M1857 12-pounder Napoleon
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| M1857 12-pounder Napoleon | |
|---|---|
 M1857 12-pounder Napoleon at Gettysburg National Military Park | |
| Type | Gun-Howitzer |
| Place of origin | United States |
| Service history | |
| In service | 1857–1865 |
| Used by |  United States |
| Wars | American Civil War |
| Production history | |
| Manufacturer | Cyrus Alger & Co. Ames Co. Henry N. Hooper & Co. Miles Greenwood & Co. Revere Copper Co. |
| Produced | 1857–1864 |
| No. built | USA: 1,157, CSA: 501 |
| Specifications | |
| Mass | 1,227 lb (556.6 kg) |
| Length | 66.0 in (1.68 m) |
| Crew | 9 |
| Shell weight | 12.3 lb (5.6 kg) shell 2.5 lb (1.1 kg) charge |
| Caliber | 4.62 in (117 mm) |
| Barrels | 1 |
| Action | Muzzle loading |
| Carriage | 1,128 lb (511.7 kg) |
| Rate of fire | 1 rounds/minute |
| Muzzle velocity | 1,485 ft/s (453 m/s) |
| Effective firing range | 1,680 yd (1,536 m) |
The M1857 12-pounder Napoleon or Light 12-pounder gun or 12-pounder gun-howitzer was a bronze smoothbore muzzle-loading artillery piece that was adopted by the United States Army in 1857 and extensively employed in the American Civil War. The gun was the American-manufactured version of the French canon obusier de 12 which combined the functions of both field gun and howitzer. The weapon proved to be simple to produce, reliable, and robust. It fired a 12.3 lb (5.6 kg) round shot shell a distance of 1,619 to 1,680 yd (1,480 to 1,536 m) at 5° elevation.[note 1] It could also fire canister shot, common shell, and spherical case shot. The 12-pounder Napoleon outclassed and soon replaced the M1841 6-pounder field gun and the M1841 12-pounder howitzer in the US Army, while replacement of these older weapons was slower in the Confederate States Army. A total of 1,157 were produced for the US Army, all but a few in the period 1861–1863. The Confederate States of America utilized captured US 12-pounder Napoleons and also manufactured about 500 during the war. The weapon was named after Napoleon III of France who helped develop the weapon.
Background
In the period before the Civil War, a US Army light artillery battery was organized with four M1841 6-pounder field guns and two M1841 12-pounder howitzers.[1] The field gun fired solid iron cannon balls in a flat trajectory to smash its targets[2] while the howitzer was designed to lob hollow shells into massed formations or fortifications.[3] Napoleon III realized that mixing field guns and howitzers within an artillery battery caused the logistical problem of having to carry two types of ammunition. He understood that batteries might become more effective if a single gun could fire both the round shot of the field gun and the common shell and spherical case shot of the howitzer. (Both field guns and howitzers were already capable of firing canister shot.) The French gun designers' solution to the problem was the invention of the canon obusier de 12 or 12-pounder gun-howitzer. By 1856, this new weapon had been adopted by France, Austria, Prussia, Saxony, and Russia. An American military commission sent to Europe in 1855–1856 led by Major Alfred Mordecai wrote a report praising the new gun-howitzer[4] and the US Ordnance Department quickly obtained a license to produce the gun.[5]
On 14 December 1856, the Ames Manufacturing Company received an order to produce a copy of the gun-howitzer, and on 25 March 1857 the Ordnance Department accepted delivery of one 1,187 lb (538 kg) piece for a cost of $546.02. The weapon failed its trial, but in 2004 the original gun could be seen at the Petersburg National Battlefield visitor center. On 28 May 1857, the Ordnance Department ordered four guns of a modified version from Ames and these pieces were delivered on 16 September 1857. The four modified guns were 3 in (76 mm) longer than the original gun and 40 lb (18.1 kg) heavier. These four guns became the standard model for all 12-pounder Napoleons subsequently produced for the US Army. When the Civil War broke out in April 1861, the US Army owned only the original five 12-pounder Napoleons. The US Army needed field artillery and there was no time to experiment with new gun types. Since, the new gun could be produced quickly, orders were placed with Ames and Cyrus Alger & Company. Later, more contracts were let to Henry N. Hooper & Company, Revere Copper Company, and Miles Greenwood & Company.[6] A single experimental wrought iron Napoleon was manufactured by the Phoenix Iron Works.[7]
Production
One member of the 1855 American military commission was Captain George B. McClellan who became major general in command of US forces in summer 1861. Like Mordecai, McClellan saw the advantages of using a single artillery piece to combine the functions of both field gun and howitzer. In 1861, McClellan approved the plan offered by his chief of artillery William Farquhar Barry, which included the goal to arm Union Army field artillery batteries exclusively with the light 12-pounder smoothbore, the 3-inch Ordnance rifle, and the Parrott rifle. Each battery was organized so as to contain six identical guns, if possible, with no less than four guns per battery. By the time of the First Battle of Bull Run, the US Army had only nine 12-pounder Napoleons, and by 1 January 1862, it had only 36 Napoleons. In August 1861, 22 Napoleons were ordered[8] and 153 were ordered in October and November 1861.[9]
When it became clear that the war would be a long one, many more guns were ordered. The number of 12-pounder Napoleons produced for the Federal government each year were 1861 (179), 1862 (422), 1863 (512), and 1864 (13). In 1864, 39 Napoleons were produced for the states of Massachusetts, New Jersey, and Ohio. The US manufacturers and how many guns they produced are shown in the following table.[9]
| Maker | Location | No. Produced |
|---|---|---|
| Ames Manufacturing Co. | Chicopee, Massachusetts | 103 |
| Cyrus Alger & Co. | Boston, Massachusetts | 170 |
| Henry M. Hooper & Co. | Boston, Massachusetts | 370 |
| Miles Greenwood & Co. | Cincinnati, Ohio | 52 |
| Phoenix Iron Works | Phoenixville, Pennsylvania | 1 |
| Revere Copper Co. | Boston, Massachusetts | 461 |
The Confederate States started the Civil War with its batteries largely armed with the M1841 6-pounder field guns and M1841 12-pounder howitzers found in Southern arsenals. The Confederate States were hampered by having an inferior industrial capacity compared to the North and were far behind in the production of 12-pounder Napoleons. In addition, the South suffered from such a shortage of copper that in May 1861 no bronze guns could be produced. In December 1861, bronze gun casting resumed when enough copper was found, mostly from melted down stills and church bells.[11] On 10 July 1862, Confederate chief of ordnance Colonel Josiah Gorgas sent the Tredegar Iron Works plans for the 12-pounder Napoleon. Gorgas asked that all production of the 6-pounder gun and 12-pounder howitzer be suspended, so that the new Napoleons could be manufactured. On 13 November 1862, Gorgas ordered that 12-pounder Napoleons should be the only bronze artillery pieces produced. On 5 December 1862, General Robert E. Lee wrote to the Confederate Secretary of War James Seddon asking that most 6-pounder guns and some 12-pounder howitzers be melted down and recast as 12-pounder Napoleons.[12] By the Battle of Gettysburg on 1–3 July 1863, Lee's army received 49 of the recast Napoleons.[13]
The Federal capture of New Orleans in April 1862 ended production of Napoleons at Leeds & Company, while the Union capture of Memphis in June 1862 ended production at Quinby & Robinson. Other Confederate makers of Napoleons were the Augusta, Charleston, Columbus, and Macon Arsenals. Most Confederate-manufactured Napoleons did not have the muzzle swell that was characteristic of US-manufactured Napoleons. In December 1863, Federal troops captured the copper mines at Ducktown, Tennessee, stopping all manufacture of bronze cannons in the Confederate States. After this, the Tredegar Iron Works produced a cast iron Napoleon with a 2 in (51 mm) thick breech band.[14] The Confederate manufacturers and how many guns they produced are shown in the following table.[10]
| Maker | Location | No. Produced |
|---|---|---|
| Augusta Arsenal | Augusta, Georgia | c. 130 |
| Charleston Arsenal | Charleston, South Carolina | c. 20 |
| Columbus Arsenal | Columbus, Georgia | 52 |
| Leeds & Company | New Orleans, Louisiana | 12 |
| Macon Arsenal | Macon, Georgia | 53 |
| Quinby & Robinson | Memphis, Tennessee | 8 |
| Tredegar Iron Works | Richmond, Virginia | 226 |
Specifications
The Model 1857 bronze 12-pounder Napoleon gun barrel was 72.15 in (183.3 cm) from the muzzle to the end of the knob and weighed 1,227 lb (556.6 kg). The diameter of the bore (caliber) was 4.62 in (11.7 cm) and the bore length was 63.6 in (161.5 cm). With a 2.5 lb (1.1 kg) gunpowder charge it was capable of firing solid shot 1,680 yd (1,536 m) at 5° elevation and spherical case (shrapnel) shot 1,135 yd (1,038 m) at 3°45' elevation. With a 2.0 lb (0.9 kg) gunpowder charge it was capable of firing common shell 1,300 yd (1,189 m) at 3°45' elevation.[15] The cannon fired a 12.25 lb (5.6 kg) round shot of 4.52 in (11.5 cm) diameter. The spherical case shot weighed 12.1 lb (5.5 kg) and released 78 musket balls when it burst. The canister round weighed 14.8 lb (6.7 kg) and contained 27 iron balls that were 1.49 in (3.8 cm) in diameter or slightly smaller.[16] Canister shot was packed in four tiers within the canister round. When fired, canister was effective up to a distance of 350 yd (320 m).[17] The effect of the Napoleon's canister shot on personnel was described as "amazingly deadly".[18]
Civil War artillery
| Description | Caliber | Tube length | Tube weight | Carriage weight | Shot weight | Charge weight | Range 5° elev. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M1841 6-pounder cannon | 3.67 in (9.3 cm) | 60 in (152.4 cm) | 884 lb (401 kg) | 900 lb (408 kg) | 6.1 lb (2.8 kg) | 1.25 lb (0.6 kg) | 1,523 yd (1,393 m) |
| M1841 12-pounder cannon | 4.62 in (11.7 cm) | 78 in (198.1 cm) | 1,757 lb (797 kg) | 1,175 lb (533 kg) | 12.3 lb (5.6 kg) | 2.5 lb (1.1 kg) | 1,663 yd (1,521 m) |
| M1841 12-pounder howitzer | 4.62 in (11.7 cm) | 53 in (134.6 cm) | 788 lb (357 kg) | 900 lb (408 kg) | 8.9 lb (4.0 kg) | 1.0 lb (0.5 kg) | 1,072 yd (980 m) |
| M1841 24-pounder howitzer | 5.82 in (14.8 cm) | 65 in (165.1 cm) | 1,318 lb (598 kg) | 1,128 lb (512 kg) | 18.4 lb (8.3 kg) | 2.0 lb (0.9 kg) | 1,322 yd (1,209 m) |
| M1857 12-pounder Napoleon | 4.62 in (11.7 cm) | 66 in (167.6 cm) | 1,227 lb (557 kg) | 1,128 lb (512 kg) | 12.3 lb (5.6 kg) | 2.5 lb (1.1 kg) | 1,619 yd (1,480 m) |
| 12-pounder James rifle | 3.67 in (9.3 cm) | 60 in (152.4 cm) | 875 lb (397 kg) | 900 lb (408 kg)[21] | 12 lb (5.4 kg) | 0.75 lb (0.3 kg) | 1,700 yd (1,554 m) |
| 3-inch Ordnance rifle | 3.0 in (7.6 cm) | 69 in (175.3 cm) | 820 lb (372 kg) | 900 lb (408 kg)[22] | 9.5 lb (4.3 kg) | 1.0 lb (0.5 kg) | 1,830 yd (1,673 m) |
| 10-pounder Parrott rifle | 3.0 in (7.6 cm) | 74 in (188.0 cm) | 899 lb (408 kg) | 900 lb (408 kg)[22] | 9.5 lb (4.3 kg) | 1.0 lb (0.5 kg) | 1,900 yd (1,737 m) |
| 20-pounder Parrott rifle | 3.67 in (9.3 cm) | 84 in (213.4 cm) | 1,750 lb (794 kg) | 1,175 lb (533 kg)[21] | 20 lb (9.1 kg) | 2.0 lb (0.9 kg) | 1,900 yd (1,737 m) |
Notes
- Footnotes
- ^ The sources Coggins, Katcher, and Ripley provide different ranges for round shot at 5° elevation.
- Citations
- ^ Coggins 1983, p. 63.
- ^ Hazlett, Olmstead & Parks 2004, p. 28.
- ^ Hazlett, Olmstead & Parks 2004, p. 70.
- ^ Hazlett, Olmstead & Parks 2004, p. 88.
- ^ Johnson & Anderson 1995, p. 21.
- ^ Hazlett, Olmstead & Parks 2004, pp. 88–89.
- ^ Hazlett, Olmstead & Parks 2004, pp. 95–96.
- ^ Hazlett, Olmstead & Parks 2004, p. 89.
- ^ a b c Hazlett, Olmstead & Parks 2004, p. 91.
- ^ a b c Katcher 2001, p. 25.
- ^ Katcher 2001, pp. 22–23.
- ^ Hazlett, Olmstead & Parks 2004, pp. 100–101.
- ^ Katcher 2001, p. 23.
- ^ Katcher 2001, pp. 23–24.
- ^ Ripley 1970, p. 366.
- ^ Ripley 1970, p. 379.
- ^ Coggins 2004, p. 67.
- ^ Katcher 2001, p. 20.
- ^ Coggins 1983, p. 66.
- ^ Coggins 1983, p. 77.
- ^ a b Johnson & Anderson 1995, p. 25.
- ^ a b Hazlett, Olmstead & Parks 2004, p. 217.
References
- Coggins, Jack (1983). Arms and Equipment of the Civil War. New York, N.Y.: Fairfax Press. ISBN 0-517-402351.
- Cole, Phillip M. (2002). Civil War Artillery at Gettysburg. Cambridge, Mass.: Da Capo Press. ISBN 0-306-81145-6.
- Hazlett, James C.; Olmstead, Edwin; Parks, M. Hume (2004). Field Artillery Weapons of the American Civil War. Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-07210-3.
- Johnson, Curt; Anderson, Richard C. Jr. (1995). Artillery Hell: The Employment of Artillery at Antietam. College Station, Tex.: Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 0-89096-623-0.
- Katcher, Philip (2001). American Civil War Artillery 1861–1865. Osceola, Wisc.: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-451-5.
- Morgan, James (2002). "Green Ones and Black Ones: The Most Common Field Pieces of the Civil War". civilwarhome.com.
- Ripley, Warren (1984). Artillery and Ammunition of the Civil War. Charleston, S.C.: The Battery Press. OCLC 12668104.
- Shea, William L.; Hess, Earl J. (1992). Pea Ridge: Civil War Campaign in the West. Chapel Hill, N.C.: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-4669-4.
See also
- Downey, Brian (2019). "The Weapons of Antietam". Antietam on the Web.