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Nicolas Dauphas is a French-American planetary scientist and isotope geochemist. He is a professor of geochemistry and cosmochemistry in the Department of the Geophysical Sciences & Enrico Fermi Institute at the University of Chicago.[1] His research focuses on the origin and evolution of planets and other objects in the solar system, through investigating the natural distributions of elements and their isotopes using mass spectrometers.[2]

Career

Born in Nantes, Brittany, France, Dauphas received a B.Sc. degree from École Nationale Supérieure de Géologie in Nancy, France in 1998. He obtained a Ph.D. in geochemistry and cosmochemistry from Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine in 2002, working with Bernard Marty and Laurie Reisberg.[3] He then completed his postdoctoral research at the Enrico Fermi Institute of the University of Chicago and the Field Museum of Natural History from 2002 to 2004, before joining the faculty at the University of Chicago in 2004. In 2016, he was awarded Louis Block professorship.[4]

In 2005, Dauphas was awarded Nier Prize of the Meteoritical Society which recognizes outstanding research in meteoritics and closely allied fields by young scientists.[5] In 2007, he was awarded the David and Lucile Packard Foundation Fellowship, given to nationwide, most promising early-career scientists and engineers.[6] He won the 2008 Houtermans Award, given by the European Association of Geochemistry for outstanding contributions to geochemistry.[7][8] He was awarded the James B. Macelwane Medal of the American Geophysical Union (AGU) for “significant contributions to the geophysical sciences”,[9] and was selected as an AGU Fellow in 2011.[10][11][12] In 2014, he became a Fellow of the Meteoritical Society.[13] He was one of the finalists of 2017 Blavatnik National Awards.[14] In 2019, he was selected as a Geochemical Fellow of the Geochemical Society and European Association of Geochemistry.[15]

Dauphas was selected as a member of the Mars Sample Return Campaign Science Group in 2022.

Research

Dauphas’ contributions to geochemistry and cosmochemistry are recognized for their breadth and depth, covering processes at all scales and times, from the age of the galaxy to evolution of ancient and modern igneous rocks.[16] His most influential work includes but not limited to:[17]

  • Calculated the age of the Milkly Way to be 14.5 billion years, based on the ratio of 238U to 232Th in meteorites and galactic halo stars.[18]
  • Discovered nucleosynthetic isotopic anomalies of Molybdenum in meteorites.[19][20]
  • Discovered that the long-sought but elusive carries of 54Cr anomalies in the solar system are Cr-rich nanoparticles from supernovae.[21] The discovery of this new type of presolar grain solved a 20-year-old problem.[22][23]
  • Demonstrated the low level of 60Fe in the solar system, suggesting that the Sun might be born in the shell of a Wolf-Rayet bubble.[24][25][26]
  • Established the rapid formation timescale of Mars (~4 million years) and showed that it was a stranded planetary embryo.[27][28][29]
  • Established that the Moon has very similar isotopic composition to the Earth, which is difficult to explain in the context of the Giant-impact hypothesis, a problem that is now known as the lunar isotopic crisis.[30][31][32][33]
  • Developed the Sciphon software, which is a data analysis software for nuclear resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (NRIXS) that facilitates determination of equilibrium isotope fractionation factors.[34]
  • Revealed (using Ti isotopes) that Earth had a felsic crust for most of the geological time (as early as 3.5 billion years ago), in contrast to the long-standing perception that Earth’s crust evolved from mafic to felsic, pointing to an early start of modern-style plate tectonics.[35][36]
  • Constrained the nature of Earth’s accreting materials through time based on isotopes of multiple elements, showing that the materials formed Earth are from an isotopically homogeneous reservoir.[37][38][39]

References

  1. ^ "Geophysical Sciences". geosci.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
  2. ^ "About Us | originslab.uchicago.edu". originslab.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
  3. ^ Marty, Bernard (2005-08-30). "2005 Nier Prize for Nicolas Dauphas". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 40 (S8): A7 – A8. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2005.tb00419.x.
  4. ^ Dauphas, Nicolas (2022). "Dauphas_CV" (PDF).
  5. ^ "Nier Prize Winners". meteoritical.org. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
  6. ^ "Dauphas, Nicolas". The David and Lucile Packard Foundation. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
  7. ^ "F.G. Houtermans Award | European Association of Geochemistry". Retrieved 2022-12-09.
  8. ^ "Houtermans Award", Wikipedia, 2021-10-10, retrieved 2022-12-09
  9. ^ "Nicolas Dauphas". Honors Program. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
  10. ^ "Nicolas Dauphas". Honors Program. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
  11. ^ "Geophysical Sciences professors earn Macelwane Medal, Nier Prize". news.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
  12. ^ "Dauphas". Honors Program. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
  13. ^ "Fellows". meteoritical.org. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
  14. ^ "National Finalists | Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists". blavatnikawards.org. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
  15. ^ "Geochemistry Fellows | Geochemical Society". www.geochemsoc.org. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
  16. ^ "Nicolas Dauphas". Honors Program. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
  17. ^ "Nicolas Dauphas". scholar.google.com. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
  18. ^ Dauphas, Nicolas (2005-06-30). "The U/Th production ratio and the age of the Milky Way from meteorites and Galactic halo stars". Nature. 435 (7046): 1203–1205. doi:10.1038/nature03645. ISSN 1476-4687.
  19. ^ Marty, Bernard (2005-08-30). "2005 Nier Prize for Nicolas Dauphas". Meteoritics & Planetary Science. 40 (S8): A7 – A8. doi:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2005.tb00419.x.
  20. ^ Dauphas, N.; Marty, B.; Reisberg, L. (2002-01-20). "Molybdenum Evidence for Inherited Planetary Scale Isotope Heterogeneity of the Protosolar Nebula". The Astrophysical Journal. 565 (1): 640–644. doi:10.1086/324597. ISSN 0004-637X.
  21. ^ Dauphas, N.; Remusat, L.; Chen, J. H.; Roskosz, M.; Papanastassiou, D. A.; Stodolna, J.; Guan, Y.; Ma, C.; Eiler, J. M. (2010-08-23). "NEUTRON-RICH CHROMIUM ISOTOPE ANOMALIES IN SUPERNOVA NANOPARTICLES". The Astrophysical Journal. 720 (2). doi:10.1088/0004-637x/720/2/1577/meta. ISSN 0004-637X.
  22. ^ "PSRD: Supernova Confetti in Meteorites". www.psrd.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
  23. ^ "Nicolas Dauphas". Honors Program. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
  24. ^ Dauphas, N.; Cook, D. L.; Sacarabany, A.; Fröhlich, C.; Davis, A. M.; Wadhwa, M.; Pourmand, A.; Rauscher, T.; Gallino, R. (2008-10-10). "Iron 60 Evidence for Early Injection and Efficient Mixing of Stellar Debris in the Protosolar Nebula". The Astrophysical Journal. 686 (1): 560–569. doi:10.1086/589959. ISSN 0004-637X.
  25. ^ Tang, Haolan; Dauphas, Nicolas (2012-12-15). "Abundance, distribution, and origin of 60Fe in the solar protoplanetary disk". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 359–360: 248–263. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2012.10.011. ISSN 0012-821X.
  26. ^ "ShieldSquare Captcha". doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa992e/meta. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  27. ^ "Nicolas Dauphas". Honors Program. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
  28. ^ Dauphas, N.; Pourmand, A. (2011-05-25). "Hf–W–Th evidence for rapid growth of Mars and its status as a planetary embryo". Nature. 473 (7348): 489–492. doi:10.1038/nature10077. ISSN 1476-4687.
  29. ^ Brandon, Alan (2011-05-25). "Building a planet in record time". Nature. 473 (7348): 460–461. doi:10.1038/473460a. ISSN 1476-4687.
  30. ^ "Proto-Earth May Have Been Significant Source of Lunar Material". Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
  31. ^ "Titanium paternity test fingers Earth as moon's sole parent". news.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
  32. ^ Zhang, Junjun; Dauphas, Nicolas; Davis, Andrew M.; Leya, Ingo; Fedkin, Alexei (2012-03-25). "The proto-Earth as a significant source of lunar material". Nature Geoscience. 5 (4): 251–255. doi:10.1038/ngeo1429. ISSN 1752-0908.
  33. ^ Meier, Matthias M. M. (2012-03-25). "Earth's titanium twin". Nature Geoscience. 5 (4): 240–241. doi:10.1038/ngeo1434. ISSN 1752-0908.
  34. ^ Dauphas, N.; Hu, M. Y.; Baker, E. M.; Hu, J.; Tissot, F. L. H.; Alp, E. E.; Roskosz, M.; Zhao, J.; Bi, W.; Liu, J.; Lin, J.-F.; Nie, N. X.; Heard, A. (2018-09-01). "SciPhon: a data analysis software for nuclear resonant inelastic X-ray scattering with applications to Fe, Kr, Sn, Eu and Dy". Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 25 (5): 1581–1599. doi:10.1107/S1600577518009487. ISSN 1600-5775.
  35. ^ Greber, Nicolas D.; Dauphas, Nicolas; Bekker, Andrey; Ptáček, Matouš P.; Bindeman, Ilya N.; Hofmann, Axel (2017-09-22). "Titanium isotopic evidence for felsic crust and plate tectonics 3.5 billion years ago". Science. 357 (6357): 1271–1274. doi:10.1126/science.aan8086. ISSN 0036-8075.
  36. ^ "Study suggests tectonic plates began moving half a billion years earlier than thought". news.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2022-12-09.
  37. ^ Dauphas, Nicolas (2017-01-26). "The isotopic nature of the Earth's accreting material through time". Nature. 541 (7638): 521–524. doi:10.1038/nature20830. ISSN 1476-4687.
  38. ^ Carlson, Richard W. (2017-01-26). "Earth's building blocks". Nature. 541 (7638): 468–469. doi:10.1038/541468a. ISSN 1476-4687.
  39. ^ "Isotopic similarities seen in materials that formed Earth, moon". news.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2022-12-09.

Nicolas Dauphas publications indexed by Google Scholar

Nicolas Dauphas - AGU Fall Meeting 2018 - The Daly Lecture

Nicolas Dauphas - Origins Lab website

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