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Coordinates: 48°15′0″N 109°30′0″W / 48.25000°N 109.50000°W / 48.25000; -109.50000 (Bearpaw Formation)
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The Bearpaw Formation conformably overlies the [[Dinosaur Park Formation]] of the [[Belly River Group]] in central Alberta, and the [[Judith River Formation]] in the plains to the east and Montana. It is overlain by the [[Horseshoe Canyon Formation]] in central Alberta; by the [[Blood Reserve Formation]] and the [[St. Mary River Formation]] in southern Alberta; by the [[Eastend Formation]] in southern Saskatchewan; and by the [[Fox Hills Formation]] in Montana. To the east, it merges into the [[Pierre Shale]].<ref name=Glass />
The Bearpaw Formation conformably overlies the [[Dinosaur Park Formation]] of the [[Belly River Group]] in central Alberta, and the [[Judith River Formation]] in the plains to the east and Montana. It is overlain by the [[Horseshoe Canyon Formation]] in central Alberta; by the [[Blood Reserve Formation]] and the [[St. Mary River Formation]] in southern Alberta; by the [[Eastend Formation]] in southern Saskatchewan; and by the [[Fox Hills Formation]] in Montana. To the east, it merges into the [[Pierre Shale]].<ref name=Glass />


==Fauna==
==Paleobiota==
{{paleobiota-key-compact}}
[[File:Ammolite from Placenticeras fossil ammonite, Alberta.jpg|thumb| A specimen of ''[[Placenticeras]]'' [[ammolite]] from the Bearpaw Formation.]]
[[File:Ammolite from Placenticeras fossil ammonite, Alberta.jpg|thumb| A specimen of ''[[Placenticeras]]'' [[ammolite]] from the Bearpaw Formation.]]
The Bearpaw Formation is famous for its well-preserved ammonite fossils. These include ''[[Placenticeras meeki]]'' and ''Placenticeras intercalare'', and the [[baculite]] ''Baculites compressus'', some of which are mined south-central Alberta to produce the [[organic gemstone]] ammolite.<ref name=Mychaluk />
The Bearpaw Formation is famous for its well-preserved ammonite fossils. These include ''[[Placenticeras meeki]]'' and ''Placenticeras intercalare'', and the [[baculite]] ''Baculites compressus'', some of which are mined south-central Alberta to produce the [[organic gemstone]] ammolite.<ref name=Mychaluk />
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===Dinosaurs===
===Dinosaurs===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"

{| class="wikitable" align="center" <!-- width="100%" remove comment brackets when article more fully developed-->
|-
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" |'''[[Dinosaur]]s reported from the Bearpaw Formation'''
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Dinosaur]]s from the Bearpaw Formation'''
|-
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Member !! Material !! Notes !! Images
! Genus
! Species
! Location
! Stratigraphic position
! Material
! Description
! Images
|-
|-
⚫
| <small>''[[Brachylophosaurus]]''</small><ref name="cretaceousdistribution" />
⚫
| Indeterminate<ref name="cretaceousdistribution" />
|
|
⚫
<small>''[[Brachylophosaurus]]''</small><ref name="cretaceousdistribution" />
|
|
⚫
Indeterminate<ref name="cretaceousdistribution" />
|
|
|
|
⚫
| [[File:Brachylophosaurus NT.png|thumb|center|200px|''[[Brachylophosaurus]]'']]
⚫
|
⚫
|
| rowspan="99" |
⚫
[[File:Brachylophosaurus NT.png|thumb|center|200px|''[[Brachylophosaurus]]'']]
⚫
[[File:Daspletosaurus torosus steveoc.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Daspletosaurus]]'']]
⚫
[[File:Edmontonia dinosaur.png|thumb|center|200px|''[[Edmontonia]]'']]
⚫
[[File:Kritosaurus BW.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Kritosaurus]]'']]
⚫
[[File:Prosaurolophus Maximus.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Prosaurolophus]]'']]
⚫
[[File:Stegoceras validum.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Stegoceras]]'']]
|-
|-
|<small>''[[Daspletosaurus]]''</small>
| <small>''[[Daspletosaurus]]''</small>
⚫
|
|
|
|
|
Line 78: Line 63:
|
|
|
|
⚫
| [[File:Daspletosaurus torosus steveoc.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Daspletosaurus]]'']]
|-
|-
⚫
| <small>''[[Edmontonia]]''</small><ref name="cretaceousdistribution" />
⚫
|
<small>''[[Edmontonia]]''</small><ref name="cretaceousdistribution" />
| Indeterminate<ref name="cretaceousdistribution" />
⚫
|
⚫
Indeterminate<ref name="cretaceousdistribution" />
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
⚫
| [[File:Edmontonia dinosaur.png|thumb|center|200px|''[[Edmontonia]]'']]
|-
|-
⚫
| cf. ''[[Kritosaurus]]''
|
|
⚫
cf. ''[[Kritosaurus]]''
|
|
|
|
⚫
| "Nearly complete skull and postcranium."<ref name="table-20-1-441">"Table 20.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 441.</ref>
⚫
| A hadrosaurid
⚫
| [[File:Kritosaurus BW.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Kritosaurus]]'']]
⚫
|-
⚫
| ''[[Prosaurolophus]]''<ref name="cretaceousdistribution" /><ref name="test">{{Cite journal|author1=Eamon T. Drysdale |author2=François Therrien |author3=Darla K. Zelenitsky |author4=David B. Weishampel |author5=David C. Evans |year=2019 |title=Description of juvenile specimens of ''Prosaurolophus maximus'' (Hadrosauridae: Saurolophinae) from the Upper Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation of southern Alberta, Canada, reveals ontogenetic changes in crest morphology |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=in press |pages=e1547310 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2018.1547310 }}</ref>
⚫
| ''P. maximus''<ref name="test">{{Cite journal|author1=Eamon T. Drysdale |author2=François Therrien |author3=Darla K. Zelenitsky |author4=David B. Weishampel |author5=David C. Evans |year=2019 |title=Description of juvenile specimens of ''Prosaurolophus maximus'' (Hadrosauridae: Saurolophinae) from the Upper Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation of southern Alberta, Canada, reveals ontogenetic changes in crest morphology |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=in press |pages=e1547310 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2018.1547310 }}</ref>
|
|
|
|
⚫
| Three juvenile specimens<ref name="test">{{Cite journal|author1=Eamon T. Drysdale |author2=François Therrien |author3=Darla K. Zelenitsky |author4=David B. Weishampel |author5=David C. Evans |year=2019 |title=Description of juvenile specimens of ''Prosaurolophus maximus'' (Hadrosauridae: Saurolophinae) from the Upper Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation of southern Alberta, Canada, reveals ontogenetic changes in crest morphology |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=in press |pages=e1547310 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2018.1547310 }}</ref>
⚫
"Nearly complete skull and postcranium."<ref name="table-20-1-441">"Table 20.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 441.</ref>
⚫
| A [[Saurolophinae]] [[hadrosaurid]], also known from the [[Dinosaur Park Formation|Dinosaur Park]] and [[Two Medicine Formation|Two Medicine]] Formations
⚫
|
⚫
| [[File:Prosaurolophus Maximus.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Prosaurolophus]]'']]
⚫
A hadrosaurid
|-
|-
| <small>''[[Stegoceras]]''</small><ref name="cretaceousdistribution" />
⚫
| Indeterminate<ref name="cretaceousdistribution" />
|
|
⚫
''[[Prosaurolophus]]''<ref name="cretaceousdistribution" /><ref name="test">{{Cite journal|author1=Eamon T. Drysdale |author2=François Therrien |author3=Darla K. Zelenitsky |author4=David B. Weishampel |author5=David C. Evans |year=2019 |title=Description of juvenile specimens of ''Prosaurolophus maximus'' (Hadrosauridae: Saurolophinae) from the Upper Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation of southern Alberta, Canada, reveals ontogenetic changes in crest morphology |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=in press |pages=e1547310 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2018.1547310 }}</ref>
|
|
⚫
''P. maximus''<ref name="test">{{Cite journal|author1=Eamon T. Drysdale |author2=François Therrien |author3=Darla K. Zelenitsky |author4=David B. Weishampel |author5=David C. Evans |year=2019 |title=Description of juvenile specimens of ''Prosaurolophus maximus'' (Hadrosauridae: Saurolophinae) from the Upper Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation of southern Alberta, Canada, reveals ontogenetic changes in crest morphology |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=in press |pages=e1547310 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2018.1547310 }}</ref>
|
|
|
|
⚫
| [[File:Stegoceras validum.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Stegoceras]]'']]
⚫
|-
⚫
|}

===Plesiosaurs===
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto; width:100%;"
⚫
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Plesiosaur]]s from the Bearpaw Formation'''
⚫
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Member !! Material !! Notes !! Images
⚫
|-
| ''[[Albertonectes]]''<ref name=Albertonectes>{{Cite journal | last1 = Kubo | first1 = T. | last2 = Mitchell | first2 = M. T. | last3 = Henderson | first3 = D. M. | doi = 10.1080/02724634.2012.658124 | title = ''Albertonectes vanderveldei'', a new elasmosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | volume = 32 | issue = 3 | pages = 557–572| year = 2012 }}</ref>
| ''A. vanderveldei''
| Alberta, Canada
|
|
| A complete, well-preserved postcranial specimen, missing only the skull.
⚫
Three juvenile specimens<ref name="test">{{Cite journal|author1=Eamon T. Drysdale |author2=François Therrien |author3=Darla K. Zelenitsky |author4=David B. Weishampel |author5=David C. Evans |year=2019 |title=Description of juvenile specimens of ''Prosaurolophus maximus'' (Hadrosauridae: Saurolophinae) from the Upper Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation of southern Alberta, Canada, reveals ontogenetic changes in crest morphology |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=in press |pages=e1547310 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2018.1547310 }}</ref>
| An [[elasmosaurid]] [[plesiosaur]]. ''Albertonectes'' has the longest neck of any known plesiosaur.
| [[File:Fossil_vertebrae.jpg|thumb|center|200px|''[[Albertonectes]]'']]
⚫
|-
| ''[[Nakonanectes]]''<ref name=serratosetal>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/02724634.2017.1278608 | last1=Serratos |first1=Danielle J. |last2=Druckenmiller |first2=Patrick |last3=Benson |first3=Roger B.J. |title=A new elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Bearpaw Shale (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of Montana demonstrates multiple evolutionary reductions of neck length within Elasmosauridae | journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |date=2017 | volume=37 | issue=2 |page=e1278608| s2cid=132717607 | url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:75843f95-d662-4d23-adca-ce9786fe0195 }}</ref>
| ''N. bradti''
| Montana, United States
⚫
|
| A nearly complete skeleton including the skull.
| A small elasmosaurid plesiosaur with an unusually short neck.
⚫
|
⚫
|-
| ''[[Terminonatator]]''<ref name=TS03>{{cite journal |last=Sato |first=Tamaki |year=2003 |title=''Terminonatator ponteixensis'', a new elasmosaur (Reptilia:Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Saskatchewan |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=89–103 |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2003)23[89:TPANES]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0272-4634}}</ref>
| ''T. ponteixensis''
| Saskatchewan, Canada
|
|
| A partially articulated incomplete skeleton, including a skull.
⚫
A [[Saurolophinae]] [[hadrosaurid]], also known from the [[Dinosaur Park Formation|Dinosaur Park]] and [[Two Medicine Formation|Two Medicine]] Formations
| An elasmosaurid plesiosaur.
⚫
|
|-
|-
| ''[[Dolichorhynchops]]''<ref name="Doli">{{cite journal |last1=Sato |first1=Tamaki |title=A new Polycotylid Plesiosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation in Saskatchewan, Canada |journal=Journal of Paleontology |date=1 September 2005 |volume=79 |issue=5 |doi=10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[0969:ANPPRS]2.0.CO;2 |url=https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-paleontology/volume-79/issue-5/0022-3360(2005)079%5b0969%3aANPPRS%5d2.0.CO%3b2/A-NEW-POLYCOTYLID-PLESIOSAUR-REPTILIA--SAUROPTERYGIA-FROM-THE-UPPER/10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[0969:ANPPRS]2.0.CO;2.short}}</ref>
| ''D. herschelensis''
| Saskatchewan, Canada
|
|
| An incomplete skeleton
⚫
<small>''[[Stegoceras]]''</small><ref name="cretaceousdistribution" />
| One of the latest known [[Polycotylidae|polycotylid]]s.
⚫
|
| [[File:Dolichorynchops_Clean.png|thumb|center|200px|''[[Dolichorhynchops]]'']]
⚫
Indeterminate<ref name="cretaceousdistribution" />
⚫
|
⚫
|
⚫
|
⚫
|
|-
|-
|}
|}

Revision as of 23:18, 7 January 2021

Bearpaw Formation
Stratigraphic range: Campanian-Maastrichtian, 75–72 Ma
↓
Contact (red arrow) between the underlying marine shales of the Bearpaw Formation and the coastal Horseshoe Canyon Formation.
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofMontana Group
UnderliesHorseshoe Canyon Formation, St. Mary River Formation, Eastend Formation, and others
OverliesDinosaur Park Formation,
Judith River Formation
ThicknessUp to 350 meters (1,150 ft)[1]
Lithology
PrimaryShale, claystone
OtherSiltstone, sandstone, concretionary beds
Location
Coordinates48°15′0″N 109°30′0″W / 48.25000°N 109.50000°W / 48.25000; -109.50000 (Bearpaw Formation)
RegionAlberta, Saskatchewan, Montana
CountryCanada, United States
ExtentNorthern Montana to central Alberta and southern Saskatchewan
Type section
Named forBear Paw Mountains, Montana
Named byHatcher and Stanton, 1903[2]

The Bearpaw Formation, also called the Bearpaw Shale, is a geologic formation of Late Cretaceous (Campanian) age. It outcrops in the U.S. state of Montana, as well as the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan, and was named for the Bear Paw Mountains in Montana.[2] It includes a wide range of marine fossils, as well as the remains of a few dinosaurs. It is known for its fossil ammonites, some of which are mined in Alberta to produce the organic gemstone ammolite.[3]

Lithology and depositional environment

Bearpaw shale being excavated to recover ammonites for ammolite production.

The formation was deposited in the Bearpaw Sea, which was part of the Western Interior Seaway that advanced and then retreated across the region during Campanian time.[4] It is composed primarily of dark grey shales, claystones, silty claystones and siltstones, with subordinate silty sandstones. It also includes bedded and nodular concretions (both calcareous and ironstone concretions) and thin beds of bentonite. As the seaway retreated toward the southwest, the marine sediments of the Bearpaw became covered by the deltaic and coastal plain sediments of the overlying formations.[1][5][6]

Relationship to other units

The Bearpaw Formation conformably overlies the Dinosaur Park Formation of the Belly River Group in central Alberta, and the Judith River Formation in the plains to the east and Montana. It is overlain by the Horseshoe Canyon Formation in central Alberta; by the Blood Reserve Formation and the St. Mary River Formation in southern Alberta; by the Eastend Formation in southern Saskatchewan; and by the Fox Hills Formation in Montana. To the east, it merges into the Pierre Shale.[1]

Paleobiota

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.
A specimen of Placenticeras ammolite from the Bearpaw Formation.

The Bearpaw Formation is famous for its well-preserved ammonite fossils. These include Placenticeras meeki and Placenticeras intercalare, and the baculite Baculites compressus, some of which are mined south-central Alberta to produce the organic gemstone ammolite.[3]

Other fossils found in this formation include many types of shellfish, bony fish, sharks, rays, birds, and marine reptiles like mosasaurs such as Prognathodon overtoni and Plioplatecarpus peckensis, plesiosaurs such as Dolichorhynchops herschelensis, Albertonectes and Nakonanectes, and sea turtles. Dinosaur remains have occasionally been discovered, presumably from carcasses that washed out to sea.[7][8]

Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs from the Bearpaw Formation
Genus Species Location Member Material Notes Images
Brachylophosaurus[7] Indeterminate[7]
Brachylophosaurus
Daspletosaurus
Daspletosaurus
Edmontonia[7] Indeterminate[7]
Edmontonia
cf. Kritosaurus "Nearly complete skull and postcranium."[9] A hadrosaurid
Kritosaurus
Prosaurolophus[7][10] P. maximus[10] Three juvenile specimens[10] A Saurolophinae hadrosaurid, also known from the Dinosaur Park and Two Medicine Formations
Prosaurolophus
Stegoceras[7] Indeterminate[7]
Stegoceras

Plesiosaurs

Plesiosaurs from the Bearpaw Formation
Genus Species Location Member Material Notes Images
Albertonectes[11] A. vanderveldei Alberta, Canada A complete, well-preserved postcranial specimen, missing only the skull. An elasmosaurid plesiosaur. Albertonectes has the longest neck of any known plesiosaur.
Albertonectes
Nakonanectes[12] N. bradti Montana, United States A nearly complete skeleton including the skull. A small elasmosaurid plesiosaur with an unusually short neck.
Terminonatator[13] T. ponteixensis Saskatchewan, Canada A partially articulated incomplete skeleton, including a skull. An elasmosaurid plesiosaur.
Dolichorhynchops[14] D. herschelensis Saskatchewan, Canada An incomplete skeleton One of the latest known polycotylids.
Dolichorhynchops

References

  1. ^ a b c Glass, D.J. (editor) 1997. Lexicon of Canadian Stratigraphy, vol. 4, Western Canada including eastern British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and southern Manitoba. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Calgary, 1423 p. on CD-ROM. ISBN 0-920230-23-7.
  2. ^ a b Hatcher, J.B. and Stanton, T.W., 1903. The stratigraphic position of the Judith River beds and their correlation with the Belly River beds. Science, no. 5, v. 18, p. 211-212.
  3. ^ a b Mychaluk, K.A.; Levinson, A.A. & Hall, R.H. "Ammolite: Iridescent fossil ammonite from southern Alberta, Canada" (PDF). Gems & Gemology. 37 (1): 4-25. Retrieved 2015-01-11.
  4. ^ "Latest Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway". Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2007-06-22.
  5. ^ Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists (1994). "The Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, Chapter 24: Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary strata of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin". Compiled by Mossop, G.D. and Shetsen, I. Archived from the original on 2016-07-01. Retrieved 2016-06-20.
  6. ^ Wall, J.H., Sweet, A.R. and Hills, L.V. 1971. Paleoecology of the Bearpaw and contiguous Upper Cretaceous formations in the C.P.O.G. Strathmore well, southern Alberta. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, vol. 19, no. 3, p. 691-702.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Late Cretaceous, North America)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 574-588. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
  8. ^ Bearpaw fauna in Alberta
  9. ^ "Table 20.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 441.
  10. ^ a b c Eamon T. Drysdale; François Therrien; Darla K. Zelenitsky; David B. Weishampel; David C. Evans (2019). "Description of juvenile specimens of Prosaurolophus maximus (Hadrosauridae: Saurolophinae) from the Upper Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation of southern Alberta, Canada, reveals ontogenetic changes in crest morphology". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. in press: e1547310. doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1547310.
  11. ^ Kubo, T.; Mitchell, M. T.; Henderson, D. M. (2012). "Albertonectes vanderveldei, a new elasmosaur (Reptilia, Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Alberta". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 32 (3): 557–572. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.658124.
  12. ^ Serratos, Danielle J.; Druckenmiller, Patrick; Benson, Roger B.J. (2017). "A new elasmosaurid (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from the Bearpaw Shale (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of Montana demonstrates multiple evolutionary reductions of neck length within Elasmosauridae". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 37 (2): e1278608. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1278608. S2CID 132717607.
  13. ^ Sato, Tamaki (2003). "Terminonatator ponteixensis, a new elasmosaur (Reptilia:Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous of Saskatchewan". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 23 (1): 89–103. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2003)23[89:TPANES]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634.
  14. ^ Sato, Tamaki (1 September 2005). "A new Polycotylid Plesiosaur (Reptilia: Sauropterygia) from the Upper Cretaceous Bearpaw Formation in Saskatchewan, Canada". Journal of Paleontology. 79 (5). doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2005)079[0969:ANPPRS]2.0.CO;2.
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