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Armed Forces of Tajikistan

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Mitch at WSIG (talk | contribs) at 21:15, 17 July 2022 (Updated amounts of weapon systems in service and added weapon systems that have been added to the Tajikistan arsenal. Added descriptions of types of weapons. Updated a spelling error. Updated information about the Russian military base in Tajikistan and what is stationed there. Added citations to work where relevant.). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan
Template:Lang-ru
Template:Lang-tg
The shoulder patch of the armed forces
Founded23 February 1993; 31 years ago (1993-02-23)
Service branches Ground Forces
Air Force
Mobile Forces
Security Forces
 ∟ National Guard
 ∟ Internal Troops
 ∟ Border Troops
HeadquartersDushanbe
Leadership
Supreme Commander-in-Chief Emomali Rahmon
Minister of Defense Colonel-General Sherali Mirzo
Chief of the General Staff Lieutenant-General Emomali Sobirzoda
Personnel
Conscription18 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation – 2 years
Available for
military service		1,556,415 males, age 15–49 (2005 est.),
1,568,780 females, age 15–49 (2005 est.)
Fit for
military service		1,244,941 males, age 15–49 (2005 est.),
1,297,891 females, age 15–49 (2005 est.)
Reaching military
age annually		87,846 males (2005 est.),
85,869 females (2005 est.)
Active personnel9500
Reserve personnel0
Expenditure
Budget$79,000,000
Percent of GDP3.9 (2005 est.)
Industry
Foreign suppliersCurrent:
 Russia
 China
 Ukraine
 France
 India
 Iran
Related articles
History
RanksMilitary ranks of Tajikistan

The Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan (Template:Lang-ru; Template:Lang-tg), also known as the Tajik National Army (Template:Lang-ru; Template:Lang-tg) is the national military of the Republic of Tajikistan. It consists of Ground Forces, Mobile Forces, and the Air Force, with closely affiliated forces including the national guard, border and internal troops.

History

Background

Unlike the other former Soviet states of Central Asia, Tajikistan did not form armed forces based upon former Soviet units on its territory. Instead, the Russian Ministry of Defence took control of the Dushanbe-based 201st Motor Rifle Division. Control simply shifted from the former district headquarters in Tashkent, which was in now-independent Uzbekistan, to Moscow. Also present in Tajikistan was a large contingent of Soviet border guards, which transitioned into a Russian-officered force with Tajik conscripts. For a long period a CIS peacekeeping force, built around the 201st MRD, were in place in the country.

Establishment and the Civil War

On 18 December 1992, the Chairman of the Supreme Council of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon signed the Resolution "On the Establishment of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan" on the basis of the Popular Front and the forces supporting the constitutional government.[1] The Popular Front sported paramilitary formations who were armed by former President Rahmon Nabiyev.[2] On 23 February 1993, in the center of Dushanbe, the first military parade of militants of the Popular Front was held, which has since been considered the day the military formed.[3] Due to the presence of Russian forces in the country and the Tajikistani Civil War, Tajikistan only formally legalised the existence of its armed forces in April 1994.[4] During the 1990s, the armed forces were often suffered from a poor commanded structure and poor discipline while their equipment was under-maintained. Draft-dodging and desertion was commonplace. Reflecting the fragmented militia group origin of the army's units, in late 1995 the 1st (led by Mahmud Khudoiberdiyev) and 11th Brigades (led by Faizali Saidov[5]) of the Army exchanged fire several times, and fighting again broke out between the Army Rapid Reaction Brigade (formerly the Mahmud Brigade) and the Presidential Guard in June 1996. Colonel Khudoiberdiev, commander of the Rapid Reaction Brigade was relieved of his command as a result.[6]     

Post-war to present

Following a 1997 treaty between the Rahmon government and the United Tajik Opposition,[7] several UTO units became part of the National Army, becoming some of its most experienced units. Popular Front units also were incorporated into the Tajik regular army, although many units, such as the First Brigade, maintained its autonomy.[8] Russian military advisors formed a committee in the Ministry of Defense that year that established a system of operational training throughout the armed forces.[9]

In 1999, the first military exercises of the Armed Forces were held in the Khatlon Garrison.[10] In 2001, military regulations were introduced.[11] In October 2005, a military doctrine was also introduced.[12]

In September 2013, the Russian government has given the Tajik military $200 million worth of weapons and hardware, in return for letting them continue to use the 201st base. In late April 2021, forces of the military fought the Kyrgyz military on the Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan border near Kök-Tash, utilizing heavy artillery.[13] The Kyrgyz Prosecutor General's Office on 30 April accused the Tajik Armed Forces of invading the country and seizing their sovereign territory.[14]

In July, the Tajik military held its largest training exercise in response to the Taliban offensive coming near their borders.[15]

It is reported by Russian Ambassador to Tajikistan Igor Lyakin-Frolov that at the end of 2021, large-scale supplies of Russian military hardware, equipment, weapons and munitions were made to Tajikistan.[16]

Overview

Chief of Staff Emomali Sobirzoda

Command

Main article: Ministry of Defence (Tajikistan)

The Security Council advises the President of Tajikistan on matters of national security. As Supreme Commander-in-Chief, the President of Tajikistan is entitled to use the Center for the Management of the Armed Forces (opened on National Army Day in 2018), which would serve as the main military command center for the president, similarly to the Russian Armed Forces National Defense Management Center.[17]

The main body of operational command and control of troops is the General Staff, which is responsible for developing mobilization plans and proposals on the military doctrine of the Republic. The plan for the deployment of troops is also developed by the General Staff in agreement with the Government.[18]

Personnel

Military education

Members of the corps of drums of the military lyceum.

Russia provided much support toward the creation of the national army, and trained command and engineer personnel. An institute of higher military education was created in Tajikistan. Despite the large budget and the adequate training of personnel, the national army was still far from a professional service. Currently, over 100 Tajik military cadets have undergone training at National Defense Academy and the Indian Military Academy in India.[19] Tajiks also study in Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, China, Pakistan, and the Czech Republic to study, retrain, and improve their professional skills.[20]

The following are higher military educational institutions that are part of the Ministry of Defence and/or other militarized institutions:

Military faculties operate in the armed forces:

The following is for mid-tier officers:

Secondary institutions:

Personnel training and conscription

Tajik men aged 18–27 are eligible to be drafted in the armed forces, and are expected to serve up to two years. Public servants such as educators have been exempt from the conscription since the early 2000s.[26] The Armed Forces annually has two training sessions.[27]

Regional areas

The National Army has five Territorial Defense Zones (Template:Lang-tg), divided among the Regions of Tajikistan and Dushanbe:

They are led by their elected governors.

Facilities

  • Fakhrabad Training Ground
  • Chorrukh-Dayron Training Center
  • Nurafshon Training Ground[28] (near the city of Isfara and the Sughd suburbs)[29]
  • Mumirak Military Base

Military Justice

Military courts are run by the Ministry of Defense and the National Guard. They are established on a territorial basis at the location of garrisons. Their activity is aimed at protecting the rights and freedoms of servicemen, as well as the interests of military units. A military court consists of the chairman, deputy chairman, judges and people's deputies.[30]

Military awards

  • Medal of the Valiant Border Guard of Tajikistan
  • Medal "For 15 years of Impeccable Service"
  • Medal "5 years of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan"[31]
  • Medal "10 years of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan"
  • Medal "15 years of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan"
  • Medal "5 Years of the Presidential Guard"
  • Medal "10 Years of the Tajik Armed Forces
    Medal "10 Years of the Tajik Armed Forces
  • Medal "15 Years of the Tajik Armed Forces
    Medal "15 Years of the Tajik Armed Forces
  • Medal "5 Years of the Tajik Armed Forces
    Medal "5 Years of the Tajik Armed Forces

Branches

Army

Main article: Tajik Ground Forces
Tajik National Army members

During the Tajik civil war (1992–1993), the Russian government had around 22,000 to 25,000 troops stationed in Tajikistan to help the regime as part of a defense agreement, which is why the Tajik government was able to survive the war. The war was often thought to have been started by Islamic fundamentalists, but more accurately, it was a war between the regional clans and ethnic groups.

By the mid-1990s, the National Army numbered to around 3,000. The majority of the officer corps were Russian, mostly veterans of the war in Afghanistan. The Ministry of Defense of Russia continued providing material support for the National Army. It was especially difficult for the Army to create its own military force due to the fact that many Tajiks preferred to serve in the Russian Army, due to the higher pay. Because of military opposition in the country, the regime had the largest military buildup in the Central Asian region. As of 1997, Tajikistan had two motorized rifle brigades (one of them is a training brigade), a special operations brigade and detachment (all primarily intended for the protection of the ruling regime), and a combined aviation squadron. Tajikistan further had a basic set of units and sub-units that provide operational, technical, and logistic support.

Contingent from the Tajik military during the Moscow Victory Day Parade, 9 May 2015

The Tajikistan army in 2007 had two motorized rifle brigades, one mountain brigade, one artillery brigade, one airborne assault brigade, one airborne assault detachment, and one surface-to-air missile regiment.

Air Force

Main article: Tajik Air Force

Throughout the 1990s, the military did not have an air force and relied on the Russian Air Force for air defense, however, the government planned on making one aviation squadron. In 2007, the Air Force had 800 troops and 12 helicopters. The organizational structure of the Air Force is unknown. Tajik airspace is patrolled by the Russian Air Force.

The Tajik Air Force remains small as Dushanbe doesn't expect an attack on Tajikistan from the air, and that Russian Air Force units at Gissar in Tajikistan and other such Russian contingents in Kazakhstan would detect any such assault. Tajikistan is also patrolled by Russian aircraft as part of the Joint CIS Air Defense System. The air force is mostly used for search and rescue missions, transportation, and the occasional attack on militant groups.

For funding, the government relied upon modest foreign funds. In February 2013, a 20th anniversary parade occurred in Dushanbe, celebrating the creation of the armed forces. During the parade, 20 helicopters flew over the city. India made a deal in which the Tajik and Russian Air Forces share an air base. The base is commanded jointly by Indian, Tajik, and Russian personnel, who rotate units there periodically.[32]

Because of the civil war, air force development was slow. The first equipment to arrive was 10 MI-8MTBs and 5 MI-24 in 1993 based at Dushanbe. The first transport aircraft were AN-24s(?) and AN-26s(?) were supplied in 1996. A plan from the 1990s to acquire SU-25s from Belarus to form an attack squadron did not occur. However, Moscow did help bolster the Tajik's helicopter contingents in 2006–07 by giving them six Mil Mi-8 and Mil Mi-24 Hind attack helicopters. It also provided four L-39 Albatros.

An accident occurred on 6 October 2010 when a Mi-8, military helicopter from the Tajik National Guard crashed in the Rasht Valley[33] close to Ezgand and Tavildara. The helicopter got caught in some power lines while attempting to land. The helicopter caught fire and crashed without survivors. This is the deadliest accident in Tajik aviation since 1997.

Mobile Forces

Main article: Tajik Mobile Forces

The Mobile Forces are the airborne troops of the armed forces. Similar to the Russian Airborne Troops, whom they perform training with, the Mobile Forces were created with no increase in military personnel by transferring a unit of the National Army. Although they are called paratroopers, the Mobile Forces often deploy out of helicopters, as the Tajik Air Force has few planes. On 4 August 2007, the Ministry of Defence created a Paratroopers' Day to celebrate the Mobile Forces.

Security Forces

National Guard

Main article: Presidential National Guard
A National Guardsmen.

The Tajik National Guard is a special task force under direct command of the President of Tajikistan. Formed on 4 December 1992, it was originally a special forces unit known as the Brigade of Special Mission during the 16th session of the Supreme Council of Tajikistan, under the Tajik Interior Ministry. During its first years, the Guard underwent serious testing, which earned the trust of the President and the people. It was the reason why the President changed it from the Special Mission to the Presidential National Guard.

Their primary task is ensuring public safety and security. Within two years, four additional units were formed in the towns of Chkalovsk, Kalinin, and Obigarm. They had a similar structure to the rest of the military. Worthy of note is the honesty that the National Guard has exhibited. The Rapid Reaction Force, also called the First Brigade, under Colonel Mahmud Khudoiberdiyev, took part in the Tajik civil war, as part of the Guard and the regular Army. The colonel and his men fled into Uzbekistan. On 26 January 2004, the Presidential Guard was transformed into the National Guard.[34]

Border Troops

Main article: Tajik Border Troops

The Border Troops of Tajikistan are responsible for border security and operate often with the Afghan Border Police. Development of the border guard is overseen by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe.[35] A Border Troops Academy is located in Dushanbe, while a Border Troops Training Centre is found to the south in the Rudaki District.[36] In 2011, the Border Troops, along with the National Army and Mobile Forces, took part in a joint war game with Kyrgyzstan on the Kyrgyz-Tajik border. The operation involved eliminating two attacking groups of terrorists.[37]

Internal Troops

Main article: Tajik Internal Troops

The Internal Troops, whose constituting document was passed on 28 December 1993, are tasked with state security, operating under the Interior Ministry. The also act as a reserve for the military, and are similar to the National Guard. They have a similar structure to the military.[38][39]

Committee of Emergency Situations and Civil Defense

A border guard.

The Committee of Emergency Situations and Civil Defense is the emergencies and civil defense ministry of Tajikistan. The ministry is authorized to make decisions on the protection of the Tajik population/territory from natural disasters and other geological processes.

National Drug Enforcement Agency

Main article: National Drug Enforcement Agency

Equipment[40]

A Tajik army tankist.
Name Origin Type In service Notes
Main battle tanks
T-72B1  Soviet Union Main battle tank 3 T-72B lacking the ability to fire ATGM's, and equipped with T-72A's optics.
T-72  Soviet Union Main battle tank 30
T-62  Soviet Union 7
Armoured fighting vehicles
BTR-60  Soviet Union Amphibious armoured personnel carrier
BTR-70  Soviet Union Amphibious armoured personnel carrier Tajikistan operates a mix of BTR-60, BTR-70, and BTR-80. Number of vehicles totals 23.
BTR-80  Soviet Union Amphibious armoured personnel carrier
VP11[41]  China Armoured personnel carrier 13
CS/VN3[42]  China Armoured personnel carrier 8
BMP-1  Soviet Union Infantry fighting vehicle 8
BMP-2  Soviet Union Infantry fighting vehicle 15
BRDM-2M  Soviet Union Reconnaissance vehicle 10
Artillery
2S1 Gvozdika  Soviet Union Self propelled artillery 3
D-30 122mm howitzer  Soviet Union Towed howitzer 13
Multiple rocket launchers
BM-21 Grad  Soviet Union Multiple launch rocket system 15
Mortars
PM-38 120mm  Soviet Union Mortar 10
SP 82mm CS/SS4  China Mortar 10+

Surface to air missiles

S-125 Pechora-2M (SA-26)  Soviet Union Surface to air missile
S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline)  Soviet Union Surface to air missile
9K32 Strela-2 (SA-7 Grail)  Soviet Union MANPADS
Anti-aircraft guns
ZU-23M1 towed AAG  Soviet Union Anti-aircraft gun
Light equipment
Makarov PM  Soviet Union Pistol
TT-33  Soviet Union Pistol
AK-74  Soviet Union Assualt Rifle
AKM  Soviet Union Assualt Rifle
Type 56  China Assualt Rifle
AK-47  Soviet Union Assualt Rifle
RPK  Soviet Union Light machine gun
PKM  Soviet Union Light machine gun
NSV  Soviet Union Heavy machine gun
DShK  Soviet Union Heavy machine gun
Dragunov SVD  Soviet Union Sniper rifle
RPG-7  Soviet Union Rocket propelled grenade
RPG-18  Soviet Union Rocket propelled grenade
SPG-9  Soviet Union Recoilless rifle
Type 81  China Assualt rifle
LR2 12.7 mm[43]  China Anti‐materiel rifle

Foreign forces

Outside the Tajik military, there are also significant foreign forces in the country, principally the Russian 201st Military Base of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. As of 2021, 5000 Russian troops are deployed at 201st Military Base. Stationed at the base are 40 T-72B1, 60 BMP-2, 80 BTR-82A, 40 MT-LB, 18 2S1 Gvozdika, 36 2S3 Akatsiya, 6 2S12 Sani, and 12 9P140 Uragan. A helicopter squadron consisting of 4 Mi-24P Hind, 4 Mi-8MTV Hip, and 2 Mi-8MTV-5-1 Hip is stationed at the base as well. Another country with a military presence in Tajikistan is France, which formerly the Operational Transport Group of the French Air Force. It was designed to provide support to the French contingent in Afghanistan. The base was operated since 2002. In 2005, two French military transport aircraft and about 150 technicians/soldiers were deployed at the Dushanbe International Airport.[44] France used the space free of charge as a result of a bilateral cooperation agreement signed by Presidents Rahmon and Nicolas Sarkozy.[45] The contingent began to pull out in April 2013.[46]

In 2010, India took part in a multimillion-dollar renovation of the Soviet-era Ayni Air Base near the Tajik capital. The completion of the renovation work at the base was marked by a military parade and a visit by President Rahmon.[47] Farkhor Air Base is directly operated by the Indian Air Force. It is the first military base outside its territory.[48] In 2003, Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf raised concerns to the Tajik government over the fact that Indian planes coming from the base would be able reach the border with Pakistan within minutes.[49] The United States government has decided that after ISAF troops pull out of Afghanistan, tens of millions of dollars worth of equipment will be given to the army of Tajikistan, due to the fact that the Afghan National Army has ties to the Taliban and is not stable.[50]

Tajik-Pakistan military cooperation began in 2009.[51]

See also

  1. ^ "Ба ғайрату матонат, далериву шуҷоат ва ҳисси баланди миллии афсарону сарбозони бонангу номуси Ватан бовар дорем ва аз онҳо ифтихор мекунем". tajmedun.tj. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  2. ^ "Tajikistan: President Meets With Popular Front Commanders". 12 October 2017. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  3. ^ "GFP: Таджикистан до сих пор не имеет военных самолетов".
  4. ^ Jane's World Armies 2004
  5. ^ "ГИРЕҲ ДАР ГУЛӮ". kamolov.tj (in Russian). Retrieved 5 May 2021.
  6. ^ "Война и мир / Таджикский след". kommersant.ru (in Russian). 28 January 1997. Retrieved 14 May 2021.
  7. ^ John Pike. "Tajikistan- Army". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  8. ^ "Tajikistan: Who Is The Man Who Brought Renewed Turmoil?". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 9 May 2021.
  9. ^ "THE ARMY IN TAJIKISTAN: TEN YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE". cacianalyst.org. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  10. ^ "Ба ғайрату матонат, далериву шуҷоат ва ҳисси баланди миллии афсарону сарбозони бонангу номуси Ватан бовар дорем ва аз онҳо ифтихор мекунем".
  11. ^ "Постановление Маджлиси намояндагон Маджлиси Оли Республики Таджикистан от 6 июня 2001 года, № 311 "Об утверждении Строевого устава Вооруженных Сил Республики Таджикистан"". adlia.tj. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  12. ^ "Постановление Маджлиси намояндагон Маджлиси Оли Республики Таджикистан от 3 октября 2005 года № 103 "Об утверждении Военной доктрины Республики Таджикистан"". adlia.tj. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
  13. ^ "Tempers flaring as Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan come to deadly blows | Eurasianet". eurasianet.org. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
  14. ^ "Генпрокуратура: Военные РТ вторглись в Кыргызстан с целью захвата территории". kaktus.media.
  15. ^ "Afghan neighbour Tajikistan holds largest ever military exercise". Reuters. 22 July 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
  16. ^ https://tass.com/defense/1394789 [bare URL]
  17. ^ "Error".
  18. ^ http://ncz.tj/system/files/Legislation/316_ru.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  19. ^ "Tajik, Indian defense ministers hold talks in Moscow to discuss boosting defense cooperation | Tajikistan News ASIA-Plus".
  20. ^ "ШЕРАЛӢ МИРЗО: "ИСЛОҲОТИ ҲАРБӢ ДАР ҚУВВАҲОИ МУСАЛЛАҲИ МАМЛАКАТ ИДОМА ДОРАД". Вазири мудофиаи Тоҷикистон ба саволҳои хабарнигори АМИТ "Ховар" посух дод". Кумитаи меъморӣ ва сохтмони назди Ҳукумати Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  21. ^ "Кафедра военной подготовки – tnu" (in Russian). Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  22. ^ "США построят в Таджикистане военно-учебный центр".
  23. ^ "В Каратаге началось строительство Национального учебного центра Таджикистана". 7 July 2011.
  24. ^ "U.S. Allocates $10mln for construction of Tajik national military training center | Tajikistan News ASIA-Plus".
  25. ^ "Reuters". 25 June 2010.
  26. ^ "Tajik army faces criticism over draft campaign". BBC News. 23 November 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2021.
  27. ^ http://mort.tj/1-%d1%83%d0%bc%d0%b8-%d0%b8%d1%8e%d0%bb-%d0%b4%d0%b0%d0%b2%d1%80%d0%b8-%d0%b4%d1%83%d1%8e%d0%bc%d0%b8-%d1%82%d0%b0%d2%b3%d1%81%d0%b8%d0%bb-%d0%b4%d0%b0%d1%80-%d2%9b%d1%83%d0%b2%d0%b2%d0%b0%d2%b3%d0%be/
  28. ^ Mail.ru, Новости (10 March 2020). "В Таджикистан прибыла рота спецназа из Узбекистана". Новости Mail.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  29. ^ "Нерӯҳои заминии вазорати дифоъи Тоҷикистон размоиши барномарезишударо анҷом медиҳанд". tajikta.tj (in Tajik). Retrieved 1 May 2021.
  30. ^ http://harbidushanbe.sud.tj/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Sudi-harbi.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  31. ^ "Положение о юбилейной медали "5-лет Вооруженных Сил Республики Таджикистан" от 18 февраля 1998 года № 935". adlia.tj. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  32. ^ John Pike. "Tajikistan- Air Force". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  33. ^ Richard Kebabjian. "Accident Details". PlaneCrashInfo.com. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  34. ^ John Pike. "Tajikistan – National Guard". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  35. ^ "Afghan and Tajik border guards complete patrol management course". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  36. ^ "OSCE". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  37. ^ John Pike. "Tajikistan - References". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  38. ^ "The law of the Republic of Tajikistan "About internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan"". Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  39. ^ "10 апрел – Рӯзи таъсиси Раёсати қӯшунҳои дохилии Вазорати корҳои дохилӣ". EUCTJ (in Tajik). 10 April 2020. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
  40. ^ The Military Balance 2021. Routledge. February 2021. p. 206.
  41. ^ "Tajikistan parades newly acquired Chinese-made equipment". Janes.com. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  42. ^ "Tajikistan parades newly acquired Chinese-made equipment". Janes.com. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  43. ^ "Tajikistan parades newly acquired Chinese-made equipment". Janes.com. Retrieved 17 July 2022.
  44. ^ "France Discusses Continued Military Presence in Tajikistan".
  45. ^ "Tajikistan: French Air Detachment in Dushanbe Quietly Carries Out Afghan Mission | Eurasianet".
  46. ^ "French Military Begins Withdrawal from Tajikistan | Eurasianet".
  47. ^ "Tajik Military Air Base Completed with Indian Help".
  48. ^ "India to station MiG-29 fighter-bombers at Tajikistan base". The Tribune. 22 April 2006. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
  49. ^ "India to base planes in Tajikistan". The Tribune. 15 November 2003. Retrieved 1 February 2012.
  50. ^ John Pike. "Tajikistan- Army". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  51. ^ http://mort.tj/%d1%81%d0%b0%d1%84%d0%b0%d1%80%d0%b8-%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%81%d0%bc%d0%b8%d0%b8-%d0%b2%d0%b0%d0%b7%d0%b8%d1%80%d0%b8-%d0%bc%d1%83%d0%b4%d0%be%d1%84%d0%b8%d0%b0-%d2%b7%d1%83%d0%bc%d2%b3%d1%83%d1%80%d0%b8/
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Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook (2024 ed.). CIA. (Archived 2007 edition.)


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