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Paul Craig Roberts

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Paul Craig Roberts
Paul Craig Roberts on RT America
United States Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Economic Policy
PresidentRonald Reagan
Preceded byCurtis A. Hessler
Succeeded byManuel H. Johnson
Personal details
Born (1939-04-03) April 3, 1939 (age 85)
Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.
EducationPh.D., Economics
University of Virginia
B.S., Industrial Management
Georgia Institute of Technology
OccupationEconomist, Author
Awards Legion of Honour
Websitehttps://www.paulcraigroberts.org/

Paul Craig Roberts (born April 3, 1939) is an American economist, author and former civil servant. His numerous and incisive articles on political-economy are widely-read and distributed across the web earning Dr. Roberts a position as one of the most-respected voices in alternate-media[1] He is a promoter of supply-side economics and an opponent of recent U.S. foreign policy.

Roberts received a doctorate from the University of Virginia where he studied under G. Warren Nutter. He worked as an analyst and adviser at the United States Congress where he was credited as the primary author of the original draft of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981. He reached the height of his government career when he became the United States Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Economic Policy under President Reagan in 1981.[2] Tighter monetary policy was used to restrain inflation, in addition lower marginal tax rates were used to increase the rewards to work and investment [3]. In reconition he was awarded the US Treasury’s Meritorious Service Award for “outstanding contributions to the formulation of United States economic policy”[4]. After leaving government service he held the William E. Simon chair in economics at the Center for Strategic and International Studies for ten years and served on several corporate boards. A former associate editor at The Wall Street Journal, his articles have also appeared in The New York Times and Harper's, and he is the author of more than a dozen books and a number of peer-reviewed papers.

Roberts was a strong critic of the Bush (and later Obama) administrations handling of the War on Terror also opposing the War on Drugs. A strong critic of neoliberalism, US Oligarchy and the financialization of the economy, his articles have exposed the negative effects of jobs offshoring, economic deregulation, privatisation of social services, Wall-street Finance Fraud and lax enforcement of environmental protection laws[5].He has been a vocal opponent of taxing social-security payments, holding that this amounts to a "tax on a tax" or privatising social-security believing this would create and opportunity for speculators to play with and lose the hard earned savings of retirees[6]

A supporter of the human-rights of the population of Occupied-Palestine, he has criticized Israel’s policies and harsh actions against the Palestinians[7] as well as speaking out aginst the Israel Lobby's malign influence within US politics and academia [8]

Early life and education

Paul Craig Roberts III was born in Atlanta, Georgia on April 3, 1939,[9] to Paul Craig Roberts and Ellen Roberts (née Dryman).[10]

Roberts received a Bachelor of Science degree in industrial management from the Georgia Institute of Technology where he was initiated into the Phi Delta Theta fraternity.[9][11] After university, in 1961, he was awarded a Lisle Fellowship to undertake a tour of the Soviet Union.[9][11] According to a later profile of Roberts in The New York Times, his experience watching a queue for meat in Tashkent led to him becoming "born again" as an adherent of supply side economics.[9]

Upon his return to the United States, Roberts enrolled in graduate courses at the University of California Berkeley and Stanford University, before earning a Ph.D. in economics from the University of Virginia where he studied as a Thomas Jefferson Scholar.[9][11] His dissertation, prepared under the supervision of G. Warren Nutter, was titled An Administrative Analysis of Oskar Lange's Theory of Socialist Planning and evolved what Roberts described as "seminal but neglected" ideas set-out by Michael Polanyi in his 1951 text The Logic of Liberty.[12][13]

On completion of his doctoral studies, Roberts spent a year on a research fellowship at the University of Oxford, where he was a member of Merton College.[9][14]

Career

Early career

Roberts began his career with teaching assignments at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, the University of New Mexico, Stanford University, and Tulane University.[9] He was a professor of business administration and professor of economics at George Mason University and was the inaugural William E. Simon Chair in Political Economy at Georgetown University, serving for 12 years. While a visiting professor at Georgetown University, he was hired as economics counsel to United States Congressman Jack Kemp, later also serving as economics counsel to United States Senator Orrin Hatch, as staff associate with the Defense Appropriations Subcommittee, and as chief economist with the minority staff of the United States House of Representatives Committee on the Budget.[9][14] He has been credited as the primary author of the original draft of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981.[15]

During this time, he also contributed columns to Harper's and The New York Times and served as associate editor of The Wall Street Journal's opinion page.[9][14][16]

Later career

In December 1980, along with Alan Greenspan and Herbert Stein, Roberts was one of the three speakers at the two-day National Forum on Jobs, Money and People at the Innisbrook Resort and Golf Club in Palm Harbor, Florida.[17] Two months later, in 1981, he was appointed by President of the United States Ronald Reagan as Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Economic Policy.[14] As Assistant Treasury Secretary he was a driver behind the economic policy of the first term of the Reagan administration and was lauded as the "economic conscience of Ronald Reagan".[18] Nonetheless, his singular zealousness for supply-side economics provoked ire in some quarters within the government, with Larry Kudlow – then an official in the Office of Management and Budget – saying that "Craig saw himself as the keeper of the Reagan flame. Only Craig knew what was right. No one else knew what was right".[9] Roberts' concern about U.S. budget deficits led him into conflict with other Reagan-era officials such as Martin Feldstein and David Stockman.[9]

Roberts resigned in February 1982 to return to academia.[9][19] He was a senior research fellow at the Hoover Institution, from 1983 to 1993 was the William E. Simon Chair in Political Economy at the Center for Strategic and International Studies and, from 1993 to 1996, a distinguished fellow at the Cato Institute.[20][21][22]

From 1983 to 2019, Roberts served as a board director of nine different Value Line investment funds.[23] Between 1992 and 2006 he sat on the board of directors of A. Schulman and, according to the company, was its longest-serving independent director at the time of his retirement.[24]

Post-retirement writing and media

In the 2000s, Roberts wrote columns for Creators Syndicate.[25] Later, he contributed to CounterPunch, becoming one of its most popular writers.[26] He has been a regular guest on programs broadcast by RT (formerly known as Russia Today).[27] As of 2008, he was part of the editorial collective of the far right website VDARE.[28] He has been funded by the Unz Foundation and he contributes to the Unz Review.[29] His writings are published by Veterans Today, InfoWars, PressTV and GlobalResearch, and he is frequently a guest on the podcasts, radio shows and video channels of the Council of Conservative Citizens, Max Keiser and 9/11 truther Kevin Barrett.[27] His own website publishes the work of Israel Shamir and Diana Johnstone.[27]

Work

Views

Economic policy

Roberts' commitment to supply-side economics has been a dominant feature of his career.[30] Writing in 1984, Thomas B. Silver said that adherents of supply-side economics had "no more formidable advocate in their ranks" than Roberts.[30] However, Roberts has expressed skepticism at the ability of government to lower taxes and decrease regulation, positing that the personal political ambition of officeholders tends to promote meddling in the economy, a criticism he has directed even at the former Reagan administration of which he was a part.[30]

Ron Hira of the Economic Policy Institute has described Roberts as one of the first prominent economists to "break from the orthodoxy" by opposing offshoring; Roberts believes that the practice is "lethal for America's future".[31] According to him, "a country that doesn't make anything doesn’t need a financial sector as there is nothing to finance".[32] In 2004, Paul Blustein in the Washington Post described him as heretical in relation to mainstream US economics for challenging the positive impact of free trade.[33]

Roberts is also a critic of the Federal Reserve System and central banking in general.[34][27]

Society and culture

According to Roberts, "the West in general suffers from an excess of skepticism about its own values and accomplishments. We're being gobbled up by nihilism, itself the product of unbridled skepticism. It's hard to anchor on to the verities anymore".[9] He has expressed his opposition to Affirmative Action policies and dismissed the existence of white male privilege.[35] In an opinion column for Scripps Howard News Service in 1997, Roberts opposed gender integration aboard U.S. Navy vessels, opining that gender integration would destroy the "ethos of comradeship" which, in his view, motivated wartime sacrifice more than "abstract concepts such as honor and country".[36]

In The New Color Line (1995), Roberts and co-author Lawrence M. Stratton argue that the Civil Rights Act was subverted by the bureaucrats who applied it.[37][38][39]

He believes the US is a police state.[27]

Drug policy

Writing in 1995, Roberts expressed skepticism at the war on drugs, saying that it "perfectly illustrates the maxim 'the road to hell is paved with good intentions'."[40] In The Tyranny of Good Intentions (2000), Roberts and co-author Lawrence Stratton argued that the opposition of some American conservatives to drug-policy reform was an example of "the right's myopia".[41]

Foreign policy

He is a strong opponent of neoconservatism, saying, "the neocons are the worst thing that ever happened to the United States. (They’re) really the scum of the earth… They should all be picked up and shipped out of the country. They all belong in Israel. That’s where they should be. Pick ’em up, ship ’em to Israel, revoke their passports."[27]

Roberts has stated his opposition to United States involvement in the post-2001 War in Afghanistan and to the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[42] According to Roberts, "the Bush regime’s response to 9/11 and the Obama regime’s validation of this response have destroyed accountable, democratic government in the United States".[26] He believes the US is a puppet government of Israel.[27]

He supports Russian president Vladimir Putin, blames Euromaidan and the Syria civil war on a neocon plot, and argues that human rights NGOs working in Russia are part of a “US fifth column” working to undermine its government.[27]

Charges of conspiracy theorizing and antisemitism

Writing in USA Today, Darrell Delamaide has described Roberts as a "conspiracy theorist",[34] a charge echoed by Luke Brinker of Salon, and Michael C. Moynihan of The Daily Beast, who has also described him as partaking in "Putin worship".[43][44] Roberts has rejected the label and, in turn, described Jonathan Chait and Amy Knight as conspiracy theorists.[45]

The Anti-Defamation League describes Roberts as antisemitic:

Paul Craig Roberts [is] an anti-Semitic syndicated columnist... Since 2007, Roberts’ columns have increasingly focused on criticism of Israel and Jews and often conjure up anti-Semitic canards, making them popular with fringe publications on both the left and the right. Like many other contemporary anti-Semites, Roberts frames his anti-Semitism as criticism of Israel and the country’s supporters. His published views, however, go far beyond any criticism of Israel’s policies, regularly charging Israeli or Jewish control of the U.S. government and media and comparing Israel to the Nazi regime.[29]

In 2003, the Southern Poverty Law Centre wrote that Roberts was a key figure in the mainstreaming of the antisemitic "cultural Marxism" conspiracy theory.[46] In 2016, antisemitism researchers Manfred Gerstenfeld and Leah Hagelberg wrote about him sharing antisemitic conspiracy theory material about Israel creating ISIL.[47]

Roberts has described himself as a "9/11 skeptic" and spoken at 9/11 Truth movement events.[42][48][49][27] Regarding the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Roberts has written that "all evidence pointed to a plot by the Joint Chiefs, CIA, and Secret Service whose right-wing leaders had concluded that President Kennedy was too 'soft on communism'".[50] He has also stated that the Charlie Hebdo shooting has many of the characteristics of a false flag operation" motivated in part “to stifle the growing European sympathy for the Palestinians and to realign Europe with Israel”.[48][51] The Washington Post noted that in 2014 Roberts speculated on his blog that Ebola originated as a US bioweapon and this was picked up by North Korea's state media.[52]

Views on World War II and the Holocaust

In 2019, Roberts wrote in support of the views of Holocaust denier David Irving, asserting that "Irving, without any doubt the best historian of the European part of World War II, learned at his great expense that challenging myths does not go unpunished... I will avoid the story of how this came to be, but, yes, you guessed it, it was the Zionists".[53] Roberts added that "No German plans, or orders from Hitler, or from Himmler or anyone else have ever been found for an organized holocaust by gas and cremation of Jews... The "death camps" were in fact work camps. Auschwitz, for example, today a Holocaust museum, was the site of Germany's essential artificial rubber factory. Germany was desperate for a work force."[53]

Personal life

Roberts' wife, Linda, was born in the United Kingdom and professionally trained in ballet.[9] The couple met while he was at the University of Oxford.[9]

Honors and recognition

In 1981, Roberts was decorated with the United States Treasury Meritorious Service Award for "outstanding contributions to the formulation of United States economic policy".[21]

In 1987, he was invested into the French Legion of Honour at the rank of chevalier (knight) for his services to economics.[18][54][55]

In 2015, Roberts received the International Journalism Award for Political Analysis from Club de Periodistas de Mexico.[56]

In 2017, Roberts received the Lifetime Achievement Award from Marquis Who's Who.[57]

Works

Books

  • Alienation and the Soviet Economy: Toward a General Theory of Marxian Alienation, Organizational Principles, and the Soviet Economy (University of New Mexico Press, 1971) ISBN 0826302084
  • Marx's Theory of Exchange, Alienation, and Crisis (Hoover Institution Press, 1973; 1983) ISBN 0817933611 (Spanish language edition: 1974)
  • The Supply Side Revolution: An Insider's Account of Policymaking in Washington (Harvard University Press, 1984) ISBN 0674856201 (Chinese language edition: 2012)
  • Warren Nutter, an Economist for All Time (American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1984) ISBN 0844713694
  • Meltdown: Inside the Soviet Economy (Cato Institute, 1990) ISBN 0932790801
  • The Capitalist Revolution in Latin America (Oxford University Press, 1997) ISBN 0195111761 (Spanish language edition: 1999)
  • Alienation and the Soviet Economy: The Collapse of the Socialist Era (Independent Institute, 1999: 2nd edition) ISBN 094599964X
  • The New Color Line: How Quotas and Privilege Destroy Democracy (Regnery Publishing, 1997) ISBN 0895264234
  • The Tyranny of Good Intentions: How Prosecutors and Bureaucrats Are Trampling the Constitution in the Name of Justice (2000) ISBN 076152553X (Broadway Books, 2008: new edition)
  • Chile: Dos Visiones La Era Allende-Pinochet (Universidad Andres Bello, 2000). Joint author: Karen LaFollette Araujo. Spanish language.
  • How the Economy Was Lost: The War of the Worlds (AK Press, 2010) ISBN 978-1849350075
  • Wirtschaft Am Abgrund: Der Zusammenbruch der Volkswirtschaften und das Scheitern der Globalisierung (Weltbuch Verlag GmbH, 2012) ISBN 978-3938706381. German language.
  • Chile: Dos Visiones, La era Allende-Pinochet (2000) ISBN 9562841340
  • The Failure of Laissez Faire Capitalism and Economic Dissolution of the West (Clarity Press, 2013) ISBN 0986036250
  • How America was Lost. From 9/11 to the Police/Warfare State (Clarity Press, 2014) ISBN 978-0986036293
  • The Neoconservative Threat to World Order: Washington's Perilous War for Hegemony (Clarity Press, 2015) ISBN 0986076996
  • Amerikas Krieg gegen die Welt... und gegen seine eigenen Ideale (Kopp Verlag, 2015) ISBN 386445221X

References

  1. ^ "10 Most Influential People in Alt-Media". Activist Post. 13 June 2011.
  2. ^ Reagan, Ronald. "Nomination of Paul Craig Roberts To Be an Assistant Secretary of the Treasury". The American Presidency Project.
  3. ^ http://www.paulcraigroberts.org/pages/books/supply-side-revolution-an-insiders-account-of-policymaking-in-washington/
  4. ^ www.paulcraigroberts.org/pages/about-paul-craig-roberts/‎
  5. ^ "The Social Costs Of Capitalism Are Destroying Earth's Ability To Support Life — Paul Craig Roberts".
  6. ^ Roberts, Paul Craig. "Consider the taxation of Social Security benefits". Retrieved 10 March 2016.
  7. ^ Robert, Paul Craig. "America's Shame". Paulcraigroberts.org. Retrieved 2015-12-30.
  8. ^ http://www.paulcraigroberts.org/2014/08/27/israel-lobby-eliminates-another-critic-paul-craig-roberts/
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Kilborn, Peter (March 6, 1984). "Gadfly Who Bites President on Supply Side". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 14, 2018. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  10. ^ "Miss Dryman Weds Paul C. Roberts". Atlanta Constitution. July 22, 1934. Archived from the original on January 19, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2019.(subscription required)
  11. ^ a b c "Atlanta Grad to Visit Soviet Union". Atlanta Constitution. June 30, 1961. Archived from the original on January 19, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2018.(subscription required)
  12. ^ Catalog of Copyright Entries. Third Series: 1968: January–June. Library of Congress. 1971. p. 952.
  13. ^ Roberts, Paul Craig (2014). How America Was Lost: From 9/11 to the Police/Welfare State. Atwell Publishing. p. 391. ISBN 978-0988406520.
  14. ^ a b c d "Nomination of Paul Craig Roberts To Be an Assistant Secretary of the Treasury". Ronald Reagan. University of California Santa Barbara. Archived from the original on August 26, 2018. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  15. ^ Reagan, Ronald (1982). Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: Ronald Reagan, 1981. p. 64. ISBN 978-1623769321.
  16. ^ "UD to Feature Economist". Irving Daily News. April 8, 1979. Archived from the original on January 15, 2019. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  17. ^ "Ex-officials to Talk at Innisbrook". Tampa Bay Times. United Press International. December 2, 1980. Archived from the original on January 23, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
  18. ^ a b "Fading French Socialism". Longview News-Journal. April 14, 1987. Archived from the original on January 14, 2019. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
  19. ^ Rowan, Hobart (July 8, 1982). "Even Administration is Looking for Alternatives to Reaganomics". Des Moines Register. Archived from the original on January 14, 2019. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
  20. ^ Stratton, Lawrence M. (August 1, 2001). "Paul Craig Roberts". hoover.org. Hoover Institution. Archived from the original on January 8, 2016. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
  21. ^ a b "About Paul Craig Roberts". creators.com. Creators Syndicate. Archived from the original on January 14, 2019. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
  22. ^ "Paul Craig Roberts". c-span.org. CSPAN. Archived from the original on January 14, 2019. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
  23. ^ "Executive Profile: Paul Craig Roberts". bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on January 22, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
  24. ^ "FORM 8-K November 7, 2006". aschulman.com. A. Schulman. Archived from the original on January 22, 2019. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
  25. ^ "Washington Murdered Privacy at Home and Abroad, by". 25 March 2010. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23.
  26. ^ a b Marmura, Stephen (2014). "Likely and Unlikely Stories: Conspiracy Theories in an Age of Propaganda". International Journal of Communication. 8: 2388. Archived from the original on 2018-05-03. Retrieved 2019-01-20.
  27. ^ a b c d e f g h i Holland, Adam (April 1, 2014). "Paul Craig Roberts: Truther as Patriot". The Interpreter. Archived from the original on January 20, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  28. ^ "VDARE". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  29. ^ a b "Ron Unz: Controversial Writer and Funder of Anti-israel Activists". Anti-Defamation League. 2014-01-20. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  30. ^ a b c Silver, Thomas (Fall 1984). "Counterrevolution". Claremont Review of Books. Archived from the original on January 19, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2019.
  31. ^ Hira, Ron (2005). Outsourcing America: What's Behind Our National Crisis and how We Can Reclaim American Jobs. American Management Association. p. 38. ISBN 978-0814408681.
  32. ^ Cockburn, Alexander (December 8, 2008). "Nail That Double Standard to the Mast!". The Nation. Archived from the original on January 19, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2019.
  33. ^ "Economist's Challenge Puzzles Free-Trade Believers". Washington Post. 2004-02-26. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  34. ^ a b Delamaide, Darrell (August 25, 2015). "Delamaide: Fed role murky amid market chaos". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 8, 2016. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
  35. ^ Roberts, Paul Craig (24 March 1995). "Second-class citizens". Atlanta Journal Constitution. Archived from the original on 19 January 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2019.
  36. ^ Roberts, Paul Craig (February 13, 1997). "Women in the Ranks Will Destroy the Military". The Missoulian. newspapers.com. Scripps Howard News Service. Archived from the original on January 19, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2019.
  37. ^ Rees, Matthew (October 26, 1995). "Rethinking civil rights (book review)". Wall Street Journal. ProQuest 398618340.
  38. ^ Jacoby, Tamar (November 19, 1995). "The Politics of Identity (book review)". The New York Times. ProQuest 109466614.
  39. ^ Naison, Mark (December 3, 1995). "Assessing Affirmative Action (book review)". Washington Post. ProQuest 904922559.
  40. ^ Roberts, Paul Craig (January 20, 1995). "End the Drug Prohibition". San Francisco Examiner. Archived from the original on January 20, 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2019.
  41. ^ Leverenz, Nikos A. (Fall 2001). "The Tyranny of Good Intentions (Review)". The Independent Review. 6 (2). Archived from the original on 2019-01-19. Retrieved 2019-01-19.
  42. ^ a b Froomkin, Dan (May 25, 2011). "A Reagan Republican Makes A Case Against The War – And His Own Party". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on November 8, 2015. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  43. ^ Brinker, Luke (January 17, 2015). "Ron Paul defends insane Charlie Hebdo conspiracy theory: I'm just trying "to get the truth out"!". Salon. Archived from the original on January 31, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  44. ^ Moynihan, Michael (October 11, 2014). "From ISIS to Ebola, What Has Made Naomi Wolf So Paranoid?". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on January 31, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  45. ^ Roberts, Paul Craig. "The View of Russia in the West". paulcraigroberts.org. Paul Craig Roberts (official website). Archived from the original on January 20, 2019. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  46. ^ "'Cultural Marxism' Catching On". Southern Poverty Law Center. 2003-08-15. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  47. ^ Gerstenfeld, Manfred; Hagelberg, Leah (2016-09-21). "Israel and ISIS, the genesis of a new antisemitic motif". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  48. ^ a b Welch, Matt (15 January 2015). "Ron Paul Institute Publishes a Charlie Hebdo 'False Flag' Piece". Reason. Archived from the original on December 3, 2018. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
  49. ^ "Charges Against We Are Change Leader Belie Group's Pacifist Image". Southern Poverty Law Center. 2010-09-01. Retrieved 2021-07-14. The roster for WAC's upcoming Sept. 9-12 9/11 conference in New York City reflects its continuing ability to attract A-list conspiracy theorists, while still bridging right and left. Speakers [include] Paul Craig Roberts, a right-wing columnist who writes for the racist VDARE.com website (named after the first English child born in America).
  50. ^ Roberts, Paul Craig. "9/11: Finally the Truth Comes Out?". paulcraigroberts.org. Paul Craig Roberts (official website). Archived from the original on 2019-01-20. Retrieved 2019-01-20.
  51. ^ "Anti-Semitic Conspiracies Continue In Aftermath Of Paris Attacks". Anti-Defamation League. January 16, 2015. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  52. ^ Taylor, Adam (2014-12-01). "North Korea says U.S. created the Ebola outbreak". Washington Post. Retrieved 2021-07-14.
  53. ^ a b The Lies About World War II By Paul Craig Roberts | May 15, 2019, Foreign Policy Journal
  54. ^ Rahul D. Manchanda, Dr. Paul Craig Roberts Is A Former Treasury Secretary Who Actually Cares, Modern Diplomacy. Retrieved December 16, 2018.
  55. ^ "Légion d'honneur". Le Spectacle du Monde. No. 300. November 1987.
  56. ^ Mena, Carolina (March 13, 2015). "Por su cobertura a los casos Ayotzinapa e IPN, el Club de Periodistas premia a La Jornada". La Jornada. Archived from the original on January 14, 2019. Retrieved January 13, 2018.
  57. ^ "Paul Craig Roberts (Grad '67)". virginia.edu. University of Virginia. Retrieved January 13, 2019.
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