the territory of the security belt to the control of Azerbaijan in exchange for Azerbaijan recognizing the independence of the Nagorno-Karabakh and giving security assurances to the Nagorno-Karabakh and the Lachin corridor),[14] Azerbaijan, on a formula of "land for peace" (returning the territory of the security belt back to Azerbaijan in exchange for security guarantees with Azerbaijan controlling territories of Nagorno-Karabakh). Facilitators have also offered, in particular, another "land for status" option (returning the territory of the security belt to the control of Azerbaijan in exchange for guarantees by Azerbaijan to hold at some point a referendum on the status of Nagorno-Karabakh).[15] The involved parties have failed to reach any agreement.

Territory and Population

Before 2020 war

See also: Republic of Artsakh § Ethnic composition, and Demographics of the Republic of Artsakh

Based on the administrative and territorial division of Azerbaijan, Armenian forces controlled the territory of the following districts of Azerbaijan from 1994 to 2020:[16][17]

Districts of Azerbaijan occupied by Armenia in whole or in part
# Raion Total Area (km2)[18] Total Area (sq mi) Area under Armenian occupation (km2) Area under Armenian occupation (sq mi) % Total Area under Armenian occupation Total Population in 1989[19]
1 Kalbajar 1,936 km2 747 sq mi 1,935 km2 747 sq mi 100% 43,713
2 Lachin 1,835 km2 708 sq mi 1,835 km2 708 sq mi 100% 47,339
3 Qubadli 802 km2 310 sq mi 802 km2 310 sq mi 100% 28,110
4 Zangilan 707 km2 273 sq mi 707 km2 273 sq mi 100% 32,698
5 Jabrayil 1,050 km2 410 sq mi 1,050 km2 410 sq mi 100% 49,156
Total of 1989's population of territories under full Armenian occupation 201,016
6 Fuzuli 1,386 km2 535 sq mi 462 km2 178 sq mi 33% 89,417
7 Agdam 1,094 km2 422 sq mi 842 km2 325 sq mi 77% 131,293
Total 8,810 km2 3,400 sq mi 7,633 km2 2,947 sq mi 87% 421,726

a: excluding village Çocuq Mərcanlı

The outer perimeter of these territories was a line of direct contact between the military forces of the Republic of Artsakh and Azerbaijan.[20]

Ethnic groups as of the 1979 Soviet census on territory under Armenian occupation from 1993 till 2020[21][22]
Azerbaijanis Armenians Lezgins Russians Kurds Total
Kalbajar 99,5% (40,329) 0,1% (49) 0,1%(30) 0,1% (46) 0.1% (4) 40,516
Lachin 94,5% (44,665) 0,1% (34) 0,1% (23) 0,1% (28) 5,2% (2,437) 47,261
Qubadli 95,5% (26,537) 0,1% (26) 0.1% (21) 1,4% (312) 0 26,673
Jabrayil 98,5% (42,415) 0.1% (41) 0,1% (33) 1% (434) 0 43,047
Zangilan 97,6% (28,685) 0.1% (35) 0,1% (19) 2,0% (590) 0 29,377
Total 97,7% (182,631) 0,1% (185) 0,1% (126) 0,7% (1410) 1,3% (2441) 186,874

2020 war

Main article: 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

On 27 September 2020, a war broke out in Nagorno-Karabakh, following skirmishes that occurred on the border between Armenia and Azerbaijan in July 2020.[23] Thousands of Azerbaijanis demonstrated for war against Armenia in response, with Turkey propagandising in support of Azerbaijan.[24] The Azerbaijani forces started operations along the Aras River on the same day, with advancements in Jabrayil and Fuzuli districts, and the initial objective to seize control of Cəbrayıl and Füzuli.[25] The Azerbaijani authorities claimed to have taken a mountain peak in the Murovdag range in Kalbajar District.[26][27] They then stated that the Azerbaijani forces had taken effective control of the Vardenis–Martakert/Aghdara highway connecting Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia.[28] On 23 October, the clashes spilled to Qubadlı,[29] with the suspected goal of taking control of the Lachin corridor.[30] Two days later, the Azerbaijani forces had seized control of Qubadlı, the administrative center of Gubadly District; Azerbaijan released confirmary footage.[31] The Azerbaijani forces soon entered Lachin District,[32][33] with its administrative center, Laçın, getting constantly shelled until the end of the conflict.[34]

Three ceasefires brokered by Russia, France, and the United States failed to stop the fighting.[35] Following the capture of Shusha, the second-largest settlement in Nagorno-Karabakh, a ceasefire agreement was signed between the President of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev, the Prime Minister of Armenia, Nikol Pashinyan, and the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin, ending all hostilities in the area from 00:00, 10 November 2020 Moscow Time.[36][37][38] The President of Artsakh, Arayik Harutyunyan, also agreed to end the hostilities.[39] Under the agreement, which is being enforced by Russian peacekeepers under an initial 5 year mandate, the former combatants will keep control of their currently held areas within Nagorno-Karabakh, while Armenia will return the surrounding territories it occupied in 1994 to Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan will also gain a corridor in Armenian territory to provide direct access to its Nakhchivan exclave bordering Turkey and Iran.[40]

Return to Azerbaijan
Russian peacekeepers and Azerbaijani military personnel in Kalbajar.

Ahead of the transfer of Kalbajar District from Artsakh to Azerbaijan under the terms of the ceasefire agreement, ethnic Armenians burnt their homes, many of which were once inhabited by Azerbaijanis,[41] to prevent them being reinhabited by the Azerbaijanis.[42][43] The district had been mostly inhabited by ethnic Azerbaijanis before the First Nagorno-Karabakh War and was re-settled by Armenian citizens after the conflict.[44] Some Armenians took their dead relatives' remains with them,[45] and Reuters reported that villagers were "carting off everything they could as trucks nearby loaded up with household possessions".[46] Reports of house burning emerged on 13 November,[47] and on 15 November Agence France-Presse reported that in Çərəktar at least six houses were set on fire.[48] BBC Russian Service reported that houses were also burning in neighboring Dadivank, and in other villages along the way. The fleeing Armenians were also sawing trees en masse, taking the firewood back to Armenia.[49] Azerbaijan denounced civilians leaving the area for burning houses and committing what it termed "ecological terror";[50] President Ilham Aliyev called Armenians who destroyed their properties a "wild enemy".[51] At Armenia's request, Azerbaijan extended the deadline for Armenians to fully vacate Kalbajar District by 10 days, until 25 November. Azerbaijan's Presidential Office stated that it took the worsening weather and the fact that there was only one road to Armenia into consideration when agreeing to extend the deadline.[52]

The first district to be handed over to Azerbaijan was Agdam District, on 20 November.[53][54] Prior to the transfer of control, Armenians living in Agdam District also set their homes on fire,[55] and on 19 November, Agence France-Presse reported that Armenian soldiers had destroyed their headquarters in Agdam. Agdam was a predominantly Azerbaijani town until the 1993 battle over the city,[56] after which it became a ghost town,[55] labelled the Hiroshima of Caucasus,[57][58] The Associated Press reported that Aghdam Mosque, which had been vandalized with graffiti and used as a stable for cattle and swine, was the town's only structurally whole building.[59] Also, on 30 November, Iranian-French photojournalist Reza Deghati reported that the Armenian forces, before handing over the region, had sacked and burned down a 18th century mosque, which they used as a barn for cows, in Qiyasli, Agdam.[60][61] Rustam Muradov, commander of the Russian peacekeeping task force in the region, stated that the handover operation had been carried out without incident.[62] The transfer was celebrated in Baku, where cars paraded through the city with Azerbaijani, Russian and Turkish flags.[51] On November 24, with the permission of the Azerbaijani military, some Armenians returned to Gülablı to collect their clothing and were offered residency in Agdam as Azerbaijani citizens.[63] On 22 November, the Azerbaijani military reported that it had defused more than 150 mines in the district.[64]

On 25 November, Kalbajar became the second district to be returned to Azerbaijan.[65] Armenian forces blew up their military headquarters before returning the district.[66][67] The President of Azerbaijan, Ilham Aliyev, vowed to rebuild and revive Kalbajar District,[68] and the event was also celebrated by a rally in Baku.[69] Internally displaced Azerbaijanis from Kalbajar who had settled in Ganja also celebrated the occasion.[70] The Azerbaijani Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources stated that it would evaluate the mineral deposits of Kalbajar District in order to calculate "the amount of damage caused to Azerbaijan" during the period of Armenian occupation.[71] On 26 November, Armenian media reported that a group of 250 Azerbaijani soldiers had arrived at Zod gold mine, one of the largest gold deposits in the South Caucasus,[72] located on the border of Kalbajar District and Gegharkunik Province in Armenia,[73][74] and demanded its handover, establishing a military post at the mine.[75] The Armenian defense ministry refuted this account,[76] stating that Azerbaijani forces, having found an Armenian border checkpoint unacceptable, contacted the Armenian side via loudspeaker and negotiated with Russian peacekeepers over the issue. Armenian and Azerbaijani authorities started to demarcate the border on the same day.[77] Armenian military authorities then stated that half of the mine area had been passed to Azerbaijan.[78]

Ahead of the transfer of Lachin District, a predominantly-Azerbaijani and Kurdish populated region before its occupation by the Armenian Armed Forces in 1992,[79] which resulted in its population fleeing the region, and the Armenian forces burning Lachin, the district's administrative center, which was re-settled by ethnic Armenian migrants from Armenia, to Azerbaijan, some ethnic Armenians fled from the city of Lachin,[80] despite the Russian supervision over the land corridor passing thorough the city,[81] which links Nagorno-Karabakh with Armenia.[82] The Russian peacekeepers also set up a post in a town previously called Zabukh by the local Azerbaijanis before it was destroyed in 1992, but later built on the ruins of the village, inhabited by Lebanese-Armenians.[80] From 27 November, citing the city's self-proclaimed mayor, Narek Aleksanyan, who called on the ethnic Armenian population to flee the region, the Armenian media alleged that "the agreement has been amended," adding that Lachin, Sus, and Zabukh would not be handed over to Azerbaijan. These claims were refuted by the chairman of the Azerbaijan-based Center for Social Research, MP Zahid Oruj. According to BBC Russian Service correspondent, Yuri Vekdik, despite Aleksanyan's calls, the vast majority of Armenian settlers in Lachin, as well as the Lebanese-Armenians in Zabux, had fled the region.[83] On 1 December, the Azerbaijani forces, with tanks and a column of trucks, entered the district,[citation needed] and the Azerbaijani MoD released footage from the city of Lachin.[84] The Azerbaijani authorities stated that the district had suffered "great damage over the years", while it was administrated by the Republic of Artsakh as its Kashatagh Province.[85]

During the first Nagorno-Karabakh War, the United Nations Security Council adopted four resolutions calling for the withdrawal of occupying forces from the territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh.[86][87][88][89][non-primary source needed] In 2008, the United Nations General Assembly passed the Resolution 62/243 by 39 to 7, calling for the withdrawal of Armenian forces from the occupied territories of Azerbaijan.[90][non-primary source needed]

  • According to international law, the 7 adjacent districts were occupied territories of Azerbaijan.[91]
  • From the standpoint of the Nagorno-Karabakh, the security belt was territory of Azerbaijan temporarily occupied by the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army until the receipt of security guarantees for the Nagorno-Karabakh and the establishment of control over the whole of the territory declared by the Nagorno-Karabakh, with the exception of the Lachin corridor linking Nagorno-Karabakh with Armenia (which the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh stated it did not intend to return because of its strategic importance)[92][93]

See also

References

  1. ^ Report of the OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chairs' Field Assessment Mission to the Occupied Territories of Azerbaijan Surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh
    "UN Security Council Resolution 822 (30 April 1993)". Demands the immediate cessation of all hostilities and hostile acts with a view to establishing a durable cease-fire, as well as immediate withdrawal of all occupying forces from the Kelbadjar district and other recently occupied areas of Azerbaijan
    "UN Security Council Resolution 853 (29 July 1993)". Demands the immediate cessation of all hostilities and the immediate complete and unconditional withdrawal of the occupying forces involved from the district of Agdam and all other recently occupied areas of the Azerbaijan Republic
    "UN Security Council Resolution 884 (12 November 1993)". Demands from the parties concerned the immediate cessation of armed hostilities and hostile acts, the unilateral withdrawal of occupying forces from the Zangelan district and the city of Goradiz, and the withdrawal of occupying forces from other recently occupied areas of the Azerbaijani Republic
  1. ^ "Around the Bloc: Kazakhstan Bans Child Jihadi Video, Russia Cracks Down on Capital Flight". Transitions Online (12/02). 2014. ISSN 1214-1615. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  2. ^ Lebanidze, Bidzina (2020). "Research design". Russia, EU and the Post-Soviet Democratic Failure. Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft. Springer Fachmedien: 55–70. doi:10.1007/978-3-658-26446-8_4. ISBN 978-3-658-26445-1.
  3. ^ "Several leaders of Armenia's far right detained | Eurasianet". eurasianet.org. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  4. ^ Нужны ли российские миротворцы в Нагорном Карабахе (in Russian)
    Human Rights Watch. Playing the "Communal Card". Communal Violence and Human Rights. ("By early 1992 full-scale fighting broke out between Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians and Azerbaijani authorities.") / ("...Karabakh Armenian forces -often with the support of forces from the Republic of Armenia- conducted large-scale operations...") / ("Because 1993 witnessed unrelenting Karabakh Armenian offensives against the Azerbaijani provinces surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh...") / ("Since late 1993, the conflict has also clearly become internationalized: in addition to Azerbaijani and Karabakh Armenian forces, troops from the Republic of Armenia participate on the Karabakh side in fighting inside Azerbaijan and in Nagorno-Karabakh.")
    Human Rights Watch. The former Soviet Union. Human Rights Developments. ("In 1992 the conflict grew far more lethal as both sides -the Azerbaijani National Army and free-lance militias fighting along with it, and ethnic Armenians and mercenaries fighting in the Popular Liberation Army of Artsakh- began...")
    United States Institute of Peace. Nagorno-Karabakh Searching for a Solution. Foreword. Archived 2 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine ("Nagorno-Karabakh’s armed forces have not only fortified their region but have also occupied a large swath of surrounding Azeri territory in the hopes of linking the enclave to Armenia.")
    United States Institute of Peace. Sovereignty after Empire. Self-Determination Movements in the Former Soviet Union. Hopes and Disappointments: Case Studies. Archived 11 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine ("Meanwhile, the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh was gradually transforming into a full-scale war between Azeri and Karabakh irregulars, the latter receiving support from Armenia.") / ("Azerbaijan's objective advantage in terms of human and economic potential has so far been offset by the superior fighting skills and discipline of Nagorno-Karabakh's forces. After a series of offensives, retreats, and counteroffensives, Nagorno-Karabakh now controls a sizable portion of Azerbaijan proper (...), including the Lachin corridor.")
  5. ^ "население азербайджана". www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  6. ^ РГАЭ, ф. 1562, оп. 336, д. 999, 1244, 1565, 1566-д, 1567, 5925, 7879
  7. ^ "Resolution 822 (1993)" (PDF). unscr.com. United Nations Security Council. 30 April 1993.
  8. ^ "Resolution 853 (1993)" (PDF). unscr.com. United Nations Security Council. 29 July 1993.
  9. ^ "Resolution 874 (1993)" (PDF). unscr.com. United Nations Security Council. 14 October 1993.
  10. ^ "Resolution 884 (1993)". unscr.com. United Nations Security Council. 12 November 1993. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  11. ^ "62/243. The situation in the occupied territories of Azerbaijan". undocs.org. United Nations General Assembly. 25 April 2008.
  12. ^ "Moscow confirms peace deal signed, complete cessation of hostilities". The Moscow Times. 9 November 2020.
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    Т. де Ваал. Черный сад. Ни войны, ни мира. Глава 17 (in Russian)
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