President of Zimbabwe
| President of the Republic of Zimbabwe | |
|---|---|
 Presidential Standard | |
 | |
| Style | His Excellency (Formal, in international correspondence) Comrade President (Informal) |
| Residence | State House |
| Appointer | popular vote |
| Term length | 5 years, renewable once[1] |
| Inaugural holder | Canaan Banana |
| Formation | 18 April 1980 |
| Deputy | Vice-President of Zimbabwe |
| Salary | US$200,000 (2014)[2] |
| Website | www |
 |
|---|
The president of Zimbabwe is the head of state of Zimbabwe and head of the executive branch of the government of Zimbabwe. The president chairs the national cabinet and is the chief commanding authority of the Zimbabwe Defence Forces.
The incumbent president is Emmerson Mnangagwa, installed on 24 November 2017 after his predecessor, Robert Mugabe resigned in the aftermath of a 2017 coup d'état.
History of the office
The office of the president of Zimbabwe was established in 1980, when the country gained independence from the United Kingdom. Per the Lancaster House Agreement, Zimbabwe was originally a parliamentary republic, with the president serving in mostly a ceremonial role. Real power was vested in the prime minister, Robert Mugabe.
A Methodist minister, Canaan Banana, became the first president, serving until 1987. He resigned in 1987 shortly after the Constitution was amended to make the presidency an executive post, and the office of Prime Minister was abolished. Mugabe was appointed to succeed him, and was elected in his own right in 1990 and four more times thereafter.
The office of Prime Minister was restored as a result of the 2008–09 political negotiations, but abolished again following the 2013 constitutional referendum. Under the rules adopted by the same referendum, the president serves a maximum of two five-year terms.[1] This did not have a retroactive effect on past terms of office already served or currently being served as of 2013.[3]
2017 coup d'état and Mugabe's resignation
On 14 November 2017, armed military personnel from the Zimbabwe Defence Forces invaded the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation studios in Harare before Major General Sibusiso Moyo came out on a live television broadcast declaring that the army had activated an operation that would later be known as "Operation Restore Legacy." Moyo stated that President Mugabe and his family would be safe and their security would be guaranteed, as the operation was only targeting criminals around him. What followed thereafter was a well-planned and carefully executed crackdown on members of a faction within the ruling ZANU-PF party known as G40. The Zimbabwe Republic Police and the Central Intelligence Organisation, both deemed loyal to the president, were neutralised by the army, which arrested some of their top leaders.
On 21 November 2017, facing all-but certain impeachment from a combined session of the House of Assembly and Senate, Mugabe resigned as president. Former vice president Emmerson Mnangagwa was sworn in as his replacement on 24 November 2017.
List of presidents of Rhodesia
- Parties
- Symbols
Denotes Acting President
| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Term of office | Political party | Cabinet | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Duration | |||||
| Officer Administering the Government (1965–1970)[a] | |||||||
| – | Clifford Dupont (1905–1978) Acting | 17 November 1965[b] | 16 December 1965 | 29 days | RF | Smith | |
| – | Clifford Dupont (1905–1978) | 16 December 1965 | 2 March 1970 | 4 years, 76 days | RF | Cabinet | |
| President of the Republic of Rhodesia (1970–1979) | |||||||
| – | Clifford Dupont (1905–1978) Acting | 2 March 1970 | 16 April 1970 | 45 days | RF | Smith | |
| 1 | Clifford Dupont (1905–1978) | 16 April 1970 | 31 December 1975 (Resigned) | 5 years, 259 days | RF | Smith | |
| – | Henry Everard (1897–1980) Acting | 31 December 1975 | 14 January 1976 | 14 days | RF | Smith | |
| 2 | John Wrathall (1913–1978) | 14 January 1976 | 31 August 1978 † | 2 years, 229 days | RF | Smith | |
| – | Henry Everard (1897–1980) Acting | 31 August 1978 | 1 November 1978 | 62 days | RF | Smith | |
| – | Jack Pithey (1903–?) Acting | 1 November 1978 | 5 March 1979 | 124 days | RF | Transitional government | |
| – | Henry Everard (1897–1980) Acting | 5 March 1979 | 1 June 1979 | 88 days | RF | Transitional government | |
Zimbabwe Rhodesia (1979)
Under pressure from the international community to satisfy the civil rights movement by Blacks in Rhodesia, an "Internal Settlement" was drawn up between the Ian Smith administration of Rhodesia and moderate African nationalist parties not involved in armed resistance. Meanwhile, the government continued to battle armed resistance from both Soviet and Chinese backed Marxist liberation movements it referred to as "terrorists"- the Rhodesian Bush War was an extension of the Cold War, being a proxy conflict between the West and East, similar to those in Vietnam and Korea.
The "Internal Settlement" agreement led to relaxation of education, property and income qualifications for voter rolls, resulting in the first ever Black majority electorate. The country's civil service, judiciary, police and armed forces continued to be administered by the same officials as before, of whom most were Whites, due to the composition of the upper-middle class of the period.[4]
| No. | President | Term of office Duration in years and days |
Party | Previous office | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 
|
Josiah Zion Gumede OLG 1919–1989 |
1 June 1979 | 12 December 1979 | United African National Council (UANC) |
None |
| 195 days | ||||||
The Lancaster House Agreement stipulated that control over the country be returned to the United Kingdom in preparation for elections to be held in the spring of 1980. From 12 December 1979 to 17 April 1980, Zimbabwe Rhodesia was again the British colony of Southern Rhodesia. On 18 April 1980, Southern Rhodesia became the independent Republic of Zimbabwe.
Presidents of Zimbabwe (1980–present)
| No. | Portrait | President | Took office | Left office | Time in office | Party | Election |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Canaan Banana (1936–2003) | 18 April 1980 | 31 December 1987 | 7 years, 257 days | ZANU | 1980 1986 | |
| 2 | Robert Mugabe (1924–2019) | 31 December 1987 | 21 November 2017 | 29 years, 325 days | ZANU–PF | 1987 1990 1996 2002 2008 | |
| – | Phelekezela Mphoko (born 1940) Acting | 21 November 2017 | 24 November 2017 | 3 days | ZANU–PF | – | |
| 3 | Emmerson Mnangagwa (born 1942) | 24 November 2017 | Incumbent | 7 years, 33 days | ZANU–PF | 2018 |
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Phelekezela Mphoko was the second (and only sitting) vice-president at the time of Mugabe's resignation on 21 November 2017. Mphoko may have been acting president of Zimbabwe for three days until Mnangagwa's accession to the presidency. However, as Mphoko was not in the country at the time, and due to the unusual circumstances, any official standing on this is unclear and may never be known.[5][6][7][8]
Rank by time in office
| Rank | President | Time in office |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Robert Mugabe | 29 years, 325 days |
| 2 | Canaan Banana | 7 years, 257 days |
| 3 | Emmerson Mnangagwa | 7 years, 33 days |
Latest election
Mnangagwa ran for re-election in 2018 as the ZANU–PF candidate.[9] Morgan Tsvangirai, the leader of the main opposition party MDC-T, had died earlier in the year and been replaced by Nelson Chamisa. Chamisa ran as the MDC Alliance candidate against Mnangagwa. Mnangagwa was re-elected without the need for a runoff, winning 50.8% of the vote to Chamisa's 44.3%. The election result was disputed by the MDC Alliance.
See also
- List of heads of state of Zimbabwe
- Prime Minister of Zimbabwe
- Vice President of Zimbabwe
- President of Rhodesia
- President of Zimbabwe Rhodesia
References
- ^ a b "Zimbabweans hope for democratic rebirth". BBC News. 20 March 2013. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
- ^ Gumbo, Lloyd (22 April 2014). "President reveals monthly salary". The Herald. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
- ^ Allison, Simon (26 March 2013). "Even Zimbabwe's constitution waits for Mugabe to pass the baton, or pass away". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
- ^ Will We Destroy Zimbabwe-Rhodesia?, Sarasota Journal, July 18, 1979, page 4
- ^ "Mphoko is the Acting President for now". Bulawayo 24. 22 November 2017.
- ^ "Experts clear the air on succession". The Herald. 22 November 2017.
- ^ "Zimbabwe has 'phantom-like' acting president". News 24. 23 November 2017.
- ^ "Where is Mphoko, legally the acting President?". The Zimbabwe Mail. 22 November 2017.
- ^ "Zanu-PF reveals Mnangagwa as 2018 presidential candidate". The Zimbabwean. AFP. 19 November 2017.
Presidents of Zimbabwe and its antecedents | |
|---|---|
 Rhodesia (1965–1979, an unrecognised state) | |
 Zimbabwe Rhodesia (1979, an unrecognised state) | |
 Zimbabwe (since 1980, a recognised state) | |
*Acting President | |
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