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[[File:Segalen-25-Qi-Wudi-Chimera-left.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px|A Chinese Pixiu, ({{zh|c={{linktext|貔貅}}|p=píxiū|w=P'i-hsiu}}) head of a [[Chinese dragon]], body of a [[lion]] and with a pair of feathered [[wing]]s, at the tomb of [[Emperor Wu of Southern Qi]] ([[Emperor Wu of Southern Qi|Xiao Ze]]) in Danyang (near Nanjing, China).]]
[[File:Segalen-25-Qi-Wudi-Chimera-left.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px|A Chinese Pixiu, ({{zh|c={{linktext|貔貅}}|p=píxiū|w=P'i-hsiu}}) head of a [[Chinese dragon]], body of a [[lion]] and with a pair of feathered [[wing]]s, at the tomb of [[Emperor Wu of Southern Qi]] ([[Emperor Wu of Southern Qi|Xiao Ze]]) in Danyang (near Nanjing, China).]]
[[File:Nanjing - Chaotian Palace - Bixie.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px|A Chinese Pixiu, part [[Chinese dragon]], part [[lion]] and with feathered [[wing]]s, [[Chaotian Palace]], [[Nanjing]].]]
[[File:Nanjing - Chaotian Palace - Bixie.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px|A Chinese pixiu, part [[Chinese dragon]], part [[lion]] and with feathered [[wing]]s, [[Chaotian Palace]], [[Nanjing]].]]
'''Pixiu''' ({{zh|c=|p=píxiū|w=P'i-hsiu|labels=no|s=|t={{linktext|貔貅}}}}) is a [[Chinese myth]]ical [[Hybrid (mythology)|hybrid]] creature, commonly (but incorrectly) referred to in the West by the Greek word "chimera", and considered a powerful protector of practitioners of [[Feng Shui]]. It resembles a strong, winged lion. ''Pixiu'' is an earth and sea variation, particularly an influential and auspicious creature for wealth. It is said to have a voracious appetite towards only gold, silver and jewels. Therefore, traditionally to the Chinese, Pixiu have always been regarded as auspicious creatures that possessed mystical powers capable of drawing ''Cai Qi'' ({{lang|zh-hant|財氣}} wealth) from all directions.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.tianlu.sg/yutianlu_eng.htm | title=天禄之家 WWW.tianlu.sg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://traditions.cultural-china.com/en/13Traditions2337.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202184235/http://traditions.cultural-china.com/en/13Traditions2337.html |archive-date=2014-12-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Because of this, according to [[Chinese zodiac]], it is especially helpful for those who are going through a bad year.
'''Pixiu''' ({{zh|c=|p=píxiū|w=P'i-hsiu|labels=no|s=|t={{linktext|貔貅}}}}) is a [[Chinese myth]]ical [[Hybrid (mythology)|hybrid]] creature, commonly (but incorrectly) referred to in the West by the Greek word "chimera", and considered a powerful protector of practitioners of [[feng shui]]. It resembles a strong, winged lion. ''Pixiu'' is an earth and sea variation, particularly an influential and auspicious creature for wealth. It is said to have a voracious appetite towards only gold, silver and jewels. Therefore, traditionally to the Chinese, pixiu have always been regarded as auspicious creatures that possessed mystical powers capable of drawing ''Cai Qi'' ({{lang|zh-hant|財氣}} wealth) from all directions.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.tianlu.sg/yutianlu_eng.htm | title=天禄之家 WWW.tianlu.sg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://traditions.cultural-china.com/en/13Traditions2337.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202184235/http://traditions.cultural-china.com/en/13Traditions2337.html |archive-date=2014-12-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Because of this, according to [[Chinese zodiac]], it is especially helpful for those who are going through a bad year.


There are two different types of Pixiu, a male and a female. The physical difference is seen by their [[antler]]s. The one with two antlers is the female of the species and is called a ''"'''Bìxié'''"''  and the one with one antler is the male of the species and is called a "'''''Tiān lù'''''".<ref name=":0" />
There are two different types of pixiu, a male and a female. The physical difference is seen by their [[antler]]s. The one with two antlers is the female of the species and is called a ''"'''bìxié'''"'' and the one with one antler is the male of the species and is called a "'''''tiānlù'''''".<ref name=":0" />


*'''Bìxié''' ({{zh|c={{linktext|辟邪}}|p=bìxié|w=pi-hsieh|labels=no}}; lit. "to ward off evil spirits") - The female of the species; wards off evil. It is also believed that Bìxié has the ability of assisting anyone who is [[suffering]] from bad Feng Shui that is due to having offended the [[Tai Sui|Grand Duke Jupiter]] (also called [[Tai sui]] ({{lang|zh-hant|太歲}})).
*'''Bìxié''' ({{zh|c={{linktext|辟邪}}|p=bìxié|w=pi-hsieh|labels=no}}; lit. "to ward off evil spirits") - The female of the species; wards off evil. It is also believed that bìxié has the ability of assisting anyone who is [[suffering]] from bad feng shui that is due to having offended the [[Tai Sui|Grand Duke Jupiter]] (also called [[Tai sui]] ({{lang|zh-hant|太歲}}).
*'''Tiān lù''' ({{zh|t=天祿|p=tiānlù|w=t'ien-lu|labels=no|c=|s=}}) - The male of the species; in charge of wealth. Tiān lù is said to go out into the world in search of gold and other forms of wealth and, bringing it home to its Master, the Bìxié is then said to hold onto it, guarding it within the home of the Master. Displaying Tiān lù at home or in the office is said to prevent wealth from flowing away.
*'''Tiānlù''' ({{zh|t=天祿|p=tiānlù|w=t'ien-lu|labels=no|c=|s=}}) - The male of the species; in charge of wealth. Tiānlù is said to go out into the world in search of gold and other forms of wealth and, bringing it home to its Master, the Bìxié is then said to hold onto it, guarding it within the home of the Master. Displaying tiānlù at home or in the office is said to prevent wealth from flowing away.


Pixiu crave the smell of gold and silver and like to bring their masters [[money]] in their mouth. [[Statue]]s of this creature are often used to attract [[wealth]] in [[feng shui]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=29 Chinese Mysteries|last=Bates|first=Roy|publisher=TuDragon Books Ltd|year=2008|location=Beijing, China|pages=48, 49|chapter=Chapter 7}}</ref>
pixiu crave the smell of gold and silver and like to bring their masters [[money]] in their mouth. [[Statue]]s of this creature are often used to attract [[wealth]] in [[feng shui]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=29 Chinese Mysteries|last=Bates|first=Roy|publisher=TuDragon Books Ltd|year=2008|location=Beijing, China|pages=48, 49|chapter=Chapter 7}}</ref>


Today, Pixiu are also a popular design on [[jade]] [[pendant]]s. It was also featured as a design on the sword of Fa Mulan's character in the 1998 Disney animated feature ''[[Mulan (1998 film)|Mulan]]''.
Today, pixiu are also a popular design on [[jade]] [[pendant]]s. It was also featured as a design on the sword of Fa Mulan's character in the 1998 Disney animated feature ''[[Mulan (1998 film)|Mulan]]''.


==Characteristics==
==Characteristics==
[[Image:Pixiu3.jpg|thumb|left|<center>Pixiu</center>]]
[[Image:Pixiu3.jpg|thumb|left|<center>pixiu</center>]]
[[File:Funerary Sculpture of a Chimera (Bixie) LACMA AC1997.1.1.jpg|thumb|A sculpture of a Chinese Pixiu "Bìxié" − a female Pixiu with two antlers. [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]] (LACMA)]]
[[File:Funerary Sculpture of a Chimera (Bixie) LACMA AC1997.1.1.jpg|thumb|A sculpture of a Chinese Pixiu "Bìxié" − a female pixiu with two antlers. [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]] (LACMA)]]
Fierce-looking and covered with whitish-grey [[fur]], Pixiu are a type of auspicious, winged animal, written about in ancient Chinese history and heralded through the millennia by fantastic stories of powerful and grandiose feats of victory in battle.<ref name=":3" /> Their fantastic legend has been passed down through two-thousand years of Chinese lore. They have the powerful head of a Chinese dragon, the bold body of a lion, and—historically—sport on their heads either one antler (male) or two antlers (female). In modern times, the historical physical appearance of this legendary creature has been somewhat lost, and, as time has passed, it is now more commonly depicted with only one antler, which would be a male according to the ancient descriptions.<ref name=":4" />
Fierce-looking and covered with whitish-grey [[fur]], pixiu are a type of auspicious, winged animal, written about in ancient Chinese history and heralded through the millennia by fantastic stories of powerful and grandiose feats of victory in battle.<ref name=":3" /> Their fantastic legend has been passed down through two-thousand years of Chinese lore. They have the powerful head of a Chinese dragon, the bold body of a lion, and—historically—sport on their heads either one antler (male) or two antlers (female). In modern times, the historical physical appearance of this legendary creature has been somewhat lost, and, as time has passed, it is now more commonly depicted with only one antler, which would be a male according to the ancient descriptions.<ref name=":4" />


Ancient Chinese descriptions, depictions and stone carvings of Pixiu from the [[Han dynasty]] (206 BC–220 AD) show the male with a single [[antler]] and the female with two. As with the [[Fenghuang|Chinese Phoenix]], the common image today is a representation of a single sex with one antler (male). Pixiu have protruding eyes and sharp teeth. Its strong body resembles a [[Chinese lion]] and its feet have [[paw]]s and [[claw]]s. There is one ancient, stone sculpture variation found with hooves, but all Pixiu always have wings. Many have a bifurcated (split) tail that hangs low and downward, covering their buttocks and rectums, a representative metaphor that they hold gold inside their stomachs but will not let it out.
Ancient Chinese descriptions, depictions and stone carvings of pixiu from the [[Han dynasty]] (206 BC–220 AD) show the male with a single [[antler]] and the female with two. As with the [[Fenghuang|Chinese Phoenix]], the common image today is a representation of a single sex with one antler (male). Pixiu have protruding eyes and sharp teeth. Its strong body resembles a [[Chinese lion]] and its feet have [[paw]]s and [[claw]]s. There is one ancient, stone sculpture variation found with hooves, but all pixiu always have wings. Many have a bifurcated (split) tail that hangs low and downward, covering their buttocks and rectums, a representative metaphor that they hold gold inside their stomachs but will not let it out.


Looking at the posture of Pixiu, the creatures seem to project a sense of strength, elegance and mobility. Likewise, they have a big, opened mouth ready to gobble up gold and fortunes for its master. Because of this, a Pixiu statue is often employed in the home as a way of receiving and keeping fortunes and wealth.
Looking at the posture of pixiu, the creatures seem to project a sense of strength, elegance and mobility. Likewise, they have a big, opened mouth ready to gobble up gold and fortunes for its master. Because of this, a pixiu statue is often employed in the home as a way of receiving and keeping fortunes and wealth.


Imperial Pixiu used during the Qing dynasty developed the physical characteristic of a fatter, more rotund body, indicating a stomach that could be loaded with unlimited amounts of gold and all forms of wealth and good fortune.
Imperial pixiu used during the Qing dynasty developed the physical characteristic of a fatter, more rotund body, indicating a stomach that could be loaded with unlimited amounts of gold and all forms of wealth and good fortune.


Due to their similar appearances, the Pixiu is often confused with [[Imperial guardian lions|stone lion]]s and ''"Qilin"'', but Pixiu can easily be distinguished apart from those two animals by its pair of feathered wings with which it can fly between Heaven and Earth.<ref name=":1" />
Due to their similar appearances, the pixiu is often confused with [[Imperial guardian lions|stone lion]]s and ''"Qilin"'', but pixiu can easily be distinguished apart from those two animals by its pair of feathered wings with which it can fly between Heaven and Earth.<ref name=":1" />


==Mythology==
==Mythology==
[[File:Tomb Yongning of the Ts'en Dynasty.JPG|thumb|Pixiu are a type of ancient mythological, guardian animal species that have '''feathered wings''', a head like a dragon and a body like a lion (sometimes described as a body like a horse). The male Pixiu of this winged, mythological animal species is called a ''“Tiān lù"''<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=29 Chinese Mysteries|last=Bates|first=Roy|publisher=TuDragon Books Ltd|year=2008|location=Beijing, China|pages=49|chapter=Chapter 7}}</ref> and he bears a single antler on his head; ''Pixiu'' females, also with wings, are called ''“Bìxié”''.<ref name=":1"/> They look exactly like their winged male counterparts, except they grow '''two'''<ref name=":1"/> antlers on their heads rather than one. All Pixiu fly between Earth and Heaven where they patrol and fight against demons and other evil creatures.<ref name="Bates 2008 49">{{Cite book|title=29 Chinese Mysteries|last=Bates|first=Roy|publisher=TuDragon Books, Ltd|year=2008|location=Beijing, China|page=49|chapter=Chapter 7}}</ref> "The mythological, dragon-headed, lion-bodied Pìxiū {{lang|zh|貔貅}} (also spelled {{lang|zh|豼貅}}) were traditionally depicted in China as a male-female pair, one with a single horn (male, Pì {{lang|zh|貔}}) and the other with two horns (female, Xiū {{lang|zh|貅}})".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.onmarkproductions.com/html/hikyu-beast.html|trans-title=Pìxiū |script-title=zh:貔貅|website=onmarkproductions.com}}</ref> [[National Palace Museum]] (Taipei, Taiwan): ''“In China during the Han dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD), the [https://www.npm.gov.tw/exh100/treasures/en/img2_3.html pi-hsieh (aka Bixie)]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npm.gov.tw/fr/Article.aspx?sNo=04001022&print=1|title=Animal Bixie en jade, Dynastie Han (206 av. J.-C.-220)|website=npm.gov.tw|language=fr}}</ref> ''were commonly represented as '''winged''', four-legged beasts, a form that was probably transmitted from Western Asia."'']]
[[File:Tomb Yongning of the Ts'en Dynasty.JPG|thumb|pixiu are a type of ancient mythological, guardian animal species that have '''feathered wings''', a head like a dragon and a body like a lion (sometimes described as a body like a horse). The male pixiu of this winged, mythological animal species is called a ''“Tiānlù"''<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=29 Chinese Mysteries|last=Bates|first=Roy|publisher=TuDragon Books Ltd|year=2008|location=Beijing, China|pages=49|chapter=Chapter 7}}</ref> and he bears a single antler on his head; ''Pixiu'' females, also with wings, are called ''“Bìxié”''.<ref name=":1"/> They look exactly like their winged male counterparts, except they grow '''two'''<ref name=":1"/> antlers on their heads rather than one. All pixiu fly between Earth and Heaven where they patrol and fight against demons and other evil creatures.<ref name="Bates 2008 49">{{Cite book|title=29 Chinese Mysteries|last=Bates|first=Roy|publisher=TuDragon Books, Ltd|year=2008|location=Beijing, China|page=49|chapter=Chapter 7}}</ref> "The mythological, dragon-headed, lion-bodied Pìxiū {{lang|zh|貔貅}} (also spelled {{lang|zh|豼貅}}) were traditionally depicted in China as a male-female pair, one with a single horn (male, Pì {{lang|zh|貔}}) and the other with two horns (female, Xiū {{lang|zh|貅}})".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.onmarkproductions.com/html/hikyu-beast.html|trans-title=Pìxiū |script-title=zh:貔貅|website=onmarkproductions.com}}</ref> [[National Palace Museum]] (Taipei, Taiwan): ''“In China during the Han dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD), the [https://www.npm.gov.tw/exh100/treasures/en/img2_3.html pi-hsieh (aka Bixie)]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npm.gov.tw/fr/Article.aspx?sNo=04001022&print=1|title=Animal Bixie en jade, Dynastie Han (206 av. J.-C.-220)|website=npm.gov.tw|language=fr}}</ref> ''were commonly represented as '''winged''', four-legged beasts, a form that was probably transmitted from Western Asia."'']]


One story of the Pixiu tells that it violated a law of [[Heaven]] by defecating on the floor of Heaven. When it was found out, it was punished by a spanking executed by the [[Jade Emperor]]. The spanking was hard enough to cause its rectum to be permanently sealed. The [[Jade Emperor]] further declared that the diet of the Pixiu would be restricted to gold, silver and jewels. This is why Pixiu can eat [[gold]], silver and jewels but cannot expel it. This is one of the origins of the status of Pixiu statues as a symbol of the acquisition and preservation of wealth.
One story of the pixiu tells that it violated a law of [[Heaven]] by defecating on the floor of Heaven. When it was found out, it was punished by a spanking executed by the [[Jade Emperor]]. The spanking was hard enough to cause its rectum to be permanently sealed. The [[Jade Emperor]] further declared that the diet of the pixiu would be restricted to gold, silver and jewels. This is why pixiu can eat [[gold]], silver and jewels but cannot expel it. This is one of the origins of the status of pixiu statues as a symbol of the acquisition and preservation of wealth.


Another story says that Pixiu was the well-behaved, youngest son of the Dragon King and was spoiled by its parents. One day, Pixiu was playing on the Dragon King's desk and accidentally broke a very important seal that represented the power of the Dragon King. The Dragon King became very angry and used magic to turn Pixiu into an animal. He then sealed his rectum and declared that from then on, Pixiu could only eat things that represented wealth, such as gold, silver and jewels.<ref>{{Cite book|title=29 Chinese Mysteries|last=Bates|first=Roy|publisher=TuDragon Books Ltd|year=2008|location=Beijing, China|pages=51|chapter=Chapter 7}}</ref>
Another story says that pixiu was the well-behaved, youngest son of the Dragon King and was spoiled by its parents. One day, pixiu was playing on the Dragon King's desk and accidentally broke a very important seal that represented the power of the Dragon King. The Dragon King became very angry and used magic to turn pixiu into an animal. He then sealed his rectum and declared that from then on, pixiu could only eat things that represented wealth, such as gold, silver and jewels.<ref>{{Cite book|title=29 Chinese Mysteries|last=Bates|first=Roy|publisher=TuDragon Books Ltd|year=2008|location=Beijing, China|pages=51|chapter=Chapter 7}}</ref>


Pixiu was reputed as a very fierce creature. The large [[canine tooth|fang]]s, visible in the creatures' snarling mouths, are used to attack demons and evil spirits, draining their essence and converting it to wealth. Pixiu also guard against disease caused by these same evil spirits. It is written that Pixiu patrols the Heavens to keep demons at bay and to protect their owners from all harm.<ref name="Bates 2008 49"/>
Pixiu was reputed as a very fierce creature. The large [[canine tooth|fang]]s, visible in the creatures' snarling mouths, are used to attack demons and evil spirits, draining their essence and converting it to wealth. Pixiu also guard against disease caused by these same evil spirits. It is written that pixiu patrols the Heavens to keep demons at bay and to protect their owners from all harm.<ref name="Bates 2008 49"/>


It was believed that the ferociously devoted Pixiu would always and constantly guard its Master, even after he passed from this life into the next world. It was also believed that Pixiu would help their Masters ascend to heaven by flying them up to Heaven while they rode on their strong backs.<ref name=":3" />
It was believed that the ferociously devoted pixiu would always and constantly guard its Master, even after he passed from this life into the next world. It was also believed that pixiu would help their Masters ascend to heaven by flying them up to Heaven while they rode on their strong backs.<ref name=":3" />


== History ==
== History ==
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[[File:Ming Dynasty wood carving books in Tian Yi Chamber colllection.JPG|left|thumb|350x350px|Book of Han, Tian Yi Chamber Library Collection. The [[Tian Yi Ge]], [[Ningbo]], [[Zhejiang]] Province, [[China]] is the oldest library in China; Photo supplied by Wikipedia User:Gisling]]
[[File:Ming Dynasty wood carving books in Tian Yi Chamber colllection.JPG|left|thumb|350x350px|Book of Han, Tian Yi Chamber Library Collection. The [[Tian Yi Ge]], [[Ningbo]], [[Zhejiang]] Province, [[China]] is the oldest library in China; Photo supplied by Wikipedia User:Gisling]]
The Book of Han was completed in the year 111 A.D. In Chapter 96, it is written, <blockquote>''"In the country of Wū Gē Shān Lí there exist creatures called "táo bá" (meaning "selected peach"), lions and rhinoceros."<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |url= https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Han |title=Book of Han |volume= 96}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=May 2017}} -from the section entitled Accounts of the Western Regions.'' </blockquote>An annotation is also found therein where the female and male "táo bá" are further described as having antlers like a deer, but the male, which was referred to as “Tiān lù", has only one antler, while the female, referred to as "Bìxié", has two antlers.
The Book of Han was completed in the year 111 A.D. In Chapter 96, it is written, <blockquote>''"In the country of Wū Gē Shān Lí there exist creatures called "táo bá" (meaning "selected peach"), lions and rhinoceros."<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |url= https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Han |title=Book of Han |volume= 96}}</ref>{{Circular reference|date=May 2017}} -from the section entitled Accounts of the Western Regions.'' </blockquote>An annotation is also found therein where the female and male "táo bá" are further described as having antlers like a deer, but the male, which was referred to as “tiānlù", has only one antler, while the female, referred to as "Bìxié", has two antlers.


In tribute to the legend of the ferocity and prowess of the Pixiu in [[battle]], the Pixiu became synonymous with the [[army]] in ancient [[China]]. In fact, the word ''"pixiu"'', interpreted as meaning "fierce beast" and also "brave warrior", was used as a symbol on battle flags and banners.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://traditions.cultural-china.com/en/13Traditions1548.html|title=Tianlu and Bixie|website=cultural-china.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412192128/http://traditions.cultural-china.com/en/13Traditions1548.html|archive-date=2017-04-12|url-status=dead|access-date=March 18, 2017}}</ref>
In tribute to the legend of the ferocity and prowess of the pixiu in [[battle]], the pixiu became synonymous with the [[army]] in ancient [[China]]. In fact, the word ''"pixiu"'', interpreted as meaning "fierce beast" and also "brave warrior", was used as a symbol on battle flags and banners.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://traditions.cultural-china.com/en/13Traditions1548.html|title=Tianlu and Bixie|website=cultural-china.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170412192128/http://traditions.cultural-china.com/en/13Traditions1548.html|archive-date=2017-04-12|url-status=dead|access-date=March 18, 2017}}</ref>


The [[Emperor Wu of Han|Emperor Wu]] of the Han dynasty, in ancient China, declared that the wonderful, magnificent and devoted Pixiu, who obtained and guarded the Master's gold, would be forever known as the "Treasure of the Emperor".<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Pi Xiu Celestial Coming with Fortune|last=Li|first=Jinn|publisher=Estalontech (PublishDrive)|year=2015|isbn=9789634280958}}</ref> It is said that the Emperor declared that only Royal persons could possess a Pixiu and it was strictly forbidden for all others to own one, including officials.<ref name=":2" /> This law was kept through to the end of the Qing dynasty.<ref name=":2" />
The [[Emperor Wu of Han|Emperor Wu]] of the Han dynasty, in ancient China, declared that the wonderful, magnificent and devoted pixiu, who obtained and guarded the Master's gold, would be forever known as the "Treasure of the Emperor".<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Pi Xiu Celestial Coming with Fortune|last=Li|first=Jinn|publisher=Estalontech (PublishDrive)|year=2015|isbn=9789634280958}}</ref> It is said that the Emperor declared that only Royal persons could possess a pixiu and it was strictly forbidden for all others to own one, including officials.<ref name=":2" /> This law was kept through to the end of the Qing dynasty.<ref name=":2" />


== Chinese Architecture ==
== Chinese Architecture ==
[[File:HighStatusRoofDeco.jpg|left|thumb|330x330px|Ceramic figures decorating the Hall of Supreme Harmony at the Imperial Palace Museum. The 10 mystical beasts indicate the highest status in the empire for this building. Picture taken late September 2002 by Leonard G.]]
[[File:HighStatusRoofDeco.jpg|left|thumb|330x330px|Ceramic figures decorating the Hall of Supreme Harmony at the Imperial Palace Museum. The 10 mystical beasts indicate the highest status in the empire for this building. Picture taken late September 2002 by Leonard G.]]


During China's history, Pixiu were commonly displayed in ancient architecture to ward off ''Yin Qi'' ({{lang|zh-hant|陰氣}}) and to harness auspicious ''[[Qi]]''.
During China's history, pixiu were commonly displayed in ancient architecture to ward off ''Yin Qi'' ({{lang|zh-hant|陰氣}}) and to harness auspicious ''[[Qi]]''.


The statues of a Pixiu are commonly found on the four corners of the roofs of houses, palaces and halls of the most important people such as the [[Emperor of China|Chinese Emperor]]. The Pixiu sits behind the dragon, the phoenix, the winged horse, the sea horse, and other, similar creatures in a guarding manner.
The statues of a pixiu are commonly found on the four corners of the roofs of houses, palaces and halls of the most important people such as the [[Emperor of China|Chinese Emperor]]. The pixiu sits behind the dragon, the phoenix, the winged horse, the sea horse, and other, similar creatures in a guarding manner.


[[File:Tomb of Xiao Rong - P1200114.JPG|thumb|330x330px|A very large pair of winged, stone Pixiu guarding a tomb in China.]]
[[File:Tomb of Xiao Rong - P1200114.JPG|thumb|330x330px|A very large pair of winged, stone pixiu guarding a tomb in China.]]
In ancient China, stone statues of Pixiu (Bixie) were also used as tomb guardians of Han dynasty emperors and other royal persons.
In ancient China, stone statues of pixiu (bixie) were also used as tomb guardians of Han dynasty emperors and other royal persons.


==Feng shui==
==Feng shui==
In [[Feng shui]], Pixiu (aka ''"Pi Yao"'' in some modern cultural translations) is the heavenly variation of a particularly powerful and auspicious creature of good fortune. They are said to have the power to assist anyone suffering from bad Feng shui due to having offended the [[Grand Duke Jupiter]] ([[Tai Sui]]). In 2005, the Grand Duke resided in the West, so those born in the [[Rabbit (zodiac)|year of the Rabbit]] will have been in conflict with him. Practitioners of Feng shui should ensure that they display the Pixiu (Pi Yao) in the West to appease Tai Sui. The Pixiu (Pi Yao) should also be displayed in homes for those enduring a period of bad luck soon after moving into a new home or soon after undertaking renovations. In 2006, ''[[Tai Sui]]'' moved to the Northwest. His exact position in 2006 is West-Northwest.
In [[Feng shui]], pixiu (aka ''"Piyao"'' in some modern cultural translations) is the heavenly variation of a particularly powerful and auspicious creature of good fortune. They are said to have the power to assist anyone suffering from bad Feng shui due to having offended the [[Grand Duke Jupiter]] ([[Tai Sui]]). In 2005, the Grand Duke resided in the West, so those born in the [[Rabbit (zodiac)|year of the Rabbit]] will have been in conflict with him. Practitioners of feng shui should ensure that they display the pixiu (Piyao) in the West to appease Tai Sui. The pixiu (Pi Yao) should also be displayed in homes for those enduring a period of bad luck soon after moving into a new home or soon after undertaking renovations. In 2006, ''[[Tai Sui]]'' moved to the Northwest. His exact position in 2006 is West-Northwest.


*Pixiu (aka "''Pi Yao''" in some modern cultural translations) - must be placed facing out of the house.
*Pixiu (aka "''Pi Yao''" in some modern cultural translations) - must be placed facing out of the house.
*Displaying Pixiu ''(Pi Yao)'' at the affected area of the house or office can avoid misfortune and disasters.
*Displaying pixiu ''(Pi Yao)'' at the affected area of the house or office can avoid misfortune and disasters.
*For displaying towards openings or entrance, a pair of Pixiu ''(Pi Yao)'' is needed.
*For displaying towards openings or entrance, a pair of pixiu ''(piyao)'' is needed.
*Tiān lù (male ''Pixiu'' with one antler) and Bìxié (female ''Pixiu'' with two antlers) are utilized for attracting and keeping wealth; you may place them in the desired wealth area, such as an attractive wealth area or an accumulative wealth area.
*Tiānlù (male ''pixiu'' with one antler) and Bìxié (female ''pixiu'' with two antlers) are utilized for attracting and keeping wealth; you may place them in the desired wealth area, such as an attractive wealth area or an accumulative wealth area.
*Do not place Pixiu facing directly on any person like a confronting position.
*Do not place pixiu facing directly on any person like a confronting position.
*Ideally, Pixiu should not be placed on the floor and they should never be placed above eye level.
*Ideally, pixiu should not be placed on the floor and they should never be placed above eye level.
*One cannot touch the mouth of Pixiu because the touching of their mouths would ruin the wealth.
*One cannot touch the mouth of pixiu because the touching of their mouths would ruin the wealth.


==See also==
==See also==
{{commons category|Pixiu}}
{{commons category|Pixiu}}
*[[Feng Shui]]
*[[Feng shui]]
*[[Imperial guardian lion]]
*[[Imperial guardian lion]]
*[[Qilin]]
*[[Qilin]]
*[[Unicorn]]
*[[Unicorn]]


==References and footnotes==
==References and footnote==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}{{Chinese mythology}}

==External links==
*[http://www.fengshuiandprosper.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/pixiu.jpg A picture of a Pixiu] at [http://www.fengshuiandprosper.com fengshuiandprosper.com]

{{Chinese mythology}}


[[Category:Chinese legendary creatures]]
[[Category:Chinese legendary creatures]]

Revision as of 06:29, 7 January 2021

Not to be confused with Bixi (mythology) or Pixiv.
Pixiu
Pixiu
Chinese name
Chinese貔貅
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinpíxiū
Alternative Chinese name
Chinese辟邪
Literal meaningto ward off evil spirits
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinbìxié
Southern Min
Hokkien POJphì-siâ, phek-siâ
Korean name
Hangul비휴
Hanja貔貅
A Chinese Pixiu, (Chinese: 貔貅; pinyin: píxiū; Wade–Giles: P'i-hsiu) head of a Chinese dragon, body of a lion and with a pair of feathered wings, at the tomb of Emperor Wu of Southern Qi (Xiao Ze) in Danyang (near Nanjing, China).
A Chinese pixiu, part Chinese dragon, part lion and with feathered wings, Chaotian Palace, Nanjing.

Pixiu (貔貅; píxiū; P'i-hsiu) is a Chinese mythical hybrid creature, commonly (but incorrectly) referred to in the West by the Greek word "chimera", and considered a powerful protector of practitioners of feng shui. It resembles a strong, winged lion. Pixiu is an earth and sea variation, particularly an influential and auspicious creature for wealth. It is said to have a voracious appetite towards only gold, silver and jewels. Therefore, traditionally to the Chinese, pixiu have always been regarded as auspicious creatures that possessed mystical powers capable of drawing Cai Qi (財氣 wealth) from all directions.[1][2] Because of this, according to Chinese zodiac, it is especially helpful for those who are going through a bad year.

There are two different types of pixiu, a male and a female. The physical difference is seen by their antlers. The one with two antlers is the female of the species and is called a "bìxié" and the one with one antler is the male of the species and is called a "tiānlù".[3]

  • Bìxié (辟邪; bìxié; pi-hsieh; lit. "to ward off evil spirits") - The female of the species; wards off evil. It is also believed that bìxié has the ability of assisting anyone who is suffering from bad feng shui that is due to having offended the Grand Duke Jupiter (also called Tai sui (太歲).
  • Tiānlù (天祿; tiānlù; t'ien-lu) - The male of the species; in charge of wealth. Tiānlù is said to go out into the world in search of gold and other forms of wealth and, bringing it home to its Master, the Bìxié is then said to hold onto it, guarding it within the home of the Master. Displaying tiānlù at home or in the office is said to prevent wealth from flowing away.

pixiu crave the smell of gold and silver and like to bring their masters money in their mouth. Statues of this creature are often used to attract wealth in feng shui.[4][5]

Today, pixiu are also a popular design on jade pendants. It was also featured as a design on the sword of Fa Mulan's character in the 1998 Disney animated feature Mulan.

Characteristics

pixiu
A sculpture of a Chinese Pixiu "Bìxié" − a female pixiu with two antlers. Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA)

Fierce-looking and covered with whitish-grey fur, pixiu are a type of auspicious, winged animal, written about in ancient Chinese history and heralded through the millennia by fantastic stories of powerful and grandiose feats of victory in battle.[6] Their fantastic legend has been passed down through two-thousand years of Chinese lore. They have the powerful head of a Chinese dragon, the bold body of a lion, and—historically—sport on their heads either one antler (male) or two antlers (female). In modern times, the historical physical appearance of this legendary creature has been somewhat lost, and, as time has passed, it is now more commonly depicted with only one antler, which would be a male according to the ancient descriptions.[7]

Ancient Chinese descriptions, depictions and stone carvings of pixiu from the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD) show the male with a single antler and the female with two. As with the Chinese Phoenix, the common image today is a representation of a single sex with one antler (male). Pixiu have protruding eyes and sharp teeth. Its strong body resembles a Chinese lion and its feet have paws and claws. There is one ancient, stone sculpture variation found with hooves, but all pixiu always have wings. Many have a bifurcated (split) tail that hangs low and downward, covering their buttocks and rectums, a representative metaphor that they hold gold inside their stomachs but will not let it out.

Looking at the posture of pixiu, the creatures seem to project a sense of strength, elegance and mobility. Likewise, they have a big, opened mouth ready to gobble up gold and fortunes for its master. Because of this, a pixiu statue is often employed in the home as a way of receiving and keeping fortunes and wealth.

Imperial pixiu used during the Qing dynasty developed the physical characteristic of a fatter, more rotund body, indicating a stomach that could be loaded with unlimited amounts of gold and all forms of wealth and good fortune.

Due to their similar appearances, the pixiu is often confused with stone lions and "Qilin", but pixiu can easily be distinguished apart from those two animals by its pair of feathered wings with which it can fly between Heaven and Earth.[4]

Mythology

pixiu are a type of ancient mythological, guardian animal species that have feathered wings, a head like a dragon and a body like a lion (sometimes described as a body like a horse). The male pixiu of this winged, mythological animal species is called a “Tiānlù"[4] and he bears a single antler on his head; Pixiu females, also with wings, are called “Bìxié”.[4] They look exactly like their winged male counterparts, except they grow two[4] antlers on their heads rather than one. All pixiu fly between Earth and Heaven where they patrol and fight against demons and other evil creatures.[8] "The mythological, dragon-headed, lion-bodied Pìxiū 貔貅 (also spelled 豼貅) were traditionally depicted in China as a male-female pair, one with a single horn (male, Pì 貔) and the other with two horns (female, Xiū 貅)".[3] National Palace Museum (Taipei, Taiwan): “In China during the Han dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD), the pi-hsieh (aka Bixie)[9] were commonly represented as winged, four-legged beasts, a form that was probably transmitted from Western Asia."

One story of the pixiu tells that it violated a law of Heaven by defecating on the floor of Heaven. When it was found out, it was punished by a spanking executed by the Jade Emperor. The spanking was hard enough to cause its rectum to be permanently sealed. The Jade Emperor further declared that the diet of the pixiu would be restricted to gold, silver and jewels. This is why pixiu can eat gold, silver and jewels but cannot expel it. This is one of the origins of the status of pixiu statues as a symbol of the acquisition and preservation of wealth.

Another story says that pixiu was the well-behaved, youngest son of the Dragon King and was spoiled by its parents. One day, pixiu was playing on the Dragon King's desk and accidentally broke a very important seal that represented the power of the Dragon King. The Dragon King became very angry and used magic to turn pixiu into an animal. He then sealed his rectum and declared that from then on, pixiu could only eat things that represented wealth, such as gold, silver and jewels.[10]

Pixiu was reputed as a very fierce creature. The large fangs, visible in the creatures' snarling mouths, are used to attack demons and evil spirits, draining their essence and converting it to wealth. Pixiu also guard against disease caused by these same evil spirits. It is written that pixiu patrols the Heavens to keep demons at bay and to protect their owners from all harm.[8]

It was believed that the ferociously devoted pixiu would always and constantly guard its Master, even after he passed from this life into the next world. It was also believed that pixiu would help their Masters ascend to heaven by flying them up to Heaven while they rode on their strong backs.[6]

History

"Pixiu" appear to have their origin in the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD) where they are found mentioned and were originally called "táo bá" in the Book of Han, an ancient written account of the history of China.

Book of Han, Tian Yi Chamber Library Collection. The Tian Yi Ge, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China is the oldest library in China; Photo supplied by Wikipedia User:Gisling

The Book of Han was completed in the year 111 A.D. In Chapter 96, it is written,

"In the country of Wū Gē Shān Lí there exist creatures called "táo bá" (meaning "selected peach"), lions and rhinoceros."[7][circular reference] -from the section entitled Accounts of the Western Regions.

An annotation is also found therein where the female and male "táo bá" are further described as having antlers like a deer, but the male, which was referred to as “tiānlù", has only one antler, while the female, referred to as "Bìxié", has two antlers.

In tribute to the legend of the ferocity and prowess of the pixiu in battle, the pixiu became synonymous with the army in ancient China. In fact, the word "pixiu", interpreted as meaning "fierce beast" and also "brave warrior", was used as a symbol on battle flags and banners.[6]

The Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty, in ancient China, declared that the wonderful, magnificent and devoted pixiu, who obtained and guarded the Master's gold, would be forever known as the "Treasure of the Emperor".[11] It is said that the Emperor declared that only Royal persons could possess a pixiu and it was strictly forbidden for all others to own one, including officials.[11] This law was kept through to the end of the Qing dynasty.[11]

Chinese Architecture

Ceramic figures decorating the Hall of Supreme Harmony at the Imperial Palace Museum. The 10 mystical beasts indicate the highest status in the empire for this building. Picture taken late September 2002 by Leonard G.

During China's history, pixiu were commonly displayed in ancient architecture to ward off Yin Qi (陰氣) and to harness auspicious Qi.

The statues of a pixiu are commonly found on the four corners of the roofs of houses, palaces and halls of the most important people such as the Chinese Emperor. The pixiu sits behind the dragon, the phoenix, the winged horse, the sea horse, and other, similar creatures in a guarding manner.

A very large pair of winged, stone pixiu guarding a tomb in China.

In ancient China, stone statues of pixiu (bixie) were also used as tomb guardians of Han dynasty emperors and other royal persons.

Feng shui

In Feng shui, pixiu (aka "Piyao" in some modern cultural translations) is the heavenly variation of a particularly powerful and auspicious creature of good fortune. They are said to have the power to assist anyone suffering from bad Feng shui due to having offended the Grand Duke Jupiter (Tai Sui). In 2005, the Grand Duke resided in the West, so those born in the year of the Rabbit will have been in conflict with him. Practitioners of feng shui should ensure that they display the pixiu (Piyao) in the West to appease Tai Sui. The pixiu (Pi Yao) should also be displayed in homes for those enduring a period of bad luck soon after moving into a new home or soon after undertaking renovations. In 2006, Tai Sui moved to the Northwest. His exact position in 2006 is West-Northwest.

  • Pixiu (aka "Pi Yao" in some modern cultural translations) - must be placed facing out of the house.
  • Displaying pixiu (Pi Yao) at the affected area of the house or office can avoid misfortune and disasters.
  • For displaying towards openings or entrance, a pair of pixiu (piyao) is needed.
  • Tiānlù (male pixiu with one antler) and Bìxié (female pixiu with two antlers) are utilized for attracting and keeping wealth; you may place them in the desired wealth area, such as an attractive wealth area or an accumulative wealth area.
  • Do not place pixiu facing directly on any person like a confronting position.
  • Ideally, pixiu should not be placed on the floor and they should never be placed above eye level.
  • One cannot touch the mouth of pixiu because the touching of their mouths would ruin the wealth.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pixiu.

References and footnote

  1. ^ "天禄之家 WWW.tianlu.sg".
  2. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-12-02. Retrieved 2014-09-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  3. ^ a b 貔貅 [Pìxiū]. onmarkproductions.com.
  4. ^ a b c d e Bates, Roy (2008). "Chapter 7". 29 Chinese Mysteries. Beijing, China: TuDragon Books Ltd. p. 49.
  5. ^ Bates, Roy (2008). "Chapter 7". 29 Chinese Mysteries. Beijing, China: TuDragon Books Ltd. pp. 48, 49.
  6. ^ a b c "Tianlu and Bixie". cultural-china.com/. Archived from the original on 2017-04-12. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
  7. ^ a b "Book of Han".
  8. ^ a b Bates, Roy (2008). "Chapter 7". 29 Chinese Mysteries. Beijing, China: TuDragon Books, Ltd. p. 49.
  9. ^ "Animal Bixie en jade, Dynastie Han (206 av. J.-C.-220)". npm.gov.tw (in French).
  10. ^ Bates, Roy (2008). "Chapter 7". 29 Chinese Mysteries. Beijing, China: TuDragon Books Ltd. p. 51.
  11. ^ a b c Li, Jinn (2015). Pi Xiu Celestial Coming with Fortune. Estalontech (PublishDrive). ISBN 9789634280958.
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