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Reedfish

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Reedfish
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Polypteriformes
Family: Polypteridae
Genus: Erpetoichthys
J. A. Smith, 1865
Species:
E. calabaricus
Binomial name
Erpetoichthys calabaricus
Synonyms[2][3]
  • Calamoichthys calabaricus (Smith 1865) Smith 1866
  • Erpetoichthys robbianus Smith 1865
  • Polypterus erpetoideus Smith 1865

The reedfish, ropefish (more commonly used in the United States), or snakefish, Erpetoichthys calabaricus, is a species of fish in the bichir family and order. It is the only member of the genus Erpetoichthys. It is native to fresh and brackish waters in West and Central Africa. The reedfish possesses a pair of lungs in addition to gills, allowing it to survive in very oxygen-poor water. It is threatened by habitat loss through palm oil plantations, other agriculture, deforestation, and urban development.[1]

Description

The largest confirmed reedfish museum specimen was 37 cm (15 in) long,[4][5] and studies where many hundred were caught and measured in the wild found none exceeding 40 cm (16 in).[6][7] Although sometimes claimed to reach up to 90 cm (3 ft) long,[8][9] this is incorrect.[10]

The reedfish has an eel-like, elongated body without a trace of a ventral fin. The long dorsal fin consist of a series of well-separated spines, each supporting one or several articulated rays and a membrane. The reedfish possesses a pair of lungs, enabling it to breathe atmospheric air. This allows the species to survive in water with low dissolved oxygen content and to survive for an intermediate amount of time out of water.[4] The sexes are very similar in both median and maximum length, but females average heavier than males of a similar length, and they can be reliably separated by the shape of their anal fin.[10][11] Reedfish are dark above and on the sides, with lighter orangish or yellowish underparts.[10] Males are generally more olive-green in colour, whereas females generally are more yellowish-brown.[11] Larvae have conspicuous external gills, making them resemble salamander larvae.[4]

The genus name derives from the Greek words erpeton (creeping thing) and ichthys (fish).[12]

Distribution and habitat

The reedfish inhabits slow-moving or standing, brackish or fresh, warm water at temperatures of 22–28 °C (72–82 °F). It occurs in Benin, Cameroon, Nigeria and possibly the Republic of the Congo, spanning the area from the Ogun River to the Chiloango River.[4]

Ecology

The reedfish is nocturnal, and feeds on annelid worms, crustaceans, and insects.[4] When moving through water slowly, it tends to use its pectoral fins, changing to an eel-like form of swimming (making more use of full-body movements and the caudal fin) when moving quickly. Both in the wild and in captivity, reedfish are known to explore land if given the opportunity, slithering along like a snake and also taking food items on land.[13]

Females repeatedly deposit small batches of eggs between the anal fins of the male, where they are fertilized. The male reedfish then scatters the eggs among aquatic vegetation, where they stick to plants and substrate. Larvae hatch rapidly (after 70 hours) but remain attached to vegetation; they become independent and start to feed after ~22 days, when the egg's yolk sac has been consumed.[4]

A yellowish-green ropefish amongst grey Polypterus senegalus

Conservation

In coastal central Africa, the species is threatened by habitat loss, driven by the development of oil palm plantations. Populations in western Africa are impacted by degradation and loss of habitat from wetland drainage for agricultural and urban developments. The reedfish is currently classified as Near Threatened by the IUCN.[1] It is regarded as a good food fish and commonly caught in the local subsistence fishery. It is also regularly caught for the international aquarium fish trade. Overall, catch levels do not appear to represent a major threat to the species at present, but do need monitoring.[7]

In the aquarium

Reedfish are sometimes displayed in aquaria. All aquarium fish are wild-caught; they have not yet been successfully bred in captivity. Spawning and hatching in captivity has been observed, but no hatchlings have been reported to survive to adulthood.[5][14]

They are inquisitive, peaceful, and have some "personality". Although nocturnal, reedfish will sometimes come out during the day. Since they have a peaceful nature, other fish may "bully" a reedfish, despite its large size, especially in competition for food or space.[15] Some reedfish also have an inclination to stay close to the water surface, where they will be safe from other fish and will even allow most of their bodies to leave the water at times.[citation needed]

They can be difficult to keep; they will jump and enter pumps to escape tanks and frequently die as a result, and they can be sensitive to pH swings and nitrogen chemistry.[16][17][15] They will often consume other smaller fish when given the opportunity.[15] Often small feeder goldfish and minnows are eaten in place of bloodworms or nightcrawlers, and other commercially available live fish food.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Lalèyè, P.; Moelants, T.; Olaosebikan, B.D. (2020). "Erpetoichthys calabaricus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T182479A135026602. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T182479A135026602.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ Froese, R.; Pauly, D. (2017). "Polypteridae". FishBase. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  3. ^ "Polypteridae" (PDF). Deeplyfish- fishes of the world. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Erpetoichthys calabaricus". FishBase. March 2014 version.
  5. ^ a b "A breeding first: The Reedfish". Practical Fishkeeping. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  6. ^ Ekpe, A.I.; Asikpo, E.-I. M. (2019). "Sex ratio, size structure and condition index in the rope fish, Erpetoichthys calabaricus (Polypteridae) from a Niger Delta flood plain, Nigeria". International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies. 7 (1): 205–209.
  7. ^ a b Amiekan, N.A.; Udo, M.T.; Brownson, I.I.; Obot, O.I.; Ekpo, I.E. (2020). "Population dynamics of Calabar snakefish (= reed fish), Erpetoichthys calabaricus. (Teleostei: Polypteridae) (Smith, 1866) at Ibikpe Creek in Uruan, Nigeria". Journal of Wetlands and Waste Management. 4 (1): 66–77.
  8. ^ "Erpetoichthys calabaricus". SeriouslyFish. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  9. ^ "Understanding the Reedfish". TFH Magazine. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  10. ^ a b c Moritz, T.; Britz, R. (2019). "Revision of the extant Polypteridae (Actinopterygii: Cladistia)". Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters. doi:10.23788/IEF-1094.
  11. ^ a b Asuquo, I.E.; Essien-Ibok, M.A. (2019). "Sexual Dimorphism in Erpetoicthys calabaricus from a Mangrove Creek, Nigeria". Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research. 2 (3): 1–9.
  12. ^ Fishelson, L. (1984). Zoology. Vol. 2. Israel: Hakibutz Hameuchad Publishing House. p. 126.
  13. ^ Pace, Cinnamon M.; Gibb, Alice C. (15 February 2011). "Locomotor behavior across an environmental transition in the ropefish, Erpetoichthys calabaricus". Journal of Experimental Biology. 214 (4): 530–537. doi:10.1242/jeb.047902. ISSN 0022-0949. PMID 21270300.
  14. ^ "Reed Fish - Maidenhead Aquatics".
  15. ^ a b c A profile of Ropefish Retrieved 2 August 2017.
  16. ^ Phil Purser (August 2007). "Understanding the Reedfish". Tropical Fish Magazine.
  17. ^ "Erpetoichthys calabaricus". The Age of Aquariums. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
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