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| foundation = 1982
| foundation = 1982
| founder = David Placek <ref name=newyorker/>
| founder = David Placek <ref name=newyorker/>
| location_city = [[Sausalito, California]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kepler.sos.ca.gov/cbs.aspx |title=Business entity detail: Lexicon Branding, Inc. |author=Secretary of State of California |author-link=Secretary of State of California |accessdate=October 12, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402014221/http://kepler.sos.ca.gov/cbs.aspx |archivedate= April 2, 2010 }}</ref>
| location_city = [[Sausalito, California]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kepler.sos.ca.gov/cbs.aspx |title=Business entity detail: Lexicon Branding, Inc. |author=Secretary of State of California |author-link=Secretary of State of California |access-date=October 12, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402014221/http://kepler.sos.ca.gov/cbs.aspx |archive-date= April 2, 2010 }}</ref>
| location_country = United States
| location_country = United States
| key_people = David Placek, CEO <ref name=newyorker/>
| key_people = David Placek, CEO <ref name=newyorker/>
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==History==
==History==
David Placek founded Lexicon in 1982. Placek grew up in [[Santa Rosa, California]], and graduated from [[UCLA]] with a degree in political science. He cites his work as [[press secretary]] in [[Warren Hearnes]]'s unsuccessful 1976 campaign for [[U.S. Senate]] from [[Missouri]] as the experience that inspired him to go into marketing. Before starting Lexicon, he worked at the [[advertising agencies]] [[Foote, Cone & Belding]] (where he became a devotee of [[Synectics]]) and S&O.<ref name=newyorker>{{cite news |last=Colapinto |first=John |author-link=John Colapinto |title=Famous names |url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/10/03/111003fa_fact_colapinto|magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=October 3, 2011 |pages=38–43 |accessdate=October 12, 2011}}</ref>
David Placek founded Lexicon in 1982. Placek grew up in [[Santa Rosa, California]], and graduated from [[UCLA]] with a degree in political science. He cites his work as [[press secretary]] in [[Warren Hearnes]]'s unsuccessful 1976 campaign for [[U.S. Senate]] from [[Missouri]] as the experience that inspired him to go into marketing. Before starting Lexicon, he worked at the [[advertising agencies]] [[Foote, Cone & Belding]] (where he became a devotee of [[Synectics]]) and S&O.<ref name=newyorker>{{cite news |last=Colapinto |first=John |author-link=John Colapinto |title=Famous names |url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2011/10/03/111003fa_fact_colapinto|magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |date=October 3, 2011 |pages=38–43 |access-date=October 12, 2011}}</ref>


As of October 1992, Lexicon had eight employees.<ref name="sfc 1992 profile"/> As of February 1998, it had 15 employees and did about 60% of its business in the technology sector.<ref name=computerworld>{{cite journal |title=In name only |first=Steve |last=Alexander |magazine=[[Computerworld]] |date=February 9, 1998}}</ref> An April 2004 article described the company as having 17 employees but said the "core creative team" was Placek and three others.<ref>{{cite news |title=The making of a brand name |first=Alex |last=Frankel |newspaper=[[National Post]] |date=April 24, 2004}}</ref> As of November 2008, Lexicon had 26 employees.<ref name=cio2008>{{cite web |url=http://www.cio.com/article/461879/Tech_s_Product_Name_Guru_Meet_the_Man_Who_Coined_BlackBerry_Azure_and_More |title=Tech's product name guru: meet the man who coined BlackBerry, Azure and more |first=Thomas |last=Wailgum |publisher=CIO.com |date=November 11, 2008 |accessdate=October 12, 2011}}</ref>
As of October 1992, Lexicon had eight employees.<ref name="sfc 1992 profile"/> As of February 1998, it had 15 employees and did about 60% of its business in the technology sector.<ref name=computerworld>{{cite journal |title=In name only |first=Steve |last=Alexander |magazine=[[Computerworld]] |date=February 9, 1998}}</ref> An April 2004 article described the company as having 17 employees but said the "core creative team" was Placek and three others.<ref>{{cite news |title=The making of a brand name |first=Alex |last=Frankel |newspaper=[[National Post]] |date=April 24, 2004}}</ref> As of November 2008, Lexicon had 26 employees.<ref name=cio2008>{{cite web |url=http://www.cio.com/article/461879/Tech_s_Product_Name_Guru_Meet_the_Man_Who_Coined_BlackBerry_Azure_and_More |title=Tech's product name guru: meet the man who coined BlackBerry, Azure and more |first=Thomas |last=Wailgum |publisher=CIO.com |date=November 11, 2008 |access-date=October 12, 2011}}</ref>


As of June 2010 the company was headquartered in [[Sausalito, California]], and had offices in London and New York City.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lexiconbranding.com/AboutLexicon/LexiconNews/news_lex_2010_0615.html |title=Lexicon Branding opens New York City office |author=Lexicon Branding, Inc. |date=June 15, 2010 |accessdate=October 12, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425062628/http://www.lexiconbranding.com/AboutLexicon/LexiconNews/news_lex_2010_0615.html |archivedate=April 25, 2012 }}</ref>
As of June 2010 the company was headquartered in [[Sausalito, California]], and had offices in London and New York City.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lexiconbranding.com/AboutLexicon/LexiconNews/news_lex_2010_0615.html |title=Lexicon Branding opens New York City office |author=Lexicon Branding, Inc. |date=June 15, 2010 |access-date=October 12, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425062628/http://www.lexiconbranding.com/AboutLexicon/LexiconNews/news_lex_2010_0615.html |archive-date=April 25, 2012 }}</ref>


==Clients==
==Clients==
[[Apple Inc.]] introduced its [[PowerBook]] in 1991. Lexicon crafted the name to combine the notions of performance ("Power") and portability ("Book").<ref name=newyorker/> That same year, Lexicon came up with the name of Apple's [[Macintosh Quadra]] desktop computer, hoping to appeal to engineers with a name evoking technical terms like quadrant and quadriceps.<ref name="sfc 1992 profile">{{cite news |title=Finding names in unusual places |first=Jamie |last=Beckett |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |date=October 23, 1992}}</ref>
[[Apple Inc.]] introduced its [[PowerBook]] in 1991. Lexicon crafted the name to combine the notions of performance ("Power") and portability ("Book").<ref name=newyorker/> That same year, Lexicon came up with the name of Apple's [[Macintosh Quadra]] desktop computer, hoping to appeal to engineers with a name evoking technical terms like quadrant and quadriceps.<ref name="sfc 1992 profile">{{cite news |title=Finding names in unusual places |first=Jamie |last=Beckett |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |date=October 23, 1992}}</ref>


In 1992, [[Intel]] was preparing to launch its [[P5 (microarchitecture)|fifth-generation]] [[X86 architecture|x86]]-compatible [[microchip]] and needed a name it could trademark. Lexicon suggested it should end with the suffix ''-ium'' to connote a fundamental ingredient of a computer, like a [[chemical element]].<ref>{{cite news |first=John |last=Burgess |title=Intel's fifth-generation chip no longer goes by the numbers |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=October 20, 1992}}</ref> On a list of such names was "Pentium", which stood out to Placek because the prefix ''[[pent-]]'' could refer to the fifth generation of x86. Lexicon conducted [[market research]] and found that consumers would expect a hypothetical "[[Porsche]] Pentium" to be Porsche's highest-end car.<ref name=newyorker/> In 1998, Placek said Pentium was the best name his company had come up with.<ref name=computerworld/> The name was so successful that Intel named the chip's x86 successors after it: [[Pentium II]], [[Pentium III]], and so on.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/fromaltoidstozim00morr |url-access=registration |title=From Altoids to Zima: the surprising stories behind 125 brand names |first=Evan |last=Morris |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/fromaltoidstozim00morr/page/150 150] |year=2004 |accessdate=October 12, 2011}}</ref> Intel CEO [[Andy Grove]] said that Pentium became a more recognized brand than Intel itself and told ''The New Yorker'' in 2011 that the name "was one of our great success stories."<ref name=newyorker/>
In 1992, [[Intel]] was preparing to launch its [[P5 (microarchitecture)|fifth-generation]] [[X86 architecture|x86]]-compatible [[microchip]] and needed a name it could trademark. Lexicon suggested it should end with the suffix ''-ium'' to connote a fundamental ingredient of a computer, like a [[chemical element]].<ref>{{cite news |first=John |last=Burgess |title=Intel's fifth-generation chip no longer goes by the numbers |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=October 20, 1992}}</ref> On a list of such names was "Pentium", which stood out to Placek because the prefix ''[[pent-]]'' could refer to the fifth generation of x86. Lexicon conducted [[market research]] and found that consumers would expect a hypothetical "[[Porsche]] Pentium" to be Porsche's highest-end car.<ref name=newyorker/> In 1998, Placek said Pentium was the best name his company had come up with.<ref name=computerworld/> The name was so successful that Intel named the chip's x86 successors after it: [[Pentium II]], [[Pentium III]], and so on.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/fromaltoidstozim00morr |url-access=registration |title=From Altoids to Zima: the surprising stories behind 125 brand names |first=Evan |last=Morris |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/fromaltoidstozim00morr/page/150 150] |year=2004 |access-date=October 12, 2011}}</ref> Intel CEO [[Andy Grove]] said that Pentium became a more recognized brand than Intel itself and told ''The New Yorker'' in 2011 that the name "was one of our great success stories."<ref name=newyorker/>


Intel hired Lexicon again in 1998 to name the [[Celeron]] and [[Xeon]] chips. The ''[[San Jose Mercury News]]'' described Lexicon's reasoning behind the former name: "Celer is [[Latin]] for swift. As in 'accelerate.' And 'on.' As in 'turned on.' Celeron is seven letters and three syllables, like Pentium. The 'Cel' of Celeron rhymes with 'tel' of Intel."<ref>{{cite news |title=Lexicon puts names on new technology |first=Mike |last=Cassidy |newspaper=[[San Jose Mercury News]] |date=April 15, 1998}}</ref> Placek told the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' said that the "X" of "Xeon" evokes "the next generation", "eon" refers to [[Aeon|the long period of time]], and the novelty of the name as a whole reflects the product's novelty. It also was supposed to recall "Pentium's Greek roots".<ref>{{cite news |title=Intel betting on 'Warrior Princess' chip |first=Dan |last=Fost |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |date=June 29, 1998}}</ref>
Intel hired Lexicon again in 1998 to name the [[Celeron]] and [[Xeon]] chips. The ''[[San Jose Mercury News]]'' described Lexicon's reasoning behind the former name: "Celer is [[Latin]] for swift. As in 'accelerate.' And 'on.' As in 'turned on.' Celeron is seven letters and three syllables, like Pentium. The 'Cel' of Celeron rhymes with 'tel' of Intel."<ref>{{cite news |title=Lexicon puts names on new technology |first=Mike |last=Cassidy |newspaper=[[San Jose Mercury News]] |date=April 15, 1998}}</ref> Placek told the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' said that the "X" of "Xeon" evokes "the next generation", "eon" refers to [[Aeon|the long period of time]], and the novelty of the name as a whole reflects the product's novelty. It also was supposed to recall "Pentium's Greek roots".<ref>{{cite news |title=Intel betting on 'Warrior Princess' chip |first=Dan |last=Fost |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |date=June 29, 1998}}</ref>
Line 31: Line 31:
In 1997, [[Sony]]'s retail division hired Lexicon to name the first location, to be in downtown San Francisco, of a newly planned chain of "[[urban entertainment center]]s" designed to promote the Sony brand. Lexicon chose the name [[Metreon]] because they believed the ''metr-'' suffix evoked words like "metropolitan" and "meteor", the latter "suggesting something sophisticated, exciting and fast-moving".<ref>Lexicon Branding, Inc. (Jun 18, 1997). "Sony entertainment center to rise in San Francisco". [[PR Newswire]].</ref>
In 1997, [[Sony]]'s retail division hired Lexicon to name the first location, to be in downtown San Francisco, of a newly planned chain of "[[urban entertainment center]]s" designed to promote the Sony brand. Lexicon chose the name [[Metreon]] because they believed the ''metr-'' suffix evoked words like "metropolitan" and "meteor", the latter "suggesting something sophisticated, exciting and fast-moving".<ref>Lexicon Branding, Inc. (Jun 18, 1997). "Sony entertainment center to rise in San Francisco". [[PR Newswire]].</ref>


In 1998, Lexicon came up with a new name for the company then known as [[Borland International]]: Inprise. Borland CEO [[Del Yocam]] explained at the time that the new name was meant to evoke "integrating the enterprise".<ref>{{cite news |title=Borland sheds past with new name, game |first=Jamie |last=Beckett |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |date=April 30, 1998}}</ref> Analysts said Borland proved to be a stronger brand, and by 2000 the company had switched the name back.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1001-248319.html |title=It's back to 'Borland' for troubled software maker |first=Wylie |last=Wong |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=November 8, 2000 |accessdate=October 12, 2011}}</ref>
In 1998, Lexicon came up with a new name for the company then known as [[Borland International]]: Inprise. Borland CEO [[Del Yocam]] explained at the time that the new name was meant to evoke "integrating the enterprise".<ref>{{cite news |title=Borland sheds past with new name, game |first=Jamie |last=Beckett |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |date=April 30, 1998}}</ref> Analysts said Borland proved to be a stronger brand, and by 2000 the company had switched the name back.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.cnet.com/2100-1001-248319.html |title=It's back to 'Borland' for troubled software maker |first=Wylie |last=Wong |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=November 8, 2000 |access-date=October 12, 2011}}</ref>


[[Research In Motion]] hired Lexicon in 1998 to name their new [[Two-way communication|two-way]] [[pager]]. RIM came with several ideas, including EasyMail, MegaMail, and ProMail. Based on interviews with [[San Francisco Bay Area]] commuters, Lexicon determined that referring to e-mail in the name would induce stress in users.<ref name=newyorker/> Encouraging RIM to choose a name that larger competitors would never think of, Lexicon proposed BlackBerry.<ref name=cio2008/> The second B was capitalized because a linguistic study funded by Lexicon suggested that the letter "B" is, in ''[[The New Yorker]]''{{'}}s words, "one of the most 'reliable' in any language".<ref name=newyorker/> Lexicon research also suggested that repetition of the B would promote relaxation in users.<ref>{{cite news |title=What goes into a brand name? A letter at a time |first=Sharon |last=Begley |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=August 26, 2002}}</ref>
[[Research In Motion]] hired Lexicon in 1998 to name their new [[Two-way communication|two-way]] [[pager]]. RIM came with several ideas, including EasyMail, MegaMail, and ProMail. Based on interviews with [[San Francisco Bay Area]] commuters, Lexicon determined that referring to e-mail in the name would induce stress in users.<ref name=newyorker/> Encouraging RIM to choose a name that larger competitors would never think of, Lexicon proposed BlackBerry.<ref name=cio2008/> The second B was capitalized because a linguistic study funded by Lexicon suggested that the letter "B" is, in ''[[The New Yorker]]''{{'}}s words, "one of the most 'reliable' in any language".<ref name=newyorker/> Lexicon research also suggested that repetition of the B would promote relaxation in users.<ref>{{cite news |title=What goes into a brand name? A letter at a time |first=Sharon |last=Begley |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=August 26, 2002}}</ref>


In 2006, [[Microsoft]] approached Lexicon to find a name for its new [[portable media player]] to compete with Apple's [[iPod]]. Placek assigned three teams to come up with three names: one for the Microsoft player, one for a hypothetical [[Sony]] player, one for "a broadband experience for MTV."<ref name="zune sfc">{{cite news |url=http://blog.sfgate.com/techchron/2006/11/14/name-that-zune/ |title=Name That Zune |first=Dan |last=Fost |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |date=November 14, 2006 |accessdate=October 12, 2011}}</ref> He refused to tell the ''San Francisco Chronicle'' which team came up with "[[Zune]]", the name Microsoft chose. Placek said the name was chosen because the "Z" was perceived as fun and irreverent, it has one syllable compared with iPod's two, and it has a musical sound that rhymes with [[iTunes]], Apple's media distribution platform.<ref name="zune sfc"/> Controversies arose due to similarities between the name and vulgar words in [[Hebrew]]<ref name=cio2008/> and [[Canadian French]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.canada.com/topics/finance/story.html?id=0013a614-239a-4210-89f5-7993f86d64fd |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120729132915/http://www.canada.com/topics/finance/story.html?id=0013a614-239a-4210-89f5-7993f86d64fd |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 29, 2012 |title=Microsoft dismisses music player's linguistic lapse |author=Canwest |author-link=Canwest |publisher=[[Canada.com]] |date=September 15, 2006 |accessdate=October 12, 2011 }}</ref> In 2008, Lexicon came up with the name of Microsoft's [[Azure Services Platform]].<ref name=cio2008/>
In 2006, [[Microsoft]] approached Lexicon to find a name for its new [[portable media player]] to compete with Apple's [[iPod]]. Placek assigned three teams to come up with three names: one for the Microsoft player, one for a hypothetical [[Sony]] player, one for "a broadband experience for MTV."<ref name="zune sfc">{{cite news |url=http://blog.sfgate.com/techchron/2006/11/14/name-that-zune/ |title=Name That Zune |first=Dan |last=Fost |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |date=November 14, 2006 |access-date=October 12, 2011}}</ref> He refused to tell the ''San Francisco Chronicle'' which team came up with "[[Zune]]", the name Microsoft chose. Placek said the name was chosen because the "Z" was perceived as fun and irreverent, it has one syllable compared with iPod's two, and it has a musical sound that rhymes with [[iTunes]], Apple's media distribution platform.<ref name="zune sfc"/> Controversies arose due to similarities between the name and vulgar words in [[Hebrew]]<ref name=cio2008/> and [[Canadian French]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.canada.com/topics/finance/story.html?id=0013a614-239a-4210-89f5-7993f86d64fd |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120729132915/http://www.canada.com/topics/finance/story.html?id=0013a614-239a-4210-89f5-7993f86d64fd |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 29, 2012 |title=Microsoft dismisses music player's linguistic lapse |author=Canwest |author-link=Canwest |publisher=[[Canada.com]] |date=September 15, 2006 |access-date=October 12, 2011 }}</ref> In 2008, Lexicon came up with the name of Microsoft's [[Azure Services Platform]].<ref name=cio2008/>


Lexicon also christened [[Subaru]]'s [[Subaru Outback|Outback]] and [[Subaru Forester|Forester]] vehicles,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0102/22/aotc.03.html |title=Ahead of the curve |publisher=CNN |date=February 22, 2001 |accessdate=October 12, 2011}}</ref> [[Procter & Gamble]]'s [[Swiffer]] cleaner,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/05/13/136024080/with-billions-at-stake-firms-play-name-that-mop |title=With billions at stake, firms play name that mop |first=Elizabeth |last=Blair |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=May 13, 2011 |accessdate=October 12, 2011}}</ref> [[Levi Strauss & Co.]]'s Slates dress pants,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Levi's new dress code |first=Elaine |last=Underwood |magazine=[[Brandweek]] |date=August 19, 1996}}</ref> the [[Oldsmobile Alero]], [[Embassy Suites Hotels]],<ref>{{cite news |title=A name so smooth, the product glides in |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/library/tech/98/11/circuits/articles/26game.html |first=JC |last= Herz |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 26, 1998 |accessdate=October 15, 2011}}</ref> [[Hewlett-Packard]]'s [[DeskJet]] printer line,<ref name="sfc 1992 profile"/> [[Nestlé]]'s Dibs confection, [[Colgate-Palmolive|Colgate]]'s [[Colgate Wisp|Wisp]] miniature toothbrush, [[the Coca-Cola Company]]'s [[Dasani]] bottled water,<ref name=newyorker/> the [[Toyota]] [[Scion (automobile)|Scion]], P&G's [[Febreze]] odor eliminator, and [[OnStar]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/151/made-to-stick-the-quest-forthe-perfect-name.html |title=How to pick the perfect brand name |first1=Dan |last1=Heath |first2=Chip |last2=Heath |magazine=[[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]] |date=January 3, 2011 |accessdate=October 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009004249/http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/151/made-to-stick-the-quest-forthe-perfect-name.html |archive-date=October 9, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Lexicon also christened [[Subaru]]'s [[Subaru Outback|Outback]] and [[Subaru Forester|Forester]] vehicles,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0102/22/aotc.03.html |title=Ahead of the curve |publisher=CNN |date=February 22, 2001 |access-date=October 12, 2011}}</ref> [[Procter & Gamble]]'s [[Swiffer]] cleaner,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/2011/05/13/136024080/with-billions-at-stake-firms-play-name-that-mop |title=With billions at stake, firms play name that mop |first=Elizabeth |last=Blair |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=May 13, 2011 |access-date=October 12, 2011}}</ref> [[Levi Strauss & Co.]]'s Slates dress pants,<ref>{{cite journal |title=Levi's new dress code |first=Elaine |last=Underwood |magazine=[[Brandweek]] |date=August 19, 1996}}</ref> the [[Oldsmobile Alero]], [[Embassy Suites Hotels]],<ref>{{cite news |title=A name so smooth, the product glides in |url=https://movies.nytimes.com/library/tech/98/11/circuits/articles/26game.html |first=JC |last= Herz |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=November 26, 1998 |access-date=October 15, 2011}}</ref> [[Hewlett-Packard]]'s [[DeskJet]] printer line,<ref name="sfc 1992 profile"/> [[Nestlé]]'s Dibs confection, [[Colgate-Palmolive|Colgate]]'s [[Colgate Wisp|Wisp]] miniature toothbrush, [[the Coca-Cola Company]]'s [[Dasani]] bottled water,<ref name=newyorker/> the [[Toyota]] [[Scion (automobile)|Scion]], P&G's [[Febreze]] odor eliminator, and [[OnStar]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/151/made-to-stick-the-quest-forthe-perfect-name.html |title=How to pick the perfect brand name |first1=Dan |last1=Heath |first2=Chip |last2=Heath |magazine=[[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]] |date=January 3, 2011 |access-date=October 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009004249/http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/151/made-to-stick-the-quest-forthe-perfect-name.html |archive-date=October 9, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 20:23, 3 January 2021

Lexicon Branding, Inc.
Company typePrivate
IndustryMarketing
Founded1982
FounderDavid Placek [1]
Headquarters
Sausalito, California[2]
,
United States
Key people
David Placek, CEO [1]
ServicesCorporate and brand name selection
Websitewww.lexiconbranding.com

Lexicon Branding, Inc., is an American marketing firm founded in 1982 by David Placek. It focuses on selecting brand names for companies and products. The company devised the brand names Pentium, BlackBerry, PowerBook, Zune, Swiffer, Febreze, Subaru Outback and Forester, Toyota Scion, DeskJet, Dasani, OnStar, Embassy Suites Hotels and Metreon, among others.

History

David Placek founded Lexicon in 1982. Placek grew up in Santa Rosa, California, and graduated from UCLA with a degree in political science. He cites his work as press secretary in Warren Hearnes's unsuccessful 1976 campaign for U.S. Senate from Missouri as the experience that inspired him to go into marketing. Before starting Lexicon, he worked at the advertising agencies Foote, Cone & Belding (where he became a devotee of Synectics) and S&O.[1]

As of October 1992, Lexicon had eight employees.[3] As of February 1998, it had 15 employees and did about 60% of its business in the technology sector.[4] An April 2004 article described the company as having 17 employees but said the "core creative team" was Placek and three others.[5] As of November 2008, Lexicon had 26 employees.[6]

As of June 2010 the company was headquartered in Sausalito, California, and had offices in London and New York City.[7]

Clients

Apple Inc. introduced its PowerBook in 1991. Lexicon crafted the name to combine the notions of performance ("Power") and portability ("Book").[1] That same year, Lexicon came up with the name of Apple's Macintosh Quadra desktop computer, hoping to appeal to engineers with a name evoking technical terms like quadrant and quadriceps.[3]

In 1992, Intel was preparing to launch its fifth-generation x86-compatible microchip and needed a name it could trademark. Lexicon suggested it should end with the suffix -ium to connote a fundamental ingredient of a computer, like a chemical element.[8] On a list of such names was "Pentium", which stood out to Placek because the prefix pent- could refer to the fifth generation of x86. Lexicon conducted market research and found that consumers would expect a hypothetical "Porsche Pentium" to be Porsche's highest-end car.[1] In 1998, Placek said Pentium was the best name his company had come up with.[4] The name was so successful that Intel named the chip's x86 successors after it: Pentium II, Pentium III, and so on.[9] Intel CEO Andy Grove said that Pentium became a more recognized brand than Intel itself and told The New Yorker in 2011 that the name "was one of our great success stories."[1]

Intel hired Lexicon again in 1998 to name the Celeron and Xeon chips. The San Jose Mercury News described Lexicon's reasoning behind the former name: "Celer is Latin for swift. As in 'accelerate.' And 'on.' As in 'turned on.' Celeron is seven letters and three syllables, like Pentium. The 'Cel' of Celeron rhymes with 'tel' of Intel."[10] Placek told the San Francisco Chronicle said that the "X" of "Xeon" evokes "the next generation", "eon" refers to the long period of time, and the novelty of the name as a whole reflects the product's novelty. It also was supposed to recall "Pentium's Greek roots".[11]

In 1997, Sony's retail division hired Lexicon to name the first location, to be in downtown San Francisco, of a newly planned chain of "urban entertainment centers" designed to promote the Sony brand. Lexicon chose the name Metreon because they believed the metr- suffix evoked words like "metropolitan" and "meteor", the latter "suggesting something sophisticated, exciting and fast-moving".[12]

In 1998, Lexicon came up with a new name for the company then known as Borland International: Inprise. Borland CEO Del Yocam explained at the time that the new name was meant to evoke "integrating the enterprise".[13] Analysts said Borland proved to be a stronger brand, and by 2000 the company had switched the name back.[14]

Research In Motion hired Lexicon in 1998 to name their new two-way pager. RIM came with several ideas, including EasyMail, MegaMail, and ProMail. Based on interviews with San Francisco Bay Area commuters, Lexicon determined that referring to e-mail in the name would induce stress in users.[1] Encouraging RIM to choose a name that larger competitors would never think of, Lexicon proposed BlackBerry.[6] The second B was capitalized because a linguistic study funded by Lexicon suggested that the letter "B" is, in The New Yorker's words, "one of the most 'reliable' in any language".[1] Lexicon research also suggested that repetition of the B would promote relaxation in users.[15]

In 2006, Microsoft approached Lexicon to find a name for its new portable media player to compete with Apple's iPod. Placek assigned three teams to come up with three names: one for the Microsoft player, one for a hypothetical Sony player, one for "a broadband experience for MTV."[16] He refused to tell the San Francisco Chronicle which team came up with "Zune", the name Microsoft chose. Placek said the name was chosen because the "Z" was perceived as fun and irreverent, it has one syllable compared with iPod's two, and it has a musical sound that rhymes with iTunes, Apple's media distribution platform.[16] Controversies arose due to similarities between the name and vulgar words in Hebrew[6] and Canadian French.[17] In 2008, Lexicon came up with the name of Microsoft's Azure Services Platform.[6]

Lexicon also christened Subaru's Outback and Forester vehicles,[18] Procter & Gamble's Swiffer cleaner,[19] Levi Strauss & Co.'s Slates dress pants,[20] the Oldsmobile Alero, Embassy Suites Hotels,[21] Hewlett-Packard's DeskJet printer line,[3] Nestlé's Dibs confection, Colgate's Wisp miniature toothbrush, the Coca-Cola Company's Dasani bottled water,[1] the Toyota Scion, P&G's Febreze odor eliminator, and OnStar.[22]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Colapinto, John (October 3, 2011). "Famous names". The New Yorker. pp. 38–43. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  2. ^ Secretary of State of California. "Business entity detail: Lexicon Branding, Inc". Archived from the original on April 2, 2010. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  3. ^ a b c Beckett, Jamie (October 23, 1992). "Finding names in unusual places". San Francisco Chronicle.
  4. ^ a b Alexander, Steve (February 9, 1998). "In name only". Computerworld.
  5. ^ Frankel, Alex (April 24, 2004). "The making of a brand name". National Post.
  6. ^ a b c d Wailgum, Thomas (November 11, 2008). "Tech's product name guru: meet the man who coined BlackBerry, Azure and more". CIO.com. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  7. ^ Lexicon Branding, Inc. (June 15, 2010). "Lexicon Branding opens New York City office". Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  8. ^ Burgess, John (October 20, 1992). "Intel's fifth-generation chip no longer goes by the numbers". The Washington Post.
  9. ^ Morris, Evan (2004). From Altoids to Zima: the surprising stories behind 125 brand names. Simon & Schuster. p. 150. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  10. ^ Cassidy, Mike (April 15, 1998). "Lexicon puts names on new technology". San Jose Mercury News.
  11. ^ Fost, Dan (June 29, 1998). "Intel betting on 'Warrior Princess' chip". San Francisco Chronicle.
  12. ^ Lexicon Branding, Inc. (Jun 18, 1997). "Sony entertainment center to rise in San Francisco". PR Newswire.
  13. ^ Beckett, Jamie (April 30, 1998). "Borland sheds past with new name, game". San Francisco Chronicle.
  14. ^ Wong, Wylie (November 8, 2000). "It's back to 'Borland' for troubled software maker". CNET. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  15. ^ Begley, Sharon (August 26, 2002). "What goes into a brand name? A letter at a time". The Wall Street Journal.
  16. ^ a b Fost, Dan (November 14, 2006). "Name That Zune". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  17. ^ Canwest (September 15, 2006). "Microsoft dismisses music player's linguistic lapse". Canada.com. Archived from the original on July 29, 2012. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  18. ^ "Ahead of the curve". CNN. February 22, 2001. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  19. ^ Blair, Elizabeth (May 13, 2011). "With billions at stake, firms play name that mop". NPR. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  20. ^ Underwood, Elaine (August 19, 1996). "Levi's new dress code". Brandweek.
  21. ^ Herz, JC (November 26, 1998). "A name so smooth, the product glides in". The New York Times. Retrieved October 15, 2011.
  22. ^ Heath, Dan; Heath, Chip (January 3, 2011). "How to pick the perfect brand name". Fast Company. Archived from the original on October 9, 2011. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
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