Gaza Strip
 | This article may be affected by the following current event: 2023 Israel–Hamas war. Information in this article may change rapidly as the event progresses. Initial news reports may be unreliable. The last updates to this article may not reflect the most current information. (October 2023) |
Gaza Strip قطاع غزة | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
 Location of the Gaza Strip within the territory of the State of Palestine | |
| Status |
|
| Capital and largest city | Gaza City 31°30′53″N 34°27′15″E / 31.51472°N 34.45417°E |
| Official languages | Arabic |
| Ethnic groups | Palestinian |
| Religion |
|
| Demonym(s) | Gazan Palestinian |
| Area | |
• Total | 365 km2 (141 sq mi) |
| Population | |
• 2022 estimate | 2,375,259[2] |
• Density | 6,507/km2 (16,853.1/sq mi) |
| Currency | Israeli new shekel Egyptian pound[3] |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (Palestine Standard Time) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (Palestine Summer Time) |
| Calling code | +970 |
| ISO 3166 code | PS |
The Gaza Strip (/ˈɡɑːzə/ ;[4] Template:Lang-ar Qiṭāʿ Ġazzah [qɪˈtˤɑːʕ ˈɣaz.za]), or simply Gaza, is a narrow piece of land on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea,[5] bordered by Israel to the east and north, and Egypt to the southwest. With a population of 2 million,[6] on some 365 square kilometers, Gaza, if considered a top-level political unit, ranks as the third most densely populated in the world.[7][8] It is one of the two Palestinian territories, alongside the West Bank.[9][10] Since 2007, the area has been governed by the political and militant Islamist group Hamas,[11] and has been under blockade by both Israel and Egypt.[12] Due to the dense population on a narrow strip of land, high poverty and unemployment rates,[13] and blockade, living conditions in Gaza have led human rights organizations to continue to label it "an open-air prison".[14][15][13] Gaza has eight universities, several colleges, a small manufacturing industry, entrepreneurs, and farmers.[13] From 2014-2020, U.N. agencies have spent nearly $4.5 billion in Gaza, including $600 million in 2020.[16]
The Gaza Strip initially emerged as an Egyptian-administrated territory after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. Following the 1967 war the territory came under Israeli occupation. In the 1990s, as part of the Oslo Accords, the administration over most of the area was handed over to the Palestinian National Authority, alongside the existence of Israeli settlements in specific regions, which were evacuated in 2005. In 2006, Hamas won the last-held Palestinian legislative election, and started administering Gaza, and took full control the following year, when Israel and Egypt imposed a land, sea and air blockade, preventing the free flow of people and goods.[17] The blockade has devastated Gaza's economy, and caused a nearly 50% poverty rate[18] and one of the highest unemployment rates in the world.[19] In 2018–2019, Gazan Palestinians organized widespread protests on the Israel–Gaza barrier, demanding Israel to end the blockade and address issues in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict.[20]
Most people in the Gaza Strip are descendants of refugees who fled or were expelled from the area that became Israel after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.[21] Around 600,000 Gazans live in Gaza's 8 refugee camps.[22] Most Gazans are Sunni Muslims, and there is a Palestinian Christian minority. Gaza has an annual population growth rate of 2.91% (2014 est.), the 13th highest in the world, and is often referred to as overcrowded.[23][24] Gaza suffers from shortages of water, electricity and medicines. The United Nations, as well as at least 19 human rights organizations, have urged Israel to lift its siege on Gaza,[25][26] while a report by UNCTAD, prepared for the UN General Assembly and released on 25 November 2020, said that Gaza's economy was on the verge of collapse and that it was essential to lift the blockade.[27][28]
Geography, geology and climate
The Gaza Strip is 41 km (25 mi) long, from 6 to 12 km (3.7 to 7.5 mi) wide, and has a total area of 365 km2 (141 sq mi).[29][23] It has a 51 km (32 mi) border with Israel, and an 11 km (7 mi) border with Egypt, near the city of Rafah.
Khan Yunis is located 7 km (4.3 mi) northeast of Rafah, and several towns around Deir el-Balah are located along the coast between it and Gaza City. Beit Lahia and Beit Hanoun are located to the north and northeast of Gaza City, respectively. The Gush Katif bloc of Israeli settlements used to exist on the sand dunes adjacent to Rafah and Khan Yunis, along the southwestern edge of the 40 km (25 mi) Mediterranean coastline. Al Deira beach is a popular venue for surfers.[30]
The topography of the Gaza Strip is dominated by three ridges parallel to the coastline, which consist of Pleistocene-Holocene aged calcareous aeolian (wind deposited) sandstones, locally referred to as "kurkar", intercalated with red-coloured fine grained paleosols, referred to as "hamra". The three ridges are separated by wadis, which are filled with alluvial deposits.[31] The terrain is flat or rolling, with dunes near the coast. The highest point is Abu 'Awdah (Joz Abu 'Auda), at 105 m (344 ft) above sea level.
The major river in Gaza Strip is Wadi Gaza, around which the Wadi Gaza Nature Reserve was established, to protect the only coastal wetland in the Strip.[32]
The Gaza Strip has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh), with warm winters during which practically all the annual rainfall occurs, and dry, hot summers. Despite the dryness, humidity is high throughout the year. Annual rainfall is higher than in any part of Egypt at between 225 mm (9 in) in the south and 400 mm (16 in) in the north, but almost all of this falls between November and February. Environmental problems include desertification; salination of fresh water; sewage treatment; water-borne diseases; soil degradation; and depletion and contamination of underground water resources.
History
Gaza was part of the Ottoman Empire before it was occupied by the United Kingdom (1918–1948), Egypt (1948–1967), and then Israel, which in 1993 granted the Palestinian Authority in Gaza limited self-governance through the Oslo Accords. Since 2007, the Gaza Strip has been de facto governed by Hamas, which claims to represent the State of Palestine and the Palestinian people.
The United Nations, international human rights organisations, and the majority of governments and legal commentators still consider the territory to be occupied by Israel despite the 2005 Israeli disengagement from Gaza.[33] Israel maintains direct external control over Gaza and indirect control over life within Gaza:
- Israel controls Gaza's air and maritime space and six of Gaza's seven land crossings.
- Israel reserves the right to enter Gaza at will with its military and maintains a no-go buffer zone within the Gaza territory.
- Gaza is dependent on Israel for its water, electricity, telecommunications, and other utilities.[33]
The Gaza Strip's northern and eastern boundaries were established at the cessation of fighting in the 1948 war, confirmed by the Israel–Egypt Armistice Agreement on 24 February 1949.[34] Article V of the Agreement declared that the demarcation line was not to be an international border. At first the Gaza Strip was officially administered by the All-Palestine Government, established by the Arab League in September 1948. All-Palestine in the Gaza Strip was managed under the military authority of Egypt, functioning as a puppet state, until it officially merged into the United Arab Republic and dissolved in 1959. From the time of the dissolution of the All-Palestine Government until 1967, the Gaza Strip was directly administered by an Egyptian military governor.
Israel captured the Gaza Strip from Egypt in the Six-Day War in 1967. Pursuant to the Oslo Accords signed in 1993, the Palestinian Authority became the administrative body that governed Palestinian population centers while Israel maintained control of the airspace, territorial waters and border crossings with the exception of the land border with Egypt which is controlled by Egypt. In 2005, Israel withdrew from the Gaza Strip under their unilateral disengagement plan.
In July 2007, after winning the 2006 Palestinian legislative election, Hamas became the elected government.[35][36] In 2007, Hamas expelled the rival party Fatah from Gaza.[37] This broke the Unity Government between Gaza Strip and the West Bank, creating two separate governments for the Occupied Palestinian Territories.
In 2014, following reconciliation talks, Hamas and Fatah formed a Palestinian unity government within the West Bank and Gaza. Rami Hamdallah became the coalition's Prime Minister and had planned for elections in Gaza and the West Bank.[38] In July 2014, a set of lethal incidents between Hamas and Israel led to the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict. The Unity Government dissolved on 17 June 2015 after President Abbas said it was unable to operate in the Gaza Strip.
Following the takeover of Gaza by Hamas, the territory has been subjected to a blockade, maintained by Israel and Egypt.[39] Israel maintains that this is necessary: to impede Hamas from rearming and to restrict Palestinian rocket attacks; Egypt maintains that it prevents Gaza residents from entering Egypt. The blockades by Israel and Egypt extended to drastic reductions in the availability of necessary construction materials, medical supplies, and foodstuffs following intensive airstrikes on Gaza City in December 2008. A leaked UN report in 2009 warned that the blockade was "devastating livelihoods" and causing gradual "de-development". It pointed out that glass was prohibited by the blockade.[40][41][42][43][44] Under the blockade, Gaza has been described by rights groups and critics as "the world's largest open-air prison".[45][46] In a report submitted to the UN in 2013, the chairperson of Al Athar Global Consulting in Gaza, Reham el Wehaidy, encouraged the repair of basic infrastructure by 2020, in the light of projected demographic increase of 500,000 by 2020 and intensified housing problems.[47]
Prior to 1923
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2023) |
The earliest major settlements in the area were at Tell El Sakan and Tell al-Ajjul, two Bronze Age settlements that served as administrative outposts for Ancient Egyptian governance. The city of Gaza already existed under the Philistines, and the early city was captured by Alexander the Great in 332 BCE during his Egyptian campaign. Following the death of Alexander, Gaza, along with Egypt, fell under the administration of the Ptolemaic dynasty, before passing to the Seleucid dynasty after about 200 BCE.
The city of Gaza was destroyed by the Hasmonean king and Jewish high priest Alexander Jannaeus in 96 BCE, and re-established under Roman administration during the 1st century CE. The region that today forms the Gaza Strip was moved between different Roman provinces over time, from Judea to Syria Palaestina to Palaestina Prima. During the 7th century CE, the territory was passed back and forth between the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire and the Persian (Sasanian) Empires, before the Rashidun Caliphate was established during the great Islamic expansions of the 7th century.[citation needed]
During the Crusades, the city of Gaza was reported to be mostly abandoned and in ruins. The region was placed under the direct administration of the Knights Templar during the time of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. It changed hands back and forth several times between Christian and Muslim rule during the 12th century. The Crusader-founded kingdom lost control permanently over it and the land became part of Egypt's Ayyubid dynasty's lands for a century, until the Mongol ruler Hulagu Khan destroyed the city. In the wake of the Mongols, the Mamluk Sultanate established control over Egypt and the eastern Levant, and controlled Gaza until the 16th century, when the Ottoman Empire absorbed the Mamluk territories. Ottoman rule continued until the years following World War I, when the Ottoman Empire collapsed and Gaza formed part of the League of Nations British Mandate of Palestine.[citation needed]
1923–1948 British Mandate
The British Mandate for Palestine was based on the principles contained in Article 22 of the draft Covenant of the League of Nations and the San Remo Resolution of 25 April 1920 by the principal Allied and associated powers after the First World War.[48] The mandate formalized British rule in the southern part of Ottoman Syria from 1923 to 1948.
1948 All-Palestine government
On 22 September 1948, towards the end of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the All-Palestine Government was proclaimed in the Egyptian-occupied Gaza City by the Arab League. It was conceived partly as an Arab League attempt to limit the influence of Transjordan in Palestine. The All-Palestine Government was quickly recognized by six of the then seven members of the Arab League: Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen, but not by Transjordan.[49] It was not recognized by any country outside the Arab League.
After the cessation of hostilities, the Israel–Egypt Armistice Agreement of 24 February 1949 established the separation line between Egyptian and Israeli forces, and set what became the present boundary between the Gaza Strip and Israel. Both sides declared that the boundary was not an international border. The southern border with Egypt continued to be the international border drawn in 1906 between the Ottoman Empire and the British Empire.[50]
Palestinians living in the Gaza Strip or Egypt were issued All-Palestine passports. Egypt did not offer them citizenship. From the end of 1949, they received aid directly from UNRWA. During the Suez Crisis (1956), the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula were occupied by Israeli troops, who withdrew under international pressure. The All-Palestine government was accused of being little more than a façade for Egyptian control, with negligible independent funding or influence. It subsequently moved to Cairo and dissolved in 1959 by decree of Egyptian President Gamal Abdul Nasser.
1959–1967 Egyptian occupation
After the dissolution of the All-Palestine Government in 1959, under the excuse of pan-Arabism, Egypt continued to occupy the Gaza Strip until 1967. Egypt never annexed the Gaza Strip, but instead treated it as a controlled territory and administered it through a military governor.[51] The influx of over 200,000 refugees from former Mandatory Palestine, roughly a quarter of those who fled or were expelled from their homes during, and in the aftermath of, the 1948 Arab–Israeli War into Gaza[52] resulted in a dramatic decrease in the standard of living. Because the Egyptian government restricted movement to and from the Gaza Strip, its inhabitants could not look elsewhere for gainful employment.[53]
1967 Israeli occupation
In June 1967, during the Six-Day War, Israel Defense Forces captured the Gaza Strip.
According to Tom Segev, moving the Palestinians out of the country had been a persistent element of Zionist thinking from early times.[54] In December 1967, during a meeting at which the Security Cabinet brainstormed about what to do with the Arab population of the newly occupied territories, one of the suggestions Prime Minister Levi Eshkol proffered regarding Gaza was that the people might leave if Israel restricted their access to water supplies, stating: "Perhaps if we don't give them enough water they won't have a choice."[55][56][undue weight? – discuss] A number of measures, including financial incentives, were taken shortly afterwards to begin to encourage Gazans to emigrate elsewhere.[54][57]
Subsequent to this military victory, Israel created the first Israeli settlement bloc in the Strip, Gush Katif, in the southwest corner near Rafah and the Egyptian border on a spot where a small kibbutz had previously existed for 18 months between 1946 and 1948.[59] In total, between 1967 and 2005, Israel established 21 settlements in Gaza, comprising 20% of the total territory.
The economic growth rate from 1967 to 1982 averaged roughly 9.7 percent per annum, due in good part to expanded income from work opportunities inside Israel, which had a major utility for the latter by supplying the country with a large unskilled and semi-skilled workforce. Gaza's agricultural sector was adversely affected as one-third of the Strip was appropriated by Israel, competition for scarce water resources stiffened, and the lucrative cultivation of citrus declined with the advent of Israeli policies, such as prohibitions on planting new trees and taxation that gave breaks to Israeli producers, factors which militated against growth. Gaza's direct exports of these products to Western markets, as opposed to Arab markets, was prohibited except through Israeli marketing vehicles, in order to assist Israeli citrus exports to the same markets. The overall result was that large numbers of farmers were forced out of the agricultural sector. Israel placed quotas on all goods exported from Gaza, while abolishing restrictions on the flow of Israeli goods into the Strip. Sara Roy characterised the pattern as one of structural de-development.[60]
1979 Egypt–Israel peace treaty
On 26 March 1979, Israel and Egypt signed the Egypt–Israel peace treaty.[61] Among other things, the treaty provided for the withdrawal by Israel of its armed forces and civilians from the Sinai Peninsula, which Israel had captured during the Six-Day War. The Egyptians agreed to keep the Sinai Peninsula demilitarized. The final status of the Gaza Strip, and other relations between Israel and Palestinians, was not dealt with in the treaty. Egypt renounced all territorial claims to territory north of the international border. The Gaza Strip remained under Israeli military administration. The Israeli military became responsible for the maintenance of civil facilities and services.
After the Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty 1979, a 100-meter-wide buffer zone between Gaza and Egypt known as the Philadelphi Route was established. The international border along the Philadelphi corridor between Egypt and the Gaza Strip is 7 mi (11 km) long.
The First Intifada began in December 1987, lasting until Madrid Conference of 1991. It was characterized by protests, civil disobedience, and violence.[62][63] There was graffiti, barricading,[64][65] and widespread throwing of stones and Molotov cocktails at the IDF and its infrastructure within the West Bank and Gaza Strip. These contrasted with civil efforts including general strikes, boycotts of Israeli Civil Administration institutions in the Gaza Strip, an economic boycott consisting of refusal to work in Israeli settlements on Israeli products, refusal to pay taxes, and refusal to drive Palestinian cars with Israeli licenses.
1994: Gaza under Palestinian Authority
In September 1992, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin told a delegation from the Washington Institute for Near East Policy "I would like Gaza to sink into the sea, but that won't happen, and a solution must be found."[66]
In May 1994, following the Palestinian-Israeli agreements known as the Oslo Accords, a phased transfer of governmental authority to the Palestinians took place. Much of the Strip came under Palestinian control, except for the settlement blocs and military areas. The Israeli forces left Gaza City and other urban areas, leaving the new Palestinian Authority to administer and police those areas. The Palestinian Authority, led by Yasser Arafat, chose Gaza City as its first provincial headquarters. In September 1995, Israel and the PLO signed a second peace agreement, extending the Palestinian Authority to most West Bank towns.
Between 1994 and 1996, Israel built the Israeli Gaza Strip barrier to improve security in Israel. The barrier was largely torn down by Palestinians at the beginning of the Second Intifada in September 2000.[67]
2000 Second Intifada
The Second Intifada broke out in September 2000 with waves of protest, civil unrest and bombings against Israeli military and civilians, many of them perpetrated by suicide bombers. The Second Intifada also marked the beginning of rocket attacks and bombings of Israeli border localities by Palestinian guerrillas from the Gaza Strip, especially by the Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad movements.
Between December 2000 and June 2001, the barrier between Gaza and Israel was reconstructed. A barrier on the Gaza Strip-Egypt border was constructed starting in 2004.[68] The main crossing points are the northern Erez Crossing into Israel and the southern Rafah Crossing into Egypt. The eastern Karni Crossing used for cargo, closed down in 2011.[69] Israel controls the Gaza Strip's northern borders, as well as its territorial waters and airspace. Egypt controls Gaza Strip's southern border, under an agreement between it and Israel.[70] Neither Israel or Egypt permits free travel from Gaza as both borders are heavily militarily fortified. "Egypt maintains a strict blockade on Gaza in order to isolate Hamas from Islamist insurgents in the Sinai."[71]
2005 Israel's unilateral disengagement
In February 2005, the Knesset approved a unilateral disengagement plan and began removing Israeli settlers from the Gaza Strip in 2005. All Israeli settlements in the Gaza Strip and the joint Israeli-Palestinian Erez Industrial Zone were dismantled, and 9,000 Israelis, most living in Gush Katif, were forcibly evicted.
On 12 September 2005, the Israeli cabinet formally declared an end to Israeli military occupation of the Gaza Strip.
"The Oslo Agreements gave Israel full control over Gaza's airspace, but established that the Palestinians could build an airport in the area" and the disengagement plan states that: "Israel will hold sole control of Gaza airspace and will continue to carry out military activity in the waters of the Gaza Strip." "Therefore, Israel continues to maintain exclusive control of Gaza's airspace and the territorial waters, just as it has since it occupied the Gaza Strip in 1967."[72] Human Rights Watch has advised the UN Human Rights Council that it (and others) consider Israel to be the occupying power of the Gaza Strip because Israel controls Gaza Strip's airspace, territorial waters and controls the movement of people or goods in or out of Gaza by air or sea.[73][74][75] The EU considers Gaza to be occupied.[76]
Israel also withdrew from the Philadelphi Route, a narrow strip of land adjacent to the border with Egypt, after Egypt agreed to secure its side of the border. Under the Oslo Accords, the Philadelphi Route was to remain under Israeli control to prevent the smuggling of weapons and people across the Egyptian border, but Egypt (under EU supervision) committed itself to patrolling the area and preventing such incidents. With the Agreement on Movement and Access, known as the Rafah Agreement in the same year Israel ended its presence in the Philadelphi Route and transferred responsibility for security arrangements to Egypt and the PA under the supervision of the EU.[77]
In November 2005, an "Agreement on Movement and Access" between Israel and the Palestinian Authority was brokered by then US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice to improve Palestinian freedom of movement and economic activity in the Gaza Strip. Under its terms, the Rafah crossing with Egypt was to be reopened, with transits monitored by the Palestinian National Authority and the European Union. Only people with Palestinian ID, or foreign nationals, by exception, in certain categories, subject to Israeli oversight, were permitted to cross in and out. All goods, vehicles and trucks to and from Egypt passed through the Kerem Shalom Crossing, under full Israeli supervision.[78] Goods were also permitted transit at the Karni crossing in the north.
After the Israeli withdrawal in 2005, the Oslo Accords give the Palestinian Authority administrative authority in the Gaza Strip. The Rafah Border Crossing has been supervised by EU Border Assistance Mission Rafah under an agreement finalized in November 2005.[79] The Oslo Accord permits Israel to control the airspace and sea space, though the Accords also stipulated the Palestinians could have their own airport inside the Strip, which Israel has since then prevented from happening.[80]
Despite the 2005 Israeli disengagement from Gaza,[33] the United Nations, international human rights organisations, and the majority of governments and legal commentators consider the territory to be still occupied by Israel, supported by additional restrictions placed on Gaza by Egypt. Israel maintains direct external control over Gaza and indirect control over life within Gaza: it controls Gaza's air and maritime space, as well as six of Gaza's seven land crossings. It reserves the right to enter Gaza at will with its military and maintains a no-go buffer zone within the Gaza territory. Gaza is dependent on Israel for water, electricity, telecommunications, and other utilities.[33] The extensive Israeli buffer zone within the Strip renders much land off-limits to Gaza's inhabitants.[81] The system of control imposed by Israel was described in the fall 2012 edition of International Security as an "indirect occupation".[82]
Post-2006 elections violence
In the Palestinian parliamentary elections held on 25 January 2006, Hamas won a plurality of 42.9% of the total vote and 74 out of 132 total seats (56%).[83][84] When Hamas assumed power the next month, Israel, the United States, the European Union, Russia and the United Nations demanded that Hamas accept all previous agreements, recognize Israel's right to exist, and renounce violence; when Hamas refused,[85] they cut off direct aid to the Palestinian Authority, although some aid money was redirected to humanitarian organizations not affiliated with the government.[86] The resulting political disorder and economic stagnation led to many Palestinians emigrating from the Gaza Strip.[87]
In January 2007, fighting erupted between Hamas and Fatah. The deadliest clashes occurred in the northern Gaza Strip, where General Muhammed Gharib, a senior commander of the Fatah-dominated Preventive Security Force, died when a rocket hit his home.
On 30 January 2007, a truce was negotiated between Fatah and Hamas.[88] After a few days, new fighting broke out. On 1 February, Hamas killed 6 people in an ambush on a Gaza convoy which delivered equipment for Abbas' Palestinian Presidential Guard, according to diplomats, meant to counter smuggling of more powerful weapons into Gaza by Hamas for its fast-growing "Executive Force". According to Hamas, the deliveries to the Presidential Guard were intended to instigate sedition against Hamas, while withholding money and assistance from the Palestinian people.[89] Fatah fighters stormed a Hamas-affiliated university in the Gaza Strip. Officers from Abbas' presidential guard battled Hamas gunmen guarding the Hamas-led Interior Ministry.[90]
In May 2007, new fighting broke out between the factions.[91] Interior Minister Hani Qawasmi, who had been considered a moderate civil servant acceptable to both factions, resigned due to what he termed harmful behavior by both sides.[92]
Fighting spread in the Gaza Strip, with both factions attacking vehicles and facilities of the other side. Following a breakdown in an Egyptian-brokered truce, Israel launched an air strike which destroyed a building used by Hamas. Ongoing violence prompted fear that it could bring the end of the Fatah-Hamas coalition government, and possibly the end of the Palestinian authority.[93]
Hamas spokesman Moussa Abu Marzouk blamed the conflict between Hamas and Fatah on Israel, stating that the constant pressure of economic sanctions resulted in the "real explosion."[94] Associated Press reporter Ibrahim Barzak wrote an eyewitness account stating: "Today I have seen people shot before my eyes, I heard the screams of terrified women and children in a burning building, and I argued with gunmen who wanted to take over my home. I have seen a lot in my years as a journalist in Gaza, but this is the worst it's been."
From 2006 to 2007 more than 600 Palestinians were killed in fighting between Hamas and Fatah.[95] 349 Palestinians were killed in fighting between factions in 2007. 160 Palestinians killed each other in June alone.[96]
2007 Hamas takeover
Following the victory of Hamas in the 2006 Palestinian legislative election, Hamas and Fatah formed the Palestinian authority national unity government headed by Ismail Haniya. Shortly after, Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip in the course of the Battle of Gaza,[97] seizing government institutions and replacing Fatah and other government officials with its own.[98] By 14 June, Hamas fully controlled the Gaza Strip. Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas responded by declaring a state of emergency, dissolving the unity government and forming a new government without Hamas participation. PNA security forces in the West Bank arrested a number of Hamas members.
In late June 2008, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Jordan declared the West Bank-based cabinet formed by Abbas as "the sole legitimate Palestinian government". Egypt moved its embassy from Gaza to the West Bank.[99]
Saudi Arabia and Egypt supported reconciliation and a new unity government and pressed Abbas to start talks with Hamas. Abbas had always conditioned this on Hamas returning control of the Gaza Strip to the Palestinian Authority. Hamas visited a number of countries, including Russia, and the EU member states.[citation needed][vague] Opposition parties and politicians called for a dialogue with Hamas as well as an end to the economic sanctions.
After the takeover, Israel and Egypt closed their border crossings with Gaza. Palestinian sources reported that European Union monitors fled the Rafah Border Crossing, on the Gaza–Egypt border for fear of being kidnapped or harmed.[100] Arab foreign ministers and Palestinian officials presented a united front against control of the border by Hamas.[101]
Meanwhile, Israeli and Egyptian security reports said that Hamas continued smuggling in large quantities of explosives and arms from Egypt through tunnels. Egyptian security forces uncovered 60 tunnels in 2007.[102]
Egyptian border barrier breach
On 23 January 2008, after months of preparation during which the steel reinforcement of the border barrier was weakened,[103] Hamas destroyed several parts of the wall dividing Gaza and Egypt in the town of Rafah. Hundreds of thousands of Gazans crossed the border into Egypt seeking food and supplies. Due to the crisis, Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak ordered his troops to allow the Palestinians in but to verify that they did not bring weapons back across the border.[104] Egypt arrested and later released several armed Hamas militants in the Sinai who presumably wanted to infiltrate into Israel. At the same time, Israel increased its state of alert along the length of the Israel-Egypt Sinai border, and warned its citizens to leave Sinai "without delay."
The EU Border Monitors initially monitored the border because Hamas guaranteed their safety, but they later fled. The Palestinian Authority demanded that Egypt deal only with the Authority in negotiations relating to borders. Israel eased restrictions on the delivery of goods and medical supplies but curtailed electricity by 5% in one of its ten lines.[105] The Rafah crossing remained closed into mid-February.[106]
In February 2008, 2008 Israel-Gaza conflict intensified, with rockets launched at Israeli cities. Aggression by Hamas led to Israeli military action on 1 March 2008, resulting in over 110 Palestinians being killed according to BBC News, as well as 2 Israeli soldiers. Israeli human rights group B'Tselem estimated that 45 of those killed were not involved in hostilities, and 15 were minors.[107]
After a round of tit-for-tat arrests between Fatah and Hamas in the Gaza Strip and West Bank, the Hilles clan from Gaza were relocated to Jericho on 4 August 2008.[108] Retiring Prime Minister Ehud Olmert said on 11 November 2008, "The question is not whether there will be a confrontation, but when it will take place, under what circumstances, and who will control these circumstances, who will dictate them, and who will know to exploit the time from the beginning of the ceasefire until the moment of confrontation in the best possible way." On 14 November 2008, Israel blockaded its border with Gaza after a five-month ceasefire broke down.[109] In 2013 Israel and Qatar brought Gaza's lone power plant back to life for the first time in seven weeks, bringing relief to the Palestinian coastal enclave where a lack of cheap fuel has contributed to the overflow of raw sewage, 21-hour blackouts and flooding after a ferocious winter storm. "Palestinian officials said that a $10 million grant from Qatar was covering the cost of two weeks' worth of industrial diesel that started entering Gaza by truckload from Israel."[110]
On 25 November 2008, Israel closed its cargo crossing with Gaza after Qassam rockets were fired into its territory.[111] On 28 November, after a 24-hour period of quiet, the IDF facilitated the transfer of over thirty truckloads of food, basic supplies and medicine into Gaza and transferred fuel to the area's main power plant.[112]
2008–2009 Gaza War
On 27 December 2008,[113] Israeli F-16 fighters launched a series of air strikes against targets in Gaza following the breakdown of a temporary truce between Israel and Hamas.[114] Israel began a ground invasion of the Gaza Strip on 3 January 2009.[115]
Various sites that Israel claimed were being used as weapons depots were struck from the air : police stations, schools, hospitals, UN warehouses, mosques, various Hamas government buildings and other buildings.[116]
Israel said that the attack was a response to Hamas rocket attacks on southern Israel, which totaled over 3,000 in 2008, and which intensified during the few weeks preceding the operation. Israel advised people near military targets to leave before the attacks. Israeli defense sources said that Defense Minister Ehud Barak instructed the IDF to prepare for the operation six months before it began, using long-term planning and intelligence-gathering.[117]
Palestinian medical staff claimed at least 434 Palestinians were killed, and at least 2,800 wounded, consisting of many civilians and an unknown number of Hamas members, in the first five days of Israeli strikes on Gaza. The IDF denied that the majority of the dead were civilian. Israel rebuffed many cease-fire calls but later declared a cease fire although Hamas vowed to fight on.[118][119]
A total of 1,100–1,400[120] Palestinians (295–926 civilians) and 13 Israelis were killed in the 22-day war.[121]
The conflict damaged or destroyed tens of thousands of homes,[122][123] 15 of Gaza's 27 hospitals and 43 of its 110 primary health care facilities,[124] 800 water wells,[125] 186 greenhouses,[126] and nearly all of its 10,000 family farms;[127] leaving 50,000 homeless,[128] 400,000–500,000 without running water,[128][129] one million without electricity,[129] and resulting in acute food shortages.[130] The people of Gaza still suffer from the loss of these facilities and homes, especially since they have great challenges to rebuild them.
By February 2009, food availability returned to pre-war levels but a shortage of fresh produce was forecast due to damage sustained by the agricultural sector.[131]
In the immediate aftermath of the Gaza War, Hamas executed 19 Palestinian Fatah members, on charges that they had collaborated with Israel. Many had been recaptured after escaping prison which had been bombed during the war.[132][133] The executions followed an Israeli strike which killed 3 top Hamas officials, including Said Seyam, with Hamas charging that information on where Hamas leaders lived and where arms were stocked had been passed to Fatah in the West Bank, and via the PA to Israel, with whom the PA shares security intrelligence. Many suspected were tortured or shot in the legs. Hamas thereafter pursued a course of trying collaborators in courts, rather than executing them in the street.[134][132]
2014 Gaza War to present
On 5 June 2014, Fatah signed a unity agreement with the Hamas political party.[135]
| Gaza | Israel | Ratio | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Civilians killed | 1,600 | 6 | 270:1 |
| Children killed | 550 | 1 | 550:1 |
| Homes severely damaged or destroyed | 18,000 | 1 | 18,000:1 |
| Houses of worship damaged or destroyed | 203 | 2 | 100:1 |
| Kindergartens damaged or destroyed | 285 | 1 | 285:1 |
| Medical facilities damaged or destroyed | 73 | 0 | 73:0 |
| Rubble left | 2.5 mln tons | unknown | unknown |
The 2014 Gaza War, also known as Operation Protective Edge, was a military operation launched by Israel on 8 July 2014 in the Gaza Strip. Following the kidnapping and murder of three Israeli teenagers in the West Bank by Hamas-affiliated Palestinian militants, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) initiated Operation Brother's Keeper, in which some 350 Palestinians, including nearly all of the active Hamas militants in the West Bank, were arrested.[137][138][139] Hamas subsequently fired a greater number of rockets into Israel from the Gaza Strip, triggering a seven-week-long conflict between the two sides. It was one of the deadliest outbreaks of open conflict between Israel and the Palestinians in decades. The combination of Palestinian rocket attacks and Israeli airstrikes resulted in thousands of deaths, the vast majority of which were Gazan Palestinians.[140]
2018–2019 Great March of Return
In 2018–2019, a series of protests, also known as the Great March of Return, were held each Friday in the Gaza Strip near the Israel–Gaza barrier from 30 March 2018 until 27 December 2019, during which a total of 223 Palestinians were killed by Israeli forces.[141][142] The demonstrators demanded that the Palestinian refugees must be allowed to return to lands they were displaced from in what is now Israel. They protested against Israel's land, air and sea blockade of the Gaza Strip and the United States recognition of Jerusalem as capital of Israel.[143][144][145][146][147]
Most of the demonstrators demonstrated peacefully far from the border fence. Peter Cammack, a fellow with the Middle East Program at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, argued that the march indicated a new trend in Palestinian society and Hamas, with a shift away from violence towards non-violent forms of protest.[148] Nevertheless, groups consisting mainly of young men approached the fence and committed acts of violence directed towards the Israeli border.[149][150][151][152][153] Israeli officials said the demonstrations were used by Hamas as cover for launching attacks against Israel.[154]
In late February 2019, a United Nations Human Rights Council's independent commission found that of the 489 cases of Palestinian deaths or injuries analyzed, only two were possibly justified as responses to danger by Israeli security forces. The commission deemed the rest of the cases illegal, and concluded with a recommendation calling on Israel to examine whether war crimes or crimes against humanity had been committed, and if so, to bring those responsible to trial.[155][156]
On 28 February 2019, the Commission said it had ""reasonable grounds" to believe Israeli soldiers may have committed war crimes and shot at journalists, health workers and children during protests in Gaza in 2018." Israel refused to take part in the inquiry and rejected the report.[20]
2021 Israel-Palestine crisis
Before the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, Gaza had 48% unemployment and half of the population lived in poverty. During the crisis, 66 children died (551 children in the previous conflict). On June 13, 2021, a high level World Bank delegation visited Gaza to witness the damage. Mobilization with UN and EU partners is ongoing to finalize a needs assessment in support of Gaza's reconstruction and recovery.[157]
Another escalation between 5 and 8 August 2022 resulted in property damage and displacement of people as a result of airstrikes.[158][159]
2023 Israel-Hamas war
On 7 October 2023, Hamas launched a major attack on Israel from the Gaza Strip.[160] On 9 October 2023, Israel imposed a "total blockade" of the Gaza Strip.[161] The blockade was announced by Israeli Defense Minister Yoav Gallant, who declared: "There will be no electricity, no food, no fuel, everything is closed. We are fighting human animals and we are acting accordingly."[162]
Governance
Hamas government
Since its takeover of Gaza, Hamas has exercised executive authority over the Gaza Strip, and it governs the territory through its own ad hoc executive, legislative, and judicial bodies.[163] The Hamas government of 2012 was the second Palestinian Hamas-dominated government, ruling over the Gaza Strip, since the split of the Palestinian National Authority in 2007. It was announced in early September 2012.[164] The reshuffle of the previous government was approved by Gaza-based Hamas MPs from the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC) or parliament.[164]
The legal code Hamas applies in Gaza is based on Ottoman laws, the British Mandate's 1936 legal code, Palestinian Authority law, Sharia law, and Israeli military orders. Hamas maintains a judicial system with civilian and military courts and a public prosecution service.[163][165]
Security
The Gaza Strip's security is mainly handled by Hamas through its military wing, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, internal security service, and civil police force. The Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades have an estimated 30,000 to 50,000 operatives.[166] Other Palestinian militant factions operate in the Gaza Strip alongside, and sometimes opposed to Hamas. The Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine, also known as the Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) is the second largest militant faction operating in the Gaza Strip. Its military wing, the Al-Quds Brigades, has an estimated 8,000 fighters.[167][168][169][170]
In June 2013, the Islamic Jihad broke ties with Hamas leaders after Hamas police fatally shot the commander of Islamic Jihad's military wing.[168] The third largest faction is the Popular Resistance Committees. Its military wing is known as the Al-Nasser Salah al-Deen Brigades.
Other factions include the Army of Islam (an Islamist faction of the Doghmush clan), the Nidal Al-Amoudi Battalion (an offshoot of the West Bank-based Fatah-linked al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades), the Abu Ali Mustapha Brigades (armed wing of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine), the Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade (ISIL offshoot), Humat al-Aqsa, Jaysh al-Ummah, Katibat al-Sheikh al-Emireen, the Mujahideen Brigades, and the Abdul al-Qadir al-Husseini Brigades.[171]
Status
Legality of Hamas rule
After Hamas' June 2007 takeover, it ousted Fatah-linked officials from positions of power and authority (such as government positions, security services, universities, newspapers, etc.) and strove to enforce law by progressively removing guns from the hands of peripheral militias, clans, and criminal groups, and gaining control of supply tunnels. According to Amnesty International, under Hamas rule, newspapers were closed down and journalists were harassed.[172] Fatah demonstrations were forbidden or suppressed, as in the case of a large demonstration on the anniversary of Yasser Arafat's death, which resulted in the deaths of seven people, after protesters hurled stones at Hamas security forces.[173]
Hamas and other militant groups continued to fire Qassam rockets across the border into Israel. According to Israel, between the Hamas takeover and the end of January 2008, 697 rockets and 822 mortar bombs were fired at Israeli towns.[174] In response, Israel targeted Qassam launchers and military targets and declared the Gaza Strip a hostile entity. In January 2008, Israel curtailed travel from Gaza, the entry of goods, and cut fuel supplies, resulting in power shortages. This brought charges that Israel was inflicting collective punishment on the Gaza population, leading to international condemnation. Despite multiple reports from within the Strip that food and other essentials were in short supply,[175] Israel said that Gaza had enough food and energy supplies for weeks.[176]
The Israeli government uses economic means to pressure Hamas. Among other things, it caused Israeli commercial enterprises like banks and fuel companies to stop doing business with the Gaza Strip. The role of private corporations in the relationship between Israel and the Gaza Strip is an issue that has not been extensively studied.[177]
Due to continued rocket attacks including 50 in one day, in March 2008, air strikes and ground incursions by the IDF led to the deaths of over 110 Palestinians and extensive damage to Jabalia.[178]
Israeli occupation
The international community regards all of the Palestinian territories including Gaza as occupied.[179] Human Rights Watch has declared at the UN Human Rights Council that it views Israel as a de facto occupying power in the Gaza Strip, even though Israel has no military or other presence, because the Oslo Accords authorize Israel to control the airspace and the territorial sea.[73][74][75]
In his statement on the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict, Richard Falk, United Nations Special Rapporteur wrote that international humanitarian law applied to Israel "in regard to the obligations of an Occupying Power and in the requirements of the laws of war."[180] Amnesty International, the World Health Organization, Oxfam, the International Committee of the Red Cross, the United Nations, the United Nations General Assembly, the UN Fact Finding Mission to Gaza, international human rights organizations, US government websites, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office, and a significant number of legal commentators (Geoffrey Aronson, Meron Benvenisti, Claude Bruderlein, Sari Bashi, Kenneth Mann, Shane Darcy, John Reynolds, Yoram Dinstein, John Dugard, Marc S. Kaliser, Mustafa Mari, and Iain Scobbie) maintain that Israel's extensive direct external control over Gaza, and indirect control over the lives of its internal population mean that Gaza remained occupied.[181][182] In spite of Israel's withdrawal from Gaza in 2005, the Hamas government in Gaza considers Gaza as occupied territory.[183]
Israel states that it does not exercise effective control or authority over any land or institutions in the Gaza Strip and thus the Gaza Strip is no longer subject to the former military occupation.[184][185] Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel Tzipi Livni stated in January 2008: "Israel got out of Gaza. It dismantled its settlements there. No Israeli soldiers were left there after the disengagement."[186] On 30 January 2008, the Supreme Court of Israel ruled that the Gaza Strip was not occupied by Israel in a decision on a petition against Israeli restrictions against the Gaza Strip which argued that it remained occupied. The Supreme Court ruled that Israel has not exercised effective control over the Gaza Strip since 2005, and accordingly, it was no longer occupied.[187]
In a legal analysis Hanne Cuyckens agrees with the Israeli position that Gaza is no longer occupied - "Gaza is not technically occupied, given that there is no longer any effective control in the sense of Article 42 of the Hague Regulations. ... Even though the majority argues that the Gaza Strip is still occupied, the effective control test at the core of the law of occupation is no longer met and hence Gaza is no longer occupied." She disagrees that Israel cannot therefore be held responsible for the situation in Gaza because: "Nonetheless, Israel continues to exercise an important level of control over the Gaza Strip and its population, making it difficult to accept that it would no longer have any obligations with regard to the Strip. ... the absence of occupation does not mean the absence of accountability. This responsibility is however not founded on the law of occupation but on general international humanitarian law, potentially complemented by international human rights law".[188] Yuval Shany also argues that Israel is probably not an occupying power in Gaza under international law, writing that "it is difficult to continue and regard Israel as the occupying power in Gaza under the traditional law of occupation".[189]
Avi Bell argues that the Gaza Strip is not occupied as the Israeli blockade does not constitute effective control, citing several international legal precedents that the occupier must be in direct control with forces on the ground and have direct control over the civilian population superior to that of the established government. He argues that Israeli control over Gaza does not meet these standards.[190] Likewise, Alex Stein claimed in 2014 that Israel did not occupy Gaza and its only obligation was to minimize harm to the civilian population during military operations.[191]
Characterization as open-air prison
Several rights groups have characterized the situation in Gaza as an "open-air prison", including the United Nations,[192] Human Rights Watch,[193] and the Norwegian Refugee Council,[194] This characterizations was often cited by a number of human rights activists, politicians, and media news outlets reporting on the Gaza-Israel conflict and the wider Palestinian-Israeli conflict.[195][196][197][198][199][14] Former British Prime Minister David Cameron,[200] US Senator Bernie Sanders,[201] former Israeli diplomat Gideon Levy,[202] and Israeli historian Ilan Pappe have endorsed this characterization as well.[203]
In 2022, Human Rights Watch issued a report on the situation in the Gaza Strip, which it called an "open-air prison", due to the blockade and held Israel responsible as the occupying power, and to a lesser degree Egypt, which has restricted movement of Palestinians through its border.[193] The report highlighted how this blockade has led to humanitarian crises, namely shortages of essential supplies, limited access to healthcare, and high levels of poverty and unemployment among the Palestinian population in Gaza.[193] It claimed that Israel has formed a formal policy of separation between Gaza and the West Bank, despite both forming parts of the Palestinian territories.[193] The Israeli blockade on Gaza has restricted the freedom of movement of Gaza Palestinians to both the West Bank and the outside world; in particular, Palestinian professional were most impacted by these restrictions, as applying for travel permit takes several weeks.[193]
The Norwegian Refugee Council report issued in 2018, called the territory "the world's largest open-air prison", highlighting in it several figures, including lack of access to clean water, to reliably electrical supply, to health care, food and employment opportunities.[194] It lamented the fact that a majority of Palestinian children in Gaza suffer from psychological trauma, and a portion of which, from stunted growth.[194]
Statehood
Some Israeli analysts have argued that the Gaza Strip can be considered a de facto independent state, even if not internationally recognized as such. Israeli Major General Giora Eiland, who headed Israel's National Security Council, has argued that after the disengagement and Hamas takeover, the Gaza Strip became a de facto state for all intents and purposes, writing that "It has clear borders, an effective government, an independent foreign policy and an army. These are the exact characteristics of a state."[204]
Yagil Levy, a professor of Political Sociology and Public Policy at the Open University of Israel, wrote in a Haaretz column that "Gaza is a state in every respect, at least as social scientists understand the term. It has a central government with an army that's subordinate to it and that protects a population living in a defined territory. Nevertheless, Gaza is a castrated state. Israel and Egypt control its borders. The Palestinian Authority pays for the salaries of some of its civil servants. And the army doesn't have a monopoly on armed force, because there are independent militias operating alongside it."[205]
Moshe Arens, a former Israeli diplomat who served as Foreign Minister and Defense Minister, likewise wrote that Gaza is a state as "it has a government, an army, a police force and courts that dispense justice of sorts."[206] In November 2018, Israeli Justice Minister Ayelet Shaked asserted that Gaza is an independent state, stating that Palestinians "already have a state" in Gaza.[207]
Geoffrey Aronson has likewise argued that the Gaza Strip can be considered a proto-state with some aspects of sovereignty, writing that "a proto-state already exists in the Gaza Strip, with objective attributes of sovereignty the Ramallah-based Mahmoud Abbas can only dream about. Gaza is a single, contiguous territory with de facto borders, recognised, if not always respected, by friend and foe alike. There are no permanently stationed foreign occupiers and, most importantly, no civilian Israeli settlements."[208] Writing in Newsweek, journalist Marc Schulman referred to Gaza as "an impoverished proto-state that lives off aid."[209]
Control over airspace
As agreed between Israel and the Palestinian Authority in the Oslo Accords, Israel has exclusive control over the airspace. Contrarily to the Oslo Accords, however, Israel interferes with Gaza's radio and TV transmissions, and Israel prevents the Palestinians from operating a seaport or airport.[210] The Accords permitted Palestinians to construct an airport, which was duly built and opened in 1998. Israel destroyed Gaza's only airport in 2001 and again in 2002, during the Second Intifada.[211][212]
The Israeli army makes use of drones, which can launch precise missiles. They are equipped with high-resolution cameras and other sensors. The missile fired from a drone has its own cameras that allow the operator to observe the target from the moment of firing. After a missile has been launched, the drone operator can remotely divert it elsewhere. Drone operators can view objects on the ground in detail during both day and night.[213] Israeli drones routinely patrol over Gaza.
Buffer zone
Part of the territory is depopulated because of the imposition of buffer zones on both the Israeli and Egyptian borders.[214][215][216]
Initially, Israel imposed a 50-meter buffer zone in Gaza.[217] In 2000, it was expanded to 150 meters.[215] Following the 2005 Israeli disengagement from Gaza, an undefined buffer zone was maintained, including a no-fishing zone along the coast.
In 2009/2010, Israel expanded the buffer zone to 300 meters.[218][217][219] In 2010, the UN estimated that 30 percent of the arable land in Gaza had been lost to the buffer zone.[214][217]
On 25 February 2013, pursuant to a November 2012 ceasefire, Israel declared a buffer zone of 100 meters on land and 6 nautical miles offshore. In the following month, the zone was changed to 300 meters and 3 nautical miles. The 1994 Gaza Jericho Agreement allows 20 nautical miles, and the 2002 Bertini Commitment allows 12 nautical miles.[218][215]
In August 2015, the IDF confirmed a buffer zone of 300 meters for residents and 100 meters for farmers, but without explaining how to distinguish between the two.[220] As of 2015[update], on a third of Gaza's agricultural land, residents risk Israeli attacks. According to PCHR, Israeli attacks take place up to approximately 1.5 km (0.9 mi) from the border, making 17% of Gaza's total territory a risk zone.[215]
Israel says the buffer zone is needed to protect Israeli communities just over the border from sniper fire and rocket attacks. In the 18 months until November 2010, one Thai farm worker in Israel was killed by a rocket fired from Gaza. In 2010, according to IDF figures, 180 rockets and mortars had been fired into Israel by militants. In 6 months, 11 Palestinians civilians, including four children, had been killed by Israeli fire and at least 70 Palestinian civilians were injured in the same period, including at least 49 who were working collecting rubble and scrap metal.[214]
A buffer zone was also created on the Egyptian side of the Gaza–Egypt border. In 2014, scores of homes in Rafah were destroyed for the buffer zone.[221] According to Amnesty International, more than 800 homes were destroyed and more than 1,000 families evicted.[222] Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas agreed with the destruction of smuggling tunnels by flooding them, and then punishing the owners of the houses that contained entrances to the tunnels, including demolishing their houses, arguing that the tunnels had produced 1,800 millionaires, and were used for smuggling weapons, drugs, cash, and equipment for forging documents.[222]
Gaza blockade
Israel and Egypt maintain a blockade of the Gaza Strip, although Israel allows in limited quantities of medical humanitarian aid. The Red Cross claimed that the blockade harms the economy and causes a shortage of basic medicines and equipment such as painkillers and x-ray film.[223]
Israel claims the blockade is necessary to prevent the smuggling of weapons into Gaza. For example, in 2014, a Panamanian-flagged ship claiming to be carrying construction materials was boarded by the IDF and was found to contain Syrian produced rockets.[224] Israel maintains that the blockade is legal and necessary to limit Palestinian rocket attacks from the Gaza Strip on its cities and to prevent Hamas from obtaining other weapons.[42][43][40][225][226][227]
Director of the Shin Bet (Israel Security Agency) Yuval Diskin did not oppose easing trade restrictions, but said that smuggling tunnels in Sinai and an open seaport in the Gaza Strip endangered Israel's security. According to Diskin, Hamas and Islamic Jihad had smuggled in over "5,000 rockets with ranges up to 40 km (25 mi)." Some of the rockets could reach as far as the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area.[228]
Israeli spokesman Mark Regev described Israel's actions as "sanctions," not a blockade, but a Gazan legal consultant for UNRWA called the blockade "an action outside of international law."[citation needed]
In July 2010, British Prime Minister David Cameron said, "humanitarian goods and people must flow in both directions. Gaza cannot and must not be allowed to remain a prison camp."[229] In response, the spokesman for the Israeli embassy in London said, "The people of Gaza are the prisoners of the terrorist organization Hamas. The situation in Gaza is the direct result of Hamas' rule and priorities."
The Arab League accused Israel of waging a financial war.[230] The IDF strictly controlled travel within the area of the crossing points between Israel and the Gaza Strip, and sealed its border with Gaza. U.S. government travel guides warned tourists that the region was dangerous.
Facing mounting international pressure, Egypt and Israel lessened the restrictions starting in June 2010, when the Rafah border crossing from Egypt to Gaza was partially opened by Egypt. Egypt's foreign ministry said that the crossing would remain open mainly for people, but not for supplies.[231] Israel announced that it would allow the passage of civilian goods but not weapons and items that could be used for dual purposes.[232] In December 2015, Egypt asked Israel not to allow Turkish aid into the Gaza Strip.[233] Benjamin Netanyahu replied that it was impossible to lift the siege on Gaza and that the security of Israel is the primary issue for him. He confirmed in December 2015 "that Israel is the only country that currently sends supplies to the coastal enclave".[234]
In January and February 2011, the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) assessed measures taken to ease the blockade[235] and concluded that they were helpful but not sufficient to improve the lives of the local inhabitants.[235] UNOCHA called on Israel to reduce restrictions on exports and the import of construction materials, and to lift the general ban on movement between Gaza and the West Bank via Israel.[235] After Egypt's President Hosni Mubarak resigned on 28 May 2011, Egypt permanently opened its border with the Gaza Strip to students, medical patients, and foreign passport holders.[235][236] Following the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état, Egypt's military has destroyed most of the 1,200 tunnels which are used for smuggling food, weapons, and other goods to Gaza.[237] After the August 2013 Rabaa Massacre in Egypt, the border crossing was closed 'indefinitely.'[238]
Israel has alternately restricted or allowed goods and people to cross the terrestrial border and handles vicariously the movement of goods into and out of Gaza by air and sea. Israel largely provides for Gaza's water supply, electricity, and communications infrastructure. While the import of food is restricted through the Gaza blockade, the Israeli military destroys agricultural crops by spraying toxic chemicals over the Gazan lands, using aircraft flying over the border zone. According to the IDF, the spraying is intended "to prevent the concealment of IED's [Improvised Explosive Devices], and to disrupt and prevent the use of the area for destructive purposes."[239] Gaza's agricultural research and development station was destroyed in 2014 and again in January 2016, while import of new equipment is obstructed.[240]
Movement of people
Because of the Israeli–Egyptian blockade, the population is not free to leave or enter the Gaza Strip. Only in exceptional cases are people allowed to pass through the Erez Crossing or the Rafah Border Crossing.[218][241][242][243] In 2015, a Gazan woman was not allowed to travel through Israel to Jordan on her way to her own wedding. The Israeli authorities found she did not meet the criteria for travel, namely only in exceptional humanitarian cases.[244]
Under the long-term blockade, the Gaza Strip is often described as a "prison-camp or open air prison for its collective denizens". The comparison is done by observers, ranging from Roger Cohen and Lawrence Weschler to NGOs, such as B'tselem, and politicians and diplomats, such as David Cameron, Noam Chomsky, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, David Shoebridge and Sir John Holmes.[245][246][247][248][249][250][251][252] In 2014 French President François Hollande called for the demilitarization of Gaza and a lifting of the blockade, saying "Gaza must neither be an open prison nor a military base."[253]
An anonymous Israeli analyst has called it "Israel's Alcatraz".[254] While Lauren Booth,[255][256] Philip Slater,[257] Giorgio Agamben[258] compare it to a "concentration camp". For Robert S. Wistrich,[259] and Philip Mendes,[260] such analogies are designed to offend Jews, while Philip Seib dismisses the comparison as absurd, and claims that it arises from sources like Al Jazeera and statements by Arab leaders.[261]
Israel restricts movement of Palestinian residents between the West Bank and Gaza. Israel has implemented a policy of allowing Palestinian movement from the West Bank to Gaza, but making it quite difficult for Gaza residents to move to the West Bank. Israel typically refuses to allow Gaza residents to leave for the West Bank, even when the Gaza resident is originally a West Bank resident. The Israeli human rights organization Gisha has helped Gaza residents who had moved from the West Bank to Gaza return to the West Bank arguing that extremely pressing personal circumstances provide humanitarian grounds for relief.[262]
Economy
The economy of the Gaza Strip is severely hampered by Egypt and Israel's almost total blockade, the high population density, limited land access, strict internal and external security controls, the effects of Israeli military operations, and restrictions on labor and trade access across the border. Per capita income (PPP) was estimated at US$3,100 in 2009, a position of 164th in the world.[21] Seventy percent of the population is below the poverty line according to a 2009 estimate.[21] Gaza Strip industries are generally small family businesses that produce textiles, soap, olive-wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs.
The main agricultural products are olives, citrus, vegetables, Halal beef, and dairy products. Primary exports are citrus and cut flowers, while primary imports are food, consumer goods, and construction materials. The main trade partners of the Gaza Strip are Israel and Egypt.[21]
The EU described the Gaza economy in 2013 as follows: "Since Hamas took control of Gaza in 2007 and following the closure imposed by Israel, the situation in the Strip has been one of chronic need, de-development and donor dependency, despite a temporary relaxation on restrictions in movement of people and goods following a flotilla raid in 2010. The closure has effectively cut off access for exports to traditional markets in Israel, transfers to the West Bank and has severely restricted imports. Exports are now down to 2% of 2007 levels."[76]
According to Sara Roy, one senior IDF officer told an UNWRA official in 2015 that Israel's policy towards the Gaza Strip consisted of: "No development, no prosperity, no humanitarian crisis."[263]
Natural resources
Natural resources of Gaza include arable land—about a third of the Strip is irrigated. Recently, natural gas was discovered. The Gaza Strip is largely dependent on water from Wadi Gaza, which also supplies Israel.[264]
Gaza's marine gas reserves extend 32 kilometres from the Gaza Strip's coastline[265] and were calculated at 35 BCM.[266]
After Oslo (1994–2007)
Economic output in the Gaza Strip declined by about one-third between 1992 and 1996. This downturn was attributed to Israeli closure policies and, to a lesser extent, corruption and mismanagement by Yasser Arafat. Economic development has been hindered by Israel refusing to allow the operation of a sea harbour. A seaport was planned to be built in Gaza with help from France and The Netherlands, but the project was bombed by Israel in 2001. Israel said that the reason for bombing was that Israeli settlements were being shot at from the construction site at the harbour. As a result, international transports (both trade and aid) had to go through Israel, which was hindered by the imposition of generalized border closures. These also disrupted previously established labor and commodity market relationships between Israel and the Strip. A serious negative social effect of this downturn was the emergence of high unemployment.
For its energy, Gaza is largely dependent on Israel either for import of electricity or fuel for its sole power plant. The Oslo Accords set limits for the Palestinian production and importation of energy. Pursuant to the Accords, the Israel Electric Corporation exclusively supplies the electricity (63% of the total consumption in 2013).[26] The amount of electricity has consistently been limited to 120 megawatts, which is the amount Israel undertook to sell to Gaza pursuant to the Oslo Accords.[267]
Israel's use of comprehensive closures decreased over the next few years. In 1998, Israel implemented new policies to ease security procedures and allow somewhat freer movement of Gazan goods and labor into Israel. These changes led to three years of economic recovery in the Gaza Strip, disrupted by the outbreak of the al-Aqsa Intifada in the last quarter of 2000. Before the second Palestinian uprising in September 2000, around 25,000 workers from the Gaza Strip (about 2% of the population) worked in Israel on a daily basis.[268]
The Second Intifada led to a steep decline in the economy of Gaza, which was heavily reliant upon external markets. Israel—which had begun its occupation by helping Gazans to plant approximately 618,000 trees in 1968, and to improve seed selection—over the first 3-year period of the second intifada, destroyed 10 percent of Gazan agricultural land, and uprooted 226,000 trees.[269] The population became largely dependent on humanitarian assistance, primarily from UN agencies.[270]
The al-Aqsa Intifada triggered tight IDF closures of the border with Israel, as well as frequent curbs on traffic in Palestinian self-rule areas, severely disrupting trade and labor movements. In 2001, and even more so in early 2002, internal turmoil and Israeli military measures led to widespread business closures and a sharp drop in GDP. Civilian infrastructure, such as the Palestine airport, was destroyed by Israel.[271] Another major factor was a drop in income due to reduction in the number of Gazans permitted entry to work in Israel. After the Israeli withdrawal from Gaza, the flow of a limited number of workers into Israel resumed, although Israel said it would reduce or end such permits due to the victory of Hamas in the 2006 parliamentary elections.
The Israeli settlers of Gush Katif built greenhouses and experimented with new forms of agriculture. These greenhouses provided employment for hundreds of Gazans. When Israel withdrew from the Gaza Strip in the summer of 2005, more than 3,000 (about half) of the greenhouses were purchased with $14 million raised by former World Bank president James Wolfensohn, and given to Palestinians to jump-start their economy. The rest were demolished by the departing settlers before they were offered a compensation as an inducement to leave them behind.[272] The farming effort faltered due to limited water supply, Palestinian looting, restrictions on exports, and corruption in the Palestinian Authority. Many Palestinian companies repaired the greenhouses damaged and looted by the Palestinians after the Israeli withdrawal.[273]
In 2005, after the Israeli withdrawal from the Gaza Strip, Gaza businessmen envisaged a "magnificent future". $1.1 million was invested in an upscale restaurant, Roots, and plans were made to turn one of the Israeli settlements into a family resort.[274]
Following Hamas takeover (since 2007)
The European Union states: "Gaza has experienced continuous economic decline since the imposition of a closure policy by Israel in 2007. This has had serious social and humanitarian consequences for many of its 1.7 million inhabitants. The situation has deteriorated further in recent months as a result of the geo-political changes which took place in the region during the course of 2013, particularly in Egypt and its closure of the majority of smuggling tunnels between Egypt and Gaza as well as increased restrictions at Rafah."[76]
Israel, the United States, Canada, and the European Union have frozen all funds to the Palestinian government after the formation of a Hamas-controlled government after its democratic victory in the 2006 Palestinian legislative election. They view the group as a terrorist organization, and have pressured Hamas to recognize Israel, renounce violence, and make good on past agreements. Prior to disengagement, 120,000 Palestinians from Gaza had been employed in Israel or in joint projects.
After the Israeli withdrawal, the gross domestic product of the Gaza Strip declined. Jewish enterprises shut down, work relationships were severed, and job opportunities in Israel dried up. After the 2006 elections, fighting broke out between Fatah and Hamas, which Hamas won in the Gaza Strip on 14 June 2007. Israel imposed a blockade, and the only goods permitted into the Strip through the land crossings were goods of a humanitarian nature, and these were permitted in limited quantities.
An easing of Israel's closure policy in 2010 resulted in an improvement in some economic indicators, although exports were still restricted.[270] According to the Israeli Defense Forces and the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, the economy of the Gaza Strip improved in 2011, with a drop in unemployment and an increase in GDP. New malls opened and local industry began to develop. This economic upswing has led to the construction of hotels and a rise in the import of cars.[275] Wide-scale development has been made possible by the unhindered movement of goods into Gaza through the Kerem Shalom Crossing and tunnels between the Gaza Strip and Egypt. The rate of trucks entering Gaza through Kerem Shalom was 250 trucks per day as of 2012[update]. The increase in building activity led to a shortage of construction workers. To make up for the deficit, young people were sent to learn the trade in Turkey.[276]
In 2012, Hamas leader Mahmoud Zahar said that Gaza's economic situation has improved and Gaza has become self-reliant "in several aspects except petroleum and electricity" despite Israel's blockade. Zahar said that Gaza's economic conditions are better than those in the West Bank.[277] In 2014, the EU's opinion was: "Today, Gaza is facing a dangerous and pressing humanitarian and economic situation with power outages across Gaza for up to 16 hours a day and, as a consequence, the closure of sewage pumping operations, reduced access to clean water; a reduction in medical supplies and equipment; the cessation of imports of construction materials; rising unemployment, rising prices and increased food insecurity. If left unaddressed, the situation could have serious consequences for stability in Gaza, for security more widely in the region as well as for the peace process itself."[76]
2012 fuel crisis
Usually, diesel for Gaza came from Israel,[278] but in 2011, Hamas started to buy cheaper fuel from Egypt, bringing it via a network of tunnels, and refused to allow it from Israel.[279]
In early 2012, due to internal economic disagreement between the Palestinian Authority and the Hamas Government in Gaza, decreased supplies from Egypt and through tunnel smuggling, and Hamas's refusal to ship fuel via Israel, the Gaza Strip plunged into a fuel crisis, bringing increasingly long electricity shut downs and disruption of transportation. Egypt had attempted for a while to stop the use of tunnels for delivery of Egyptian fuel purchased by Palestinian authorities, and had severely reduced supply through the tunnel network. As the crisis broke out, Hamas sought to equip the Rafah terminal between Egypt and Gaza for fuel transfer, and refused to accept fuel to be delivered via the Kerem Shalom crossing between Israel and Gaza.[280]
In mid-February 2012, as the crisis escalated, Hamas rejected an Egyptian proposal to bring in fuel via the Kerem Shalom Crossing between Israel and Gaza to reactivate Gaza's only power plant. Ahmed Abu Al-Amreen of the Hamas-run Energy Authority refused it on the grounds that the crossing is operated by Israel and Hamas' fierce opposition to the existence of Israel. Egypt cannot ship diesel fuel to Gaza directly through the Rafah crossing point, because it is limited to the movement of individuals.[279]
In early March 2012, the head of Gaza's energy authority stated that Egypt wanted to transfer energy via the Kerem Shalom Crossing, but he personally refused it to go through the "Zionist entity" (Israel) and insisted that Egypt transfer the fuel through the Rafah Crossing, although this crossing is not equipped to handle the half-million liters needed each day.[281]
In late March 2012, Hamas began offering carpools for people to use Hamas state vehicles to get to work. Many Gazans began to wonder how these vehicles have fuel themselves, as diesel was completely unavailable in Gaza, ambulances could no longer be used, but Hamas government officials still had fuel for their own cars. Many Gazans said that Hamas confiscated the fuel it needed from petrol stations and used it exclusively for their own purposes.
Egypt agreed to provide 600,000 liters of fuel to Gaza daily, but it had no way of delivering it that Hamas would agree to.[282]
In addition, Israel introduced a number of goods and vehicles into the Gaza Strip via the Kerem Shalom Crossing, as well as the normal diesel for hospitals. Israel also shipped 150,000 liters of diesel through the crossing, which was paid for by the Red Cross.
In April 2012, the issue was resolved as certain amounts of fuel were supplied with the involvement of the Red Cross, after the Palestinian Authority and Hamas reached a deal. Fuel was finally transferred via the Israeli Kerem Shalom Crossing, which Hamas previously refused to transfer fuel from.[283]
Budget (2012)
Most of the Gaza Strip administration funding comes from outside as an aid, with large portion delivered by UN organizations directly to education and food supply. Most of the Gaza GDP comes as foreign humanitarian and direct economic support. Of those funds, the major part is supported by the U.S. and the European Union. Portions of the direct economic support have been provided by the Arab League, though it largely has not provided funds according to schedule. Among other alleged sources of Gaza administration budget is Iran.
A diplomatic source told Reuters that Iran had funded Hamas in the past with up to $300 million per year, but the flow of money had not been regular in 2011. "Payment has been in suspension since August," said the source.[284]
In January 2012, some diplomatic sources said that Turkey promised to provide Haniyeh's Gaza Strip administration with $300 million to support its annual budget.[284]
In April 2012, the Hamas government in Gaza approved its budget for 2012, which was up 25 percent year-on-year over 2011 budget, indicating that donors, including Iran, benefactors in the Islamic world, and Palestinian expatriates, are still heavily funding the movement.[285] Chief of Gaza's parliament's budget committee Jamal Nassar said the 2012 budget is $769 million, compared to $630 million in 2011.[285]
Demographics
 | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
In 2010, approximately 1.6 million people lived in the Gaza Strip,[21] almost 1.0 million of them UN-registered refugees.[287] The majority descend from refugees who were driven from or left their homes during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The Strip's population has continued to increase since that time, mainly due to a total fertility rate which peaked at 8.3 children per woman in 1991. This fell to 4.4 children per woman in 2013 which was still among the highest worldwide.[21][288]
In a ranking by total fertility rate, this places Gaza 34th of 224 regions.[21][288] This leads to the Gaza Strip having an unusually high proportion of children in the population, with 43.5% of the population being 14 or younger and a median age in 2014 of 18, compared to a world average of 28, and 30 in Israel. The only countries with a lower median age are countries in Africa such as Uganda where it was 15.[288]
Sunni Muslims make up 99.8 percent of the population in the Gaza Strip, with an estimated 2,000 to 3,000 (0.2 percent) Arab Christians.[289][21]
Religion
Religious observance
From 1987 to 1991, during the First Intifada, Hamas campaigned for the wearing of the hijab head-cover.[citation needed] In the course of this campaign, women who chose not to wear the hijab were verbally and physically harassed by Hamas activists, leading to hijabs being worn "just to avoid problems on the streets".[291]
In October 2000, Islamic extremists burned down the Windmill Hotel, owned by Basil Eleiwa, when they learned it had served alcohol.[274]
Since Hamas took over in 2007, attempts have been made by Islamist activists to impose "Islamic dress" and to require women to wear the hijab.[292][293] The government's "Islamic Endowment Ministry" has deployed Virtue Committee members to warn citizens of the "dangers of immodest dress, card playing and dating".[294] However, there are no government laws imposing dress and other moral standards, and the Hamas education ministry reversed one effort to impose Islamic dress on students.[292] There has also been successful resistance[by whom?] to attempts by local Hamas officials to impose Islamic dress on women.[295]
According to Human Rights Watch, the Hamas-controlled government stepped up its efforts to "Islamize" Gaza in 2010, efforts it says included the "repression of civil society" and "severe violations of personal freedom."[296]
Palestinian researcher Khaled Al-Hroub has criticized what he called the "Taliban-like steps" Hamas has taken: "The Islamization that has been forced upon the Gaza Strip—the suppression of social, cultural, and press freedoms that do not suit Hamas's view[s]—is an egregious deed that must be opposed. It is the reenactment, under a religious guise, of the experience of [other] totalitarian regimes and dictatorships."[297] Hamas officials denied having any plans to impose Islamic law. One legislator stated that "[w]hat you are seeing are incidents, not policy" and that "we believe in persuasion".[294]
In October 2012, Gaza youth complained that security officers had obstructed their freedom to wear saggy pants and to have haircuts of their own choosing, and that they faced being arrested. Youth in Gaza are also arrested by security officers for wearing shorts and for showing their legs, which have been described by youth as embarrassing incidents, and one youth explained that "My saggy pants did not harm anyone." However, a spokesman for Gaza's Ministry of Interior denied such a campaign, and denied interfering in the lives of Gaza citizens, but explained that "maintaining the morals and values of the Palestinian society is highly required".[298]
Violence against Christians has been recorded. The owner of a Christian bookshop was abducted and murdered[299] and in February 2008, the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) library in Gaza City was bombed.[300]
Islamic politics
Up until 2012, Iran and Syria were the two most active state supporters of Hamas, but these political relationships were disrupted due to the Assad government's violent crackdown on pro-democracy protestors during the Syrian revolution.[301] Hamas backed the rebels, which led to strained ties with the Iranian government, which was actively supporting Syria. The position of Hamas began to decline as foreign support diminished.[76]
Salafism
In addition to Hamas, a Salafist movement began to appear about 2005 in Gaza, characterized by "a strict lifestyle based on that of the earliest followers of Islam".[302] As of 2015[update], there are estimated to be only "hundreds or perhaps a few thousand" Salafists in Gaza.[302] The failure of Hamas to lift the Israeli blockade of Gaza despite thousands of casualties and much destruction during 2008-9 and 2014 wars has weakened Hamas's support and led some in Hamas to be concerned about the possibility of defections to the Salafist "Islamic State".[302]
The movement has clashed with Hamas on a number of occasions. In 2009, a Salafist leader, Abdul Latif Moussa, declared an Islamic emirate in the town of Rafah, on Gaza's southern border.[302] Moussa and nineteen other people were killed when Hamas forces stormed his mosque and house. In 2011, Salafists abducted and murdered a pro-Palestinian Italian activist, Vittorio Arrigoni. Following this Hamas again took action to crush the Salafist groups.[302]
Education
In 2010, illiteracy among Gazan youth was less than 1%. According to UNRWA figures, there are 640 schools in Gaza: 383 government schools, 221 UNRWA schools and 36 private schools, serving a total of 441,452 students.[303]
In 2010, Al Zahara, a private school in central Gaza introduced a special program for mental development based on math computations. The program was created in Malaysia in 1993, according to the school principal, Majed al-Bari.[304]
In June 2011, some Gazans, upset that UNRWA did not rebuild their homes that were lost in the Second Intifada, blocked UNRWA from performing its services and shut down UNRWA's summer camps. Gaza residents closed UNRWA's emergency department, social services office and ration stores.[305]
In 2012, there were five universities in the Gaza Strip and eight new schools were under construction.[306] By 2018, nine universities were open.
The Community College of Applied Science and Technology (CCAST) was established in 1998 in Gaza City. In 2003, the college moved into its new campus and established the Gaza Polytechnic Institute (GPI) in 2006 in southern Gaza. In 2007, the college received accreditation to award BA degrees as the University College of Applied Sciences (UCAS). In 2010, the college had a student population of 6,000, in eight departments offering over 40 majors.[307]
Health
Statistics
In Gaza, there are hospitals and additional healthcare facilities. Because of the high number of young people the mortality rate is one of the lowest in the world, at 0.315% per year.[308] The infant mortality rate is ranked 105th highest out of 224 countries and territories, at 16.55 deaths per 1,000 births.[309] The Gaza Strip places 24th out of 135 countries according to Human Poverty Index.
A study carried out by Johns Hopkins University (U.S.) and Al-Quds University (in Abu Dis) for CARE International in late 2002 revealed very high levels of dietary deficiency among the Palestinian population. The study found that 17.5% of children aged 6–59 months suffered from chronic malnutrition. 53% of women of reproductive age and 44% of children were found to be anemic. Insecurity in obtaining sufficient food as of 2016 affects roughly 70% of Gaza households, as the number of people requiring assistance from UN agencies has risen from 72,000 in 2000, to 800,000 in 2014[310]
After the Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip health conditions in Gaza Strip faced new challenges. World Health Organization (WHO) expressed its concerns about the consequences of the Palestinian internal political fragmentation; the socioeconomic decline; military actions; and the physical, psychological and economic isolation on the health of the population in Gaza.[311] In a 2012 study of the occupied territories, the WHO reported that roughly 50% of the young children and infants under two years old and 39.1% of pregnant women receiving antenatal services care in Gaza suffer from iron-deficiency anemia. The organization also observed chronic malnutrition in children under five "is not improving and may be deteriorating."[312]
Healthcare availability
According to Palestinian leaders in the Gaza Strip, the majority of medical aid delivered are "past their expiration date." Mounir el-Barash, the director of donations in Gaza's health department, claims 30% of aid sent to Gaza is used.[313][failed verification]
Gazans who desire medical care in Israeli hospitals must apply for a medical visa permit. In 2007, State of Israel granted 7,176 permits and denied 1,627.[314][315]
In 2012, two hospitals funded by Turkey and Saudi Arabia were under construction.[316]
Culture and sports
Fine arts
The Gaza Strip has been home to a significant branch of the contemporary Palestinian art movement since the mid-20th century. Notable artists include painters Ismail Ashour, Shafiq Redwan, Bashir Senwar, Majed Shalla, Fayez Sersawi, Abdul Rahman al Muzayan and Ismail Shammout, and media artists Taysir Batniji (who lives in France) and Laila al Shawa (who lives in London). An emerging generation of artists is also active in nonprofit art organizations such as Windows From Gaza and Eltiqa Group, which regularly host exhibitions and events open to the public.[317]
Archaeology
The Gaza Museum of Archaeology was established by Jawdat N. Khoudary in 2008.[318]
Athletics
In 2010, Gaza inaugurated its first Olympic-size swimming pool at the As-Sadaka club. The opening ceremony was held by the Islamic Society.[319] The swimming team of as-Sadaka holds several gold and silver medals from Palestinian swimming competitions.[320]
Transport and communications
Transport
Due to the on-going blockade of Gaza, any external travel from Gaza requires cooperation from either Egypt or Israel.
Highways
Salah al-Din Road, also known as the Salah ad-Deen Highway, is the main highway of the Gaza Strip. It extends over 45 km (28 mi), spanning the entire length of the territory from the Rafah Crossing in the south to the Erez Crossing in the north.[321] The road is named after the 12th-century Ayyubid general Salah al-Din.[70]
Rail transport
From 1920 to 1948, the Gaza Strip hosted sections of the Palestine Railways, connecting the region with Egypt.
Marine transport
The Port of Gaza has been an important and active port since antiquity. Despite plans under the Oslo Peace Accords to expand the port, it has been under a blockade since Hamas was elected as a majority party in the 2006 elections. Both the Israeli Navy and Egypt enforce the blockade, which limits many aspects of life in Gaza. According to Human Rights Watch, it particularly limits the movement of people and commerce, with exports being most affected. The improvement and rebuilding of infrastructure is also negatively impacted by these sanctions.[322] Plans to expand the port were halted after the outbreak of the al-Aqsa Intifada.
Air transport
The Yasser Arafat International Airport opened in November 1998 after the signing of the Oslo II Accord and the Wye River Memorandum. It was forced to close after Israel deconstruction in October 2000. Its radar station and control tower were destroyed by Israel Defense Forces aircraft in 2001 during the al-Aqsa Intifada. Bulldozers razed the runway in January 2002.[211][212] The only remaining runway in the Strip, at the Gush Katif Airport, fell into disuse following Israeli disengagement. The airspace over Gaza may be restricted by the Israeli Air Force as the Oslo Accords authorized.
Telecommunications
Telephone service
The Gaza Strip has rudimentary land line telephone service provided by an open-wire system. Extensive mobile telephone services are provided by PalTel (Jawwal) and Israeli providers such as Cellcom. Gaza is serviced by four internet service providers that compete for ADSL and dial-up customers.
Television and radio
In 2004, most Gaza households had a radio and a TV (70%+), and approximately 20% had a personal computer. People living in Gaza have access to FTA satellite programs, broadcast TV from the Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation, the Israel Broadcasting Authority, and the Second Israeli Broadcasting Authority.[323]
Notable people
See also
- Al-Bustan resort
- Enclave and exclave
- Gaza Security Force
- Hamastan
- Human rights in the State of Palestine
- International recognition of the State of Palestine
- Israeli-occupied territories
- Israeli settlement
- Military equipment of Israel
- Palestinian Declaration of Independence
- Palestinian National Security Forces
- Philistia
- Southern District (Israel)
Notes
References
- ^ "Mideast accord: the overview; Rabin and Arafat sign accord ending Israel's 27-year hold on Jericho and the Gaza Strip" Archived 9 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Chris Hedges, New York Times, 5 May 1994.
- ^ "مليونان و375 ألف نسمة عدد سكان قطاع غزة مع نهاية 2022". arabic.news.cn. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
- ^ Chami, Ralph; Espinoza, Raphael; Montiel, Peter J. (26 January 2021). Macroeconomic Policy in Fragile States. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-885309-1. Archived from the original on 11 April 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
- ^ The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) ISBN 0-19-861263-X – p.761 "Gaza Strip /'gɑːzə/ a strip of territory under the control of the Palestinian National Authority and Hamas, on the SE Mediterranean coast including the town of Gaza...".
- ^ "Israel-Palestinian conflict: Life in the Gaza Strip". BBC News. 20 May 2021. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
an enclave bounded by the Mediterranean Sea, Israel and Egypt.
- ^ "Gaza Strip", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 9 November 2022, archived from the original on 12 January 2021, retrieved 14 November 2022
- ^ Thomas E. Copeland, Drawing a Line in the Sea: The Gaza Flotilla Incident and the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, Archived 2 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine Lexington Books, 2011 p.25
- ^ Doug Suisman, Steven Simon, Glenn Robinson, C. Ross Anthony, Michael Schoenbaum (eds.) The Arc: A Formal Structure for a Palestinian State, Archived 2 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine Rand Corporation, 2007 p.79
- ^ "United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs - occupied Palestinian territory | Home Page". United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs - occupied Palestinian territory. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
- ^ James Kraska, 'Rule Selection in the Case of Israel's Blockade of Gaza:Law of Naval Warfare or Law of Sea?,' in M.N. Schmitt, Louise Arimatsu, Tim McCormack (eds.,) Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, Archived 2 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine Springer Science & Business Media, 2011 pp.367–395, p.387:'There are no Israeli troops in Gaza, which everybody regards as a self-governing enclave cut from the Middle East.'
- ^ Tristan Dunning, Hamas, Jihad and Popular Legitimacy: Reinterpreting Resistance in Palestine, Archived 2 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine Routledge, 2016 p.212:'Since taking sole control of Gaza in June 2007, Hamas has proven itself to be a remarkably resilient and resourceful government entity. The movement has clearly entrenched itself as the hegemonic power in the coastal enclave to such an extent that the International Crisis Group contends that the power struggle in Gaza is no longer between Hamas and Fatah. Rather the main source of confrontation is between Hamas and other more hardline Islamists and salafists. . . Hamas has been far more successful in an administrative sense than the Palestinian Authority in the West Bank, despite having access to only a fraction of the resources.'
- ^ Fabian, Emanuel. "Israel okays 1,500 more entry permits for Gaza workers, bringing total to 17,000". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
- ^ a b c Paddison, Laura (15 October 2023). "Gaza explained: What to know about the enclave". CNN. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
- ^ a b "Gaza under siege: The 25-mile-long strip with 2.3 million 'prisoners'". The Independent. 13 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ "Palestinians in Gaza protest against Israel's crippling blockade".
- ^ "A look at the billions of dollars in foreign aid to Gaza". AP News. 20 December 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
- ^ Sara Roy, Hamas and Civil Society in Gaza: Engaging the Islamist Social Sector, Archived 2 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine Princeton University Press, 2013 p.41:'Hamas's democratic victory, however, was short-lived . .followed as it was in June 2006 by an Israeli and US-led international political and economic boycott of the new Palestinian government. The boycott amounted to a form of collective punishment against the entire Palestinian population and, to my knowledge, was the first time in the history of the conflict that the international community imposed sanctions on the occupied rather than the occupier.'
- ^ "Impoverished Gaza economy struggles under Israeli blockade".
According to a 2021 World Bank report, Gaza only contributes 18 percent to the overall Palestinian economy, half of what it previously did 30 years ago. It has also deindustrialised, and, with a 45 percent unemployment rate and an almost 50 percent poverty rate, Palestinians in Gaza are heavily dependent on external transfers of money.
- ^ "Gaza Strip: devastated by conflict and Israel's economic blockade".
Gaza's unemployment rate is among the highest in the world, according to OCHA. The jobless rate stands at 46%, and is higher still among youth at around 70%, latest data from the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics says.
- ^ a b Milena Vaselinovic and Oren Liebermann (28 February 2019). "UN: Israel may have committed war crimes during Gaza protests". CNN.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "CIA — The World Factbook — Gaza Strip". CIA. 2014. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
- ^ "Gaza: At least 21 killed in Jabalia refugee camp fire".
- ^ a b Gaza Strip Archived 12 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine Entry at the CIA World Factbook
- ^ The Palestinians: In Search of a Just Peace – Page 52, Cheryl Rubenberg – 2003
- ^ "UN Assistant Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Deputy Emergency Relief Coordinator Call for Strengthening of International Support to the oPt". OCHA. 20 January 2020. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
..." including lifting of the blockade in Gaza..."
- ^ a b Report on UNCTAD assistance to the Palestinian people: Developments in the economy of the Occupied Palestinian Territory Archived 3 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine, para 20. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 6 July 2015 (doc.nr. TD/B/62/3). Source .
para 40: "The study stressed that Gaza's population would increase from 1.6 million in 2011 to 2.1 million in 2020, and concluded that for Gaza to be a liveable place in 2020 "herculean efforts" needed to be accelerated in such sectors as health, education, energy, water and sanitation (United Nations, 2012). However, instead of such efforts, the tragedy in Gaza has deteriorated and its de-development was accelerated by destruction in 2014." para 43: "The social, health and security-related ramifications of the high population density and overcrowding are among the factors that may render Gaza unliveable by 2020, if present trends continue" - ^ "UN report finds Gaza suffered $16.7 billion loss from siege and occupation". 25 November 2020. Archived from the original on 1 January 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
- ^ Economic costs of the Israeli occupation for the Palestinian people: The Gaza Strip under closure and restrictions (PDF) (Report). 13 August 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 November 2020.
- ^ Arnon, Arie (Autumn 2007). "Israeli Policy towards the Occupied Palestinian Territories: The Economic Dimension, 1967–2007" (PDF). Middle East Journal. 61 (4): 575. doi:10.3751/61.4.11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2013.
- ^ Roug, Louise (23 August 2007). "In Gaza, surfers find peace and freedom riding the deep blue". Articles.latimes.com. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
- ^ UBEID, Khalid F. (2013). "The origin, nature and stratigraphy of Pleistocene-Holocene palaeosols in Wadi Es-Salqa (Gaza Strip, Palestine)" (PDF). Serie Correlación Geológica. 29 (2): 63–78. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2017.
- ^ MANAGEMENT PLAN- WADI GAZA Archived 5 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine, by the MedWetCoast project
- ^ a b c d Multiple sources:
- Sanger, Andrew (2011). "The Contemporary Law of Blockade and the Gaza Freedom Flotilla". In M.N. Schmitt; Louise Arimatsu; Tim McCormack (eds.). Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law - 2010. Vol. 13. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 429. doi:10.1007/978-90-6704-811-8_14. ISBN 978-90-6704-811-8.
Israel claims it no longer occupies the Gaza Strip, maintaining that it is neither a Stale nor a territory occupied or controlled by Israel, but rather it has 'sui generis' status. Pursuant to the Disengagement Plan, Israel dismantled all military institutions and settlements in Gaza and there is no longer a permanent Israeli military or civilian presence in the territory. However the Plan also provided that Israel will guard and monitor the external land perimeter of the Gaza Strip, will continue to maintain exclusive authority in Gaza air space, and will continue to exercise security activity in the sea off the coast of the Gaza Strip as well as maintaining an Israeli military presence on the Egyptian-Gaza border. and reserving the right to reenter Gaza at will.
Israel continues to control six of Gaza's seven land crossings, its maritime borders and airspace and the movement of goods and persons in and out of the territory. Egypt controls one of Gaza's land crossings. Troops from the Israeli Defence Force regularly enter pans of the territory and/or deploy missile attacks, drones and sonic bombs into Gaza. Israel has declared a no-go buffer zone that stretches deep into Gaza: if Gazans enter this zone they are shot on sight. Gaza is also dependent on Israel for water, electricity, telecommunications and other utilities, currency, issuing IDs, and permits to enter and leave the territory. Israel also has sole control of the Palestinian Population Registry through which the Israeli Army regulates who is classified as a Palestinian and who is a Gazan or West Banker. Since 2000 aside from a limited number of exceptions Israel has refused to add people to the Palestinian Population Registry.
It is this direct external control over Gaza and indirect control over life within Gaza that has led the United Nations, the UN General Assembly, the UN Fact Finding Mission to Gaza, International human rights organisations, US Government websites, the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office and a significant number of legal commentators, to reject the argument that Gaza is no longer occupied. - Scobbie, Iain (2012). Elizabeth Wilmshurst (ed.). International Law and the Classification of Conflicts. Oxford University Press. p. 295. ISBN 978-0-19-965775-9.
Even after the accession to power of Hamas, Israel's claim that it no longer occupies Gaza has not been accepted by UN bodies, most States, nor the majority of academic commentators because of its exclusive control of its border with Gaza and crossing points including the effective control it exerted over the Rafah crossing until at least May 2011, its control of Gaza's maritime zones and airspace which constitute what Aronson terms the 'security envelope' around Gaza, as well as its ability to intervene forcibly at will in Gaza.
- Gawerc, Michelle (2012). Prefiguring Peace: Israeli-Palestinian Peacebuilding Partnerships. Lexington Books. p. 44. ISBN 9780739166109. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
While Israel withdrew from the immediate territory, it remained in control of all access to and from Gaza through the border crossings, as well as through the coastline and the airspace. In addition, Gaza was dependent upon Israel for water, electricity sewage communication networks and for its trade (Gisha 2007. Dowty 2008). ln other words, while Israel maintained that its occupation of Gaza ended with its unilateral disengagement Palestinians – as well as many human right organizations and international bodies – argued that Gaza was by all intents and purposes still occupied.
- Sanger, Andrew (2011). "The Contemporary Law of Blockade and the Gaza Freedom Flotilla". In M.N. Schmitt; Louise Arimatsu; Tim McCormack (eds.). Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law - 2010. Vol. 13. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 429. doi:10.1007/978-90-6704-811-8_14. ISBN 978-90-6704-811-8.
- ^ Egypt Israel Armistice Agreement UN Doc S/1264/Corr.1 23 February 1949 [dead link]
- ^ Goldenberg, Suzanne (4 March 2008). "US plotted to overthrow Hamas after election victory". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 29 April 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
- ^ Gürbey, Gülistan; Hofmann, Sabine; Seyder, Ferhad Ibrahim (23 March 2017). Between State and Non-State: Politics and Society in Kurdistan-Iraq and Palestine. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-60181-0. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
- ^ Amer, Adnan Abu. "Three issues that could derail the Fatah-Hamas deal". aljazeera.com. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
- ^ Peter Beaumont in Jerusalem. "Palestinian unity government of Fatah and Hamas sworn in | World news". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 December 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
- ^ Seib 2012, p. 148.
- ^ a b Samira Shackle (14 October 2013). "Israel tightens its blockade of Gaza for 'security reasons'". Middle East Monitor. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013.:'Yet critics point out that it is not just military supplies that cannot enter Gaza, but basic construction materials, medical supplies, and food stuffs. The issue came to international attention in 2010, when a flotilla of activists attempted to break the blockade and carry humanitarian aid into Gaza. Nine were killed when the Israeli navy entered the flotilla. The incident shone a spotlight onto the blockade of Gaza. At one stage, prohibited materials included coriander, ginger, nutmeg and newspapers. A relaxation of the rules in June 2009 meant that processed hummus was allowed in, but not hummus with extras such as pine nuts or mushrooms. One of the biggest issues has been building materials. The strict restrictions on goods going into Gaza meant that it was impossible to start reconstruction work; it was therefore impossible to repair shattered windows to keep out the winter rain.'
- ^ Dion Nissenbaum. "Olmert aide supports free Gaza" Archived 6 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. McClatchy Newspapers. 8 December 2008:'Since Hamas took control of Gaza last year, Israel has dramatically reduced the amount of food, fuel and supplies going through its border crossings with Gaza that are the main Palestinian lifeline to the outside world. Since the Israeli military operation on 4 November, according to humanitarian groups, about 700 truck loads of goods have gone into Gaza. That's what should be going in-and-out on a single day.'
- ^ a b "Gaza's Tunnel Economy". Borgen Magazine. 4 August 2014. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ^ a b "Inquiry urged into Israel convoy raid". BBC. 1 June 2010. Archived from the original on 13 March 2015. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
- ^ "Gaza Strip, overview". Freedom House. Archived from the original on 31 December 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
- ^ "Palestinians in Lebanon ready to fight Israel, if Hezbollah helps them". Al Jazeera.
- ^ Multiple sources:
- Jonathan Cook, 'How Israel is turning Gaza into a super-max prison,' Archived 20 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine The National (Abu Dhabi) 27 October 2014: 'One Israeli analyst has compared the proposed solution to transforming a third-world prison into a modern US super-max incarceration facility.'
- Noam Chomsky: My Visit to Gaza, the World's Largest Open-Air Prison Archived 24 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Truthout, 9 November 2012: 'And it hardly takes more than a day in Gaza to appreciate what it must be like to try to survive in the world's largest open-air prison,'
- David Cameron, Havens Are Few, if Not Far, for Palestinians in Gaza Strip Archived 8 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine. NYT, 20 July 2014: "Prime Minister David Cameron of Britain in 2010 called Gaza "an open-air prison", drawing criticism from Israel."
- Alistair Dawber, 'Tales from Gaza: What is life really like in 'the world's largest outdoor prison'?' Archived 13 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Independent 13 April 2013.'Locals call it "the world's biggest prison", and it's not difficult to understand why...Mr Jnead's children, and their prospects in what is often referred to as the world's largest open prison, is top of his concerns.'
- Zaki Chehab, Inside Hamas: The Untold Story of Militants, Martyrs and Spies, Archived 2 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine I.B.Tauris, 2007 p.182:'The Rafiah crossing is the gateway to what Palestinians refer to as their open-air prison – the Gaza Strip.'
- Anna Ball, 'Impossible Intimacies,' in Anastasia Valassopoulos (ed.) Arab Cultural Studies: History, Politics and the Popular, Routledge 2013 pp71-91 p.73: "...Gaza Strip Barrier, a structure that has sealed Gaza's border with Israel and has led to Gaza's description as ″the world's largest open-air prison",
- ^ "Assistance to the Palestinians — challenges and opportunities in the new reality of a State under occupation" (PDF). un.org. 27 February 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
- ^ Palestine Royal Commission Report Presented by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to Parliament by Command of His Majesty, July 1937, Cmd. 5479 Archived 27 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine. His Majesty's Stationery Office., London, 1937. 404 pages + maps.
- ^ "All-Palestine Government, by Shlaim, Avi". Answers.com. Archived from the original on 1 August 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
- ^ Gardus, Yehuda; Shmueli, Avshalom, eds. (1978–79). The Land of the Negev (English title) (in Hebrew). Ministry of Defense Publishing. pp. 369–370.
- ^ "How has the Gaza Strip influenced the Israeli-Palestinian conflict?" Archived 20 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine entry at ProCon.org citing "An Historical Encyclopedia of the Arab–Israeli Conflict"
- ^ Elisha Efrat, The West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Geography of Occupation and Disengagement, Archived 2 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine Routledge, 2006 pp.74–75.
- ^ Baster, James (1955). "Economic Problems in the Gaza Strip". Middle East Journal. 9 (3): 323–327. JSTOR 4322725.
- ^ a b Tom Segev 1967: Israel, the War, and the Year that Transformed the Middle East, Archived 2 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine Henry Holt and Company, 2007 p.532
- ^ Jonathan Ofir, Liberal Israeli leaders were contemplating genocide in Gaza already in 1967 Archived 23 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine Mondoweiss on 17 November 2017.
- ^ Aderet, Ofer (17 November 2017). "Israeli Prime Minister After Six-Day War: 'We'll Deprive Gaza of Water, and the Arabs Will Leave". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 19 September 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
- ^ Nur Masalha, The politics of denial: Israel and the Palestinian refugee problem. Pluto Press, 2003 p.104.
- ^ "Kfar Darom". Katif center. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
- ^ The kibbutz community had been established as part of the Jewish Agency's "11 points in the Negev" plan, in which 11 Jewish villages were built across the Negev in a single night as a response to the Morrison-Grady Plan, which threatened to exclude the Negev from a future Jewish State.[58]
- ^ Sara Roy, 'The Gaza Strip: A Case of Economic De-Development,' Archived 22 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Autumn, 1987), pp. 56–88.
- ^ Harkabi, Yehoshafat (1988). Israel's Fateful Hour. New York: Harper & Row Publishers. ISBN 9780060916138. p. 87.
- ^ Ruth Margolies Beitler, The Path to Mass Rebellion: An Analysis of Two Intifadas, Lexington Books, 2004 p.xi.
- ^ Lustick, Ian S. (1993). Brynen, Rex; Hiltermann, Joost R.; Hudson, Michael C.; Hunter, F. Robert; Lockman, Zachary; Beinin, Joel; McDowall, David; Nassar, Jamal R.; Heacock, Roger (eds.). "Writing the Intifada: Collective Action in the Occupied Territories". World Politics. 45 (4): 560–594. doi:10.2307/2950709. ISSN 0043-8871. JSTOR 2950709. S2CID 147140028.
- ^ "BBC NEWS". news.bbc.co.uk.
- ^ Walid Salem, 'Human Security from Below: Palestinian Citizens Protection Strategies, 1988–2005,' in Monica den Boer, Jaap de Wilde (eds.), The Viability of Human Security,Amsterdam University Press, 2008 pp. 179–201 p. 190.
- ^ Asser, Martin (20 November 2000). "Analysis: Hopeless in Gaza". BBC News. Archived from the original on 10 August 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
- ^ Almog, Doron (23 December 2004). "Lessons of the Gaza Security Fence for the West Bank". Jerusalem Issue Briefs. 4 (12). Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2009.
- ^ Barnard, Anne (22 October 2006). "Life in Gaza Steadily Worsens". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
- ^ Myre, Greg (4 March 2006). "Gaza Crossing:Choked Passages to Frustration". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 6 November 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
- ^ a b "Gaza crisis: key maps and timeline". BBC News. 6 January 2009. Archived from the original on 25 November 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
- ^ "Egypt Opens Gaza Border Crossing for the Injured – Middle East – Arutz Sheva". Israelnationalnews.com. 10 July 2014. Archived from the original on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
- ^ "Israel's control of the airspace and the territorial waters of the Gaza Strip". btselem.org. Archived from the original on 28 June 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2014.
- ^ a b "Human Rights Council Special Session on the Occupied Palestinian Territories" Archived 15 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine 6 July 2006; Human Rights Watch considers Gaza still occupied.
- ^ a b Levs, Josh (6 January 2009). "Is Gaza 'occupied' territory?". CNN. Archived from the original on 21 January 2009. Retrieved 30 May 2009.
- ^ a b "Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territories: The conflict in Gaza: A briefing on applicable law, investigations and accountability". Amnesty International. 19 January 2009. Archived from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2009.
- ^ a b c d e "EU Heads of Missions' report on Gaza 2013". Eccpalestine.org. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
- ^ "Philadelphi Route". Reut Institute. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
- ^ Tanya Reinhart, The Road to Nowhere, Verso, London 2006 pp.134–5
- ^ EU Border Assistance Mission for Rafah Crossing Point (EU BAM Rafah) (PDF). EUBAM Rafah. July 2014 [2005]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 February 2015.
- ^ S. Daniel Abraham (8 March 2013). "Israel's Dreaded Tipping Point Has Finally Arrived". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 10 March 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2013.
- ^ Hilmi S.Salem, 'Social, Environmental and Security Impacts of Climate Change on the Eastern Mediterranean,' in Hans Günter Brauch, Úrsula Oswald Spring, Czeslaw Mesjasz, John Grin, Patricia Kameri-Mbote, Béchir Chourou, Pál Dunay, Joern Birkmann (eds.), Coping with Global Environmental Change, Disasters and Security: Threats, Challenges, Vulnerabilities and Risks, Archived 2 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine Springer Science & Business Media, 2011 pp.421–445 p.431.
- ^ Jerome Slater, Just War Moral Philosophy and the 2008–09 Israeli Campaign in Gaza "The continued Israeli de facto or, as it was sometimes called, "indirect occupation" of Gaza was so repressive that it was common for Israeli journalists, academicians, human rights organizations, and even former high government officials such as Shlomo Ben-Ami to describe Gaza as "an open air prison" Archived 24 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine, International Security 37(2):44-80 · October 2012
- ^ Counting underway in Palestinian elections, International Herald Tribune, 25 January 2006. [dead link]
- ^ Election officials reduce Hamas seats by two, ABC News Online, 30 January 2006. Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Hamas Refuses to Recognize Israel". The New York Times. 22 September 2006. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
- ^ Weisman, Steven R. (8 April 2006). "U.S. and Europe Halt Aid to Palestinian Government". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
- ^ "More Palestinians flee homelands". Archived from the original on 15 May 2007. Retrieved 15 May 2007., Sarah El Deeb, Associated Press, 9 December 2006.
- ^ Palestinian Cease-Fire Holds on 1st Day Archived 20 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Ibrahim Barzak, Associated Press, 31 January 2007
- ^ "Six killed in Hamas ambush on Gaza convoy". Archived from the original on 6 February 2007. Retrieved 6 February 2007.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link). Nidal al-Mughrabi, Reuters, 1 February 2007. On web.archive.org - ^ Gaza erupts in fatal clashes after truce Archived 13 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Associated Press, 2 February 2007 (on usatoday.com)
- ^ "Hamas kills 8 in Gaza border clash". Archived from the original on 17 May 2007. Retrieved 17 May 2007.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link), By Ibrahim Barzak, Associated Press Writer, 15 May 2007. - ^ Top Palestinian security official quits Archived 2 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine By Sarah El Deeb, Associated Press, 14 May 2007; Resignation deepens Gaza crisis, BBC, 14 May 2007. Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Israel attacks in Gaza amid factional violence Archived 9 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine, by Nidal al-Mughrabi, Associated Press, 16 May 2007.
- ^ "Hamas Blames World". Jerusalem Post. 16 May 2007. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
- ^ "Over 600 Palestinians killed in internal clashes since 2006". Ynetnews. Ynetnews.com. 20 June 1995. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
- ^ "Violations of the human rights of Palestinians by Palestinians – Severe human rights violations in inter-Palestinian clashes". Btselem.org. 12 November 2007. Archived from the original on 10 May 2008. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
- ^ Black, Ian; Tran, Mark (15 June 2007). "Hamas takes control of Gaza". Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 31 August 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2010.
- ^ Abrahams, Fred; Human Rights Watch (2008). Internal fight: Palestinian abuses in Gaza and the West Bank. Human Rights Watch. pp. 14–15.
- ^ "Mubarak calls Hamas' takeover of the Gaza Strip a 'coup'". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 25 June 2007. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
- ^ Dudkevitch, Margot (14 March 2006). "EU monitors flee Rafah border crossing". Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
- ^ "Middle East — Abbas wins Egypt backing on border". Al Jazeera English. 28 January 2008. Archived from the original on 3 February 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
- ^ "Egypt finds 60 Gaza tunnels in 10 months". Jerusalem Post. 13 November 2007. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
- ^ "Gaza source: Hamas planned border wall blast for months". Archived from the original on 28 April 2010. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) Ha'aretz - ^ "Egypt 'won't force Gazans back'". BBC News. 23 January 2008. Archived from the original on 12 March 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
- ^ Abu Toameh, Khaled (29 January 2008). "Fatah, Hamas fight for border control". Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
- ^ ".:: وكـالــة مـعـا الاخباريـة ::". maannews.net. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 3 January 2009.
- ^ "Israeli Gaza operation 'not over'". BBC News. 3 March 2008. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
- ^ Katz, Yaakov. "IDF: Hilles clan won't boost terrorism | Israel | Jerusalem Post". Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
- ^ Boudreaux, Richard (14 November 2008). "Blockade leaves Gazans in the dark". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
- ^ Akram, Fares; Kershner, Isabel (15 December 2013). "Gaza, Vexed by Floods, Gets Fuel and Power". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 January 2022.
- ^ "Israel closes Gaza crossings". Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
- ^ Keinon, Herb (24 November 2008). "Ministries at odds over journalists' entry into Gaza". Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
- ^ El-Khodary, Taghreed; Bronner, Ethan (28 December 2008). "Israelis Say Strikes Against Hamas Will Continue". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
- ^ "A Timeline of Terror: 2001 to 2012, The Official Blog of the Israel Defense Forces". Idfblog.com. 16 April 2012. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
- ^ Kershner, Isabel; El-Khodary, Taghreed (4 January 2009). "Israeli Troops Launch Attack on Gaza". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
- ^ Mozgovaya, Natasha. "IDF shell kills 30 in Gaza UN school; Israel mulls appeal over Hamas fire from UN facilities". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 1 April 2009. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
- ^ Ravid, Barak (28 December 2008). "IAF strike followed months of planning". Haaretz.com. Archived from the original on 24 March 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
- ^ "Israel Rebuffs Cease-Fire Calls as Gaza Casualties Rise" Archived 16 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine, McClatchy Newspapers, 5 January 2009
- ^ "Hamas Rejects Cease-Fire With Israel in Gaza — Mideast Watch". usnews.com. Archived from the original on 11 October 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
- ^ Kasher, Asa. "Analysis: A moral evaluation of the Gaza War". The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com. Jpost.com. Archived from the original on 21 February 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
- ^ "Slow recovery from wounds of Gaza conflict". BBC News. 27 December 2009. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
- ^ "IOM Appeal for Gaza Focuses on Health and Recovery". International Organization for Migration. 30 January 2009. Archived from the original on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ Lappin, Yaakov (26 March 2009). "IDF releases Cast Lead casualty". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011.
- ^ "Gaza Health Fact Sheet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 March 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
- ^ "MIDEAST: Attack on Water Brings Sanitation Crisis – IPS". Ipsnews.net. 18 June 2009. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
- ^ "Environmental Assessment of the Gaza Strip" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
- ^ "The humanitarian situation in Gaza and FAO's response" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 February 2009. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
- ^ a b "Gaza 'looks like earthquake zone'". BBC News. 20 January 2009. Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ a b "Gaza: Humanitarian situation". BBC News. 30 January 2009. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
- ^ "Launches Emergency Food Distributions to Families in Gaza | WFP | United Nations World Food Programme – Fighting Hunger Worldwide". WFP. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
- ^ "Gaza Emergency Food Security Assessment (EFSA) – FAO/WFP report (24 February 2009)". Unispal.un.org. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
- ^ a b Jodi Rudoren, 'Collaboration in Gaza Leads to Grisly Fate,' Archived 31 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times, 2 December 2012 'Last month's extrajudicial killings – all seven men had been tried and convicted, but several, including Mr. Shalouf, had appeals pending – were an echo of the public execution of at least a dozen collaborators who escaped from Hamas jails bombed during Israel's last offensive in Gaza, the 2008-9 Operation Cast Lead. But they were a stark departure from Hamas's efforts since then to pursue collaborators in court and not the street, spotlighting its dilemma as a movement rooted in militant resistance now trying to run a government.'
- ^ Report of the United Nations Fact-Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict, Archived 15 November 2019 at the Wayback Machine 25 September 2009 United Nations p.287, para.1352: 'According to both domestic and international human rights organizations, members of the security services and unidentified gunmen killed between 29 and 32 Gaza residents between the beginning of the Israeli military operations and 27 February. Among these, between 17 and 22 detainees, who had been at al-Saraya detention facility on 28 December and had fled following an Israeli aerial attack, were killed in seemingly extrajudicial or summary executionsl'
- ^ Kalman, Matthew (22 January 2009). "Hamas executes suspected Fatah traitors in Gaza". The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2010.
- ^ "Palestinian unity government sworn in by Mahmoud Abbas". BBC. 2 June 2014. Archived from the original on 3 June 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
- ^ Norman Finkelstein, Gaza: An Inquest Into Its Martyrdom, Archived 2 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine University of California Press, 2018 ISBN 978-0-520-29571-1 p.311,211
- ^ Nathan Thrall (1 August 2014). "Hamas's Chances". London Review of Books. 36 (16).
- ^ Jack Khoury, Hamas claims responsibility for three Israeli teens' kidnapping and murder', Haaretz, 21 August 2014.
- ^ 'Mashal: Hamas was behind murder of three Israeli teens', Ynet, 22 August 2014.
- ^ Zonszein, Mairav (27 March 2015). "Israel killed more Palestinians in 2014 than in any other year since 1967". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
- ^ 'And now for the whitewashing,' B'tselem 24 May 2021
- ^ Alouf, Abu (30 March 2018). "15 Palestinians reported killed by Israeli fire as Gaza border protest builds". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 19 May 2018.
- ^ Khoury, Jack; Kubovich, Yaniv; Zikri, Almog Ben (15 May 2018). "Mass Gaza Border Clashes: 58 Palestinians Killed by Israeli Gunfire, 1,113 Wounded". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 14 May 2018. Retrieved 14 May 2018.
- ^ Khaled Abu Toameh, "Hamas vows Gaza protests last until Palestinians return to all of Palestine", The Times of Israel, 9 April 2018.
"The protests are an uprising for "Jerusalem, Palestine, and the right of return", he said, referring to the demand that Palestinian refugees and their descendants be allowed to return to their former homes in Israel." - ^ David M. Halbfinger & Iyad Abuheweila, "One Dead Amid Violence in 3rd Week of Protests at Gaza-Israel Fence" Archived 17 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times, 13 April 2018.
"They are objecting to Israel's 11-year-old blockade of Gaza and seeking to revive international interest in Palestinian claims of a right of return to the lands they were displaced from in 1948." - ^ David M. Halbfinger, Iyad Abuheweila, Jugal K.Patel '300 Meters in Gaza: Snipers, Burning Tires and a Contested Fence,' The New York Times 15 May 2018.’ Most Gazans are Palestinian refugees or their descendants, and marching on the fence highlights their desire to reclaim the lands and homes from which they were displaced 70 years ago in the war surrounding Israel's creation.’
- ^ Adam Rasgon, "Masses of Gazans head to border area for 'right of return' says organizer" Archived 5 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine The Jerusalem Post, 28 March 2018.
"Masses of Palestinians are expected to come to the Gaza border on Friday and move into tents there for a planned six-week-long protest 'to demand the right of return to the homes and villages that they were expelled from in 1948'", Ahmad Abu Ratima, an organizer of the protest, told The Jerusalem Post". - ^ Daoud Kuttab, "The truth about Gaza" Archived 18 June 2018 at the Wayback Machine Al-Monitor, 23 May 2018;
"This is clearly a new trend in Palestinian society that attempts to expand the notions of resistance and nonviolent protests." - ^ Kershner, Isabel; Abuheweila, Iyad (30 March 2018). "Israeli Military Kills 15 Palestinians in Confrontations on Gaza Border". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 7 April 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
- ^ "At least 14 Palestinians killed in Land Day protests". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 30 March 2018. Retrieved 30 March 2018.
- ^ Khoury, Jack; Kubovich, Yaniv; Zikri, Almog Ben (30 March 2018). "15 Killed, Dozens Wounded, as Thousands Gather on Gaza-Israel Border for "March of Return"". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
- ^ "At least 5 Palestinians shot dead by Israeli troops as thousands march on Gaza-Israel border for 'March of Return'". newsx.com. 30 March 2018. Archived from the original on 31 March 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
- ^ Williams, Jennifer (2 April 2018). "The recent violence at the Gaza-Israel border, explained". Vox. Archived from the original on 8 April 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
- ^ "IDF warns of larger military response to Gaza protest". The Jerusalem Post. 31 March 2018. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018.
- ^ "UN Independent Commission of Inquiry on Protests in Gaza Presents its Findings - Press Release - Question of Palestine". www.un.org.
- ^ Report of the independent international commission of inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory - A/HRC/40/74 (PDF) (Report). UNHRC. 28 February 2019.
- ^ "The Toll of War on Palestinians in Gaza". The World Bank. 27 June 2021. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
- ^ "Gaza August 2022 Escalation Dashboard (09 August 2022) - occupied Palestinian territory | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 9 August 2022. Archived from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
- ^ "United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs - occupied Palestinian territory | Escalation in the Gaza Strip and Israel | Flash Update #2 as of 18:00, 8 August 2022". United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs - occupied Palestinian territory. 8 August 2022. Archived from the original on 12 August 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
- ^ "Israel attack: PM says Israel at war after 70 killed in attack from Gaza". BBC News. 7 October 2023. Retrieved 7 October 2023.
- ^ "Israel announces 'total' blockade on Gaza". www.aljazeera.com. 9 October 2023.
- ^ "Israel announces 'complete siege' of Gaza, cutting its electricity, food, water, and fuel". Business Insider. 9 October 2023.
- ^ a b "Gaza Strip". freedomhouse.org. 4 January 2018. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 7 October 2018.
- ^ a b "Hamas announces cabinet reshuffle in Gaza". Hurriyetdailynews.com. 2 September 2012. Archived from the original on 12 October 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
- ^ Pelham, Nicolas (2010), Ideology and Practice: The Legal System in Gaza under Hamas, archived from the original on 28 June 2021, retrieved 27 January 2019 – via www.academia.edu
- ^ "Hamas growing in military stature, say analysts". Middle East Eye. Archived from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
- ^ Who are Islamic Jihad? BBC. 9 June 2003. Archived 27 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "Islamic Militant Group". Foxnews.com. 23 June 2013. Archived from the original on 24 June 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
- ^ "Palestine Islamic Jihad (PIJ)". www.dni.gov. NCTC. Archived from the original on 16 October 2014.
- ^ "Australian Government: Listing of Terrorism Organisations". Archived from the original on 26 January 2014.
- ^ Joe Truzman (4 June 2021). "Analysis: 17 Palestinian militant factions identified in recent Gaza conflict". FDD's Long War Journal. Archived from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.
- ^ "Torn apart by factional strife". Amnesty International. 24 October 2007. Archived from the original on 13 March 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2007.
- ^ "Hamas kills seven at Arafat rally in Gaza". Archived from the original on 13 August 2007. Retrieved 1 June 2016., AFP, (via SBS World News Australia), 13 November 2007.
- ^ "Israeli MFA". Mfa.gov.il. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
- ^ "Profile: Gaza Strip". BBC News. 6 January 2009. Archived from the original on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
- ^ Greenberg, Hanan (20 June 1995). "IDF official rejects claims of humanitarian crisis in Gaza". Ynetnews. Ynetnews.com. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
- ^ Dana Weiss and Ronen Shamir (2011) Corporate Accountability to Human Rights: The Case of the Gaza Strip. Harvard Human Rights Journal, Vol. 24, 1, 155–183.
- ^ Dozens die in Israel-Gaza clashes Archived 30 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine BBC News. 2 March 2008.
- ^ See the short video Reality Check: Gaza is still occupied Archived 5 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine on Al Jazeera, showing the arguments
- ^ Richard Falk, Statement by Prof. Richard Falk, United Nations Special Rapporteur for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories Archived 29 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine, United Nations Human Rights Council, 27 December 2008.
- ^ 'Israel, Gaza & International Law,' Archived 14 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine 19 November 2012
- ^ A. Sanger, 'The Contemporary Law of Blockade and the Gaza Freedom Flotilla,' in M.N. Schmitt, Louise Arimatsu, Tim McCormack (eds.), Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law – 2010, Archived 2 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine Springer, 2011. pp.429–430
- ^ Israel ended its occupation of the Gaza Strip when it withdrew from Gaza in 2005, so why does Hamas continue to fire rockets into Israel? Archived 14 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine. FAQ on the official Hamas website. Accessed November 2015. "This is one of the myths perpetuated by Israel's propaganda ... Israel re-deployed its military occupation forces and evacuated its illegal settlers outside the population centers in Gaza. BUT Israel effectively controls the sea, land and air spaces and border crossings that link the Gaza Strip to the outside world. According to the UN and human rights organizations, Israel still maintains its occupation of the Gaza Strip and subjects the 1.8 million Palestinians in this tiny strip to a horrendous siege and blockade that constitute a war crime under international law." Here, Hamas cites the view of the international community.
- ^ Dore Gold, JCPA Legal Acrobatics: The Palestinian Claim that Gaza is Still "Occupied" Even After Israel Withdraws Archived 21 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs, Vol. 5, No. 3, 26 August 2005.
- ^ International Law and Gaza: The Assault on Israel's Right to Self-Defense Archived 6 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs, Vol. 7, No. 29 28 January 2008.
- ^ Israeli MFA Address by Israeli Foreign Minister Livni to the 8th Herzliya Conference Archived 26 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Israel), 22 January 2008.
- ^ "Behind the Headlines: Israeli Supreme Court Decision HCJ 9132/07". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 3 February 2008. Archived from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
- ^ Cuyckens, Hanne (2016). "Is Israel Still an Occupying Power in Gaza?". Netherlands International Law Review. 63 (3): 275–295. doi:10.1007/s40802-016-0070-1.
- ^ Shany, Yuval (December 2005). "Faraway, so close: the legal status of Gaza after Israel's disengagement". Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law. 8: 369–383. doi:10.1017/S1389135905003697. ProQuest 196888152.
- ^ Bell, Avi (July 2014). Israel May Stop Supplying Water and Electricity to Gaza (PDF) (Report). Kohelet Policy Forum. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 February 2018.
- ^ "Israel's New Supreme Court Justice's Deleted Facebook Post: Israel Isn't Obligated to Provide Gaza With Electricity". Haaretz. 28 February 2018. Archived from the original on 13 October 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2018.
- ^ Tétrault-Farber, Gabrielle (11 July 2023). Maclean, William (ed.). "Israel occupation makes Palestinian territories 'open-air prison', UN expert says". Reuters. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- ^ a b c d e "Gaza: Israel's 'Open-Air Prison' at 15". Human Rights Watch. 12 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- ^ a b c "Gaza: The world's largest open-air prison". Norwegian Refugee Council. 26 April 2018. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- ^ "'Hell on earth': Israel unrest spotlights dire conditions in Gaza". abcnews. 9 October 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2023.
- ^ "This Gaza war didn't come out of nowhere". Vox. 7 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ "No, Palestinians Can't Just Leave Gaza". Washington Post. 12 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ "What is Gaza Strip, the besieged Palestinian enclave under Israeli assault?". Al Jazeera. 12 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ "Analyst: Gaza becomes the biggest open-air prison on earth". CNN. 12 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ "David Cameron describes blockaded Gaza as a 'prison'". BBC. 27 July 2010. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ "Bernie Sanders says Israel is violating international law with blockade on 'open-air prison' in Gaza". Business Insider. 11 October 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
- ^ The Punishment of Gaza. Verso Books. 2010.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ The Biggest Prison on Earth. One WorldPublications Books. 2017.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Eiland, Giora (6 February 2018). "Needed: A different Gaza strategy". Ynetnews. Archived from the original on 24 September 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
- ^ Levy, Yagil (7 August 2018). "Opinion | Strengthen the State of Gaza". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 24 September 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
- ^ Arens, Moshe (26 June 2017). "Opinion | Gaza, a Failed Palestinian State". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 24 September 2018. Retrieved 23 September 2018.
- ^ Ahren, Raphael. "Shaked touts 'confederation' of Jordan, Gaza, and parts of West Bank". The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 29 November 2018. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
- ^ "A new era of sovereignty in Gaza - Gaza: After the war". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 3 December 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2018.
- ^ Schulman, Marc (23 September 2016). "Tel Aviv Diary: The tragedy of the Palestinians". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 27 November 2018. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
- ^ 'Israel's control of the airspace and the territorial waters of the Gaza Strip,' Archived 28 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine B'Tselem 1 January 2013.
- ^ a b Grounded in Gaza, but hoping to fly again Archived 1 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine, NBC News, 19 May 2005
- ^ a b Years of delays at Gaza airport Archived 8 March 2006 at the Wayback Machine, Johnston, Alan. BBC News, 15 April 2005
- ^ Precisely Wrong—Gaza Civilians Killed by Israeli Drone-Launched Missiles Archived 4 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Human Rights Watch, 30 June 2009
- ^ a b c Hard times drive Gazans into perilous ′buffer zone′ Archived 24 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine. BBC, 10 November 2010
- ^ a b c d PCHR-Gaza: Israeli Buffer Zone Policies Typically Enforced with Live Fire Archived 17 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine. PCHR, 11 May 2015
- ^ Israeli forces release 5 detained fishermen in Gaza Archived 20 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Ma'an, 4 June 2015
- ^ a b c Palestinian Killed in Gaza Buffer Zone Archived 1 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. IMEMC, 5 April 2011
- ^ a b c The Gaza Strip: The Humanitarian Impact of the Blockade Archived 17 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine. UN OCHA, July 2015. "1.8 million Palestinians in Gaza are 'locked in', denied free access to the remainder of the occupied Palestinian territory and the outside world." Available at Fact Sheets Archived 29 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Peaceful march reaches Gaza buffer zone Archived 20 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Ma'an News Agency, 18 January 2010
- ^ IDF spokesman provides contradictory answers regarding the width of the "no-go zone" which residents of the Gaza Strip are prohibited from entering Archived 2 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Gisha, August 2015
- ^ “Look for Another Homeland” Archived 5 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Human Rights Watch, September 2015
- ^ a b Abbas: Egypt Right to Create Buffer Zone on Gaza Border Archived 20 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Jack Khoury, Haaretz, 1 December 2014 (premium). ″Abbas believed the destruction of the tunnels was the best solution. The Palestinian president said he had recommended previously the sealing or destruction of the tunnels by flooding them and then punishing the owners of the homes that contained entrances to the tunnels, including demolishing their homes.″
- ^ "Red Cross: Israel trapping 1.5m Gazans in despair". Haaretz. 29 June 2009. Archived from the original on 30 June 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2009.
- ^ "Iranian arms vessel captured by IDF docks in Eilat". Jpost.com. 3 August 2014. Archived from the original on 23 June 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
- ^ "Court extends remand of Israelis aboard Gaza ship". Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
- ^ "Position paper on the naval blockade on Gaza". idf.il. 8 September 2010. Archived from the original on 16 January 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2015. (Full version in Hebrew)
- ^ Gaza: Donors, UN Should Press Israel on Blockade Archived 4 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Human Rights Watch, 12 October 2014.
- ^ "Diskin: No aid crisis in Gaza". Jpost.com. 15 June 2010. Archived from the original on 26 January 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
- ^ Watt, Nicholas (27 July 2010). "David Cameron: Israeli blockade has turned Gaza Strip into a 'prison camp'". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
- ^ "This website is currently unavailable". archive.is. 16 August 2011. Archived from the original on 16 August 2011.
- ^ Egypt eases own Gaza blockade after Israel Freedom Flotilla raid Archived 19 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Christian Science Monitor, 2 June 2010 (page 2)
- ^ Rabinowitz, Gavin (20 June 2010). "AFP: Israel to allow more 'civilian' goods into Gaza: official". Archived from the original on 25 May 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
- ^ Egypt asks Israel not to let Turkish aid through to Gaza Archived 20 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. MEMO, 28 December 2015
- ^ Israel confirms it has not reached an agreement with Turkey Archived 5 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine. MEMO, 24 December 2015
- ^ a b c d "Easing the blockade – Assessing the humanitarian impact on the population of the Gaza Strip" (PDF). UNITED NATIONS Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs occupied Palestinian territory. March 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 16 July 2011.
- ^ "Egypt Opens Gaza Border" Archived 9 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The Wall Street Journal, 29 May 2011.
- ^ "Egypt bans Hamas activities in Egypt". Reuters. 4 March 2014. Archived from the original on 25 October 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
- ^ "Rafah crossing closed after Egypt violence – Middle East". Al Jazeera English. Archived from the original on 19 November 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
- ^ Israeli military admits destroying Gaza crops on border Archived 5 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine. MEMO, 31 December 2015
- ^ Israel spraying toxins over Palestinian crops in Gaza Archived 19 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Belal Aldabbour, Al Jazeera, 19 January 2016
- ^ Gaza crossings’ operations status:Monthly update—September 2015 Archived 28 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine. UN OCHA. Available at Gaza Crossings’ Operations Status: Monthly Update Archived 16 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Open Gaza's crossings—Keeping Gazans locked in the crowded Strip is immoral and strategically unwise Archived 29 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Jack Khoury and Reuters, Haaretz, 28 May 2015
- ^ So near and yet so far—Implications of Israeli‐Imposed Seclusion of Gaza Strip on Palestinians’ Right to Family Life[permanent dead link]. Hamoked and B'Tselem, January 2014. Here available Archived 31 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Gisha to the High Court: Allow a woman from Gaza to attend her own wedding Archived 6 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Gisha, 18 November 2015
- ^ "What Will Israel Become?". The New York Times. 20 December 2014. Archived from the original on 8 July 2017.
Roger Cohen: "The 140-square-mile area is little better than an open-air prison. As incubators for violent extremism go, it is hard to imagine a more effective setting than Gaza."
- ^ My Visit to Gaza, the World's Largest Open-Air Prison Archived 24 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Truthout, 9 November 2012. Noam Chomsky: 'And it hardly takes more than a day in Gaza to appreciate what it must be like to try to survive in the world's largest open-air prison,'
- ^ 'Israel Has Been Bitten by a Bat,' Archived 3 April 2015 at the Wayback Machine Truthdig 18 July 2014. Lawrence Weschler:'I'm tired, for example, of hearing about how vital and cosmopolitan and democratic are the streets and cafes and nightclubs of Tel Aviv. For the fact is that one simply can't sustain such cosmopolitan vitality 40 miles from a prison camp containing close to two million people: It's a contradiction in terms.'
- ^ ' Gaza:One Big Prison,' Archived 29 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine. B'tselem,12 May 2007.
- ^ 'Gaza is 'open-air prison',? Archived 31 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. The National (Abu Dhabi), 12 March 2010. The Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, Sir John Holmes
- ^ Watt, Nicholas; Sherwood, Harrie (27 July 2010). "'David Cameron: Israeli blockade has turned Gaza Strip into a 'prison camp'". The Guardian. Ankara and Jerusalem. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019.
- ^ "'Erdogan: Palestine an open-air prison,'". Ynet. 31 January 2009. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014.
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan: "Palestine today is an open-air prison. Hamas, as much as they tried, could not change the situation. Just imagine, you imprison the speaker of a country as well as some ministers of its government and members of its parliament. And then you expect them to sit obediently?"
- ^ Zieve, Tamara (15 March 2013). "Australia MPs: Gaza is world's largest outdoor jail". Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 8 January 2015.
"How could members, who wanted to get a balanced understanding of the issues facing Israel, Palestine and the Middle East, go to the other side of the planet and fail to visit Gaza, the world's largest outdoor prison?" Shoebridge asked.
- ^ Hollande calls for demilitarization of Gaza Archived 1 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Ynet, 20 August 2014
- ^ Alain Gresh, Dominique Vidal, The New A-Z of the Middle East, Archived 2 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine 2nd ed. I.B.Tauris, 2004 p.91.
- ^ Noa Raz,'Blair sister-in-law: Gaza world's largest concentration camp,' Archived 18 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine Ynet, 11 September 2008, for Tony Blair's sister-in law, Lauren Booth.
- ^ Ron Shlaifer, [1]Archived 2 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine Psychological Warfare [in the Arab–Israeli Conflict, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014 p.203 – Lauren Booth's expression
- ^ Philip Slater, ‘A Message to Israel: Time to Stop Playing the Victim Role Archived 24 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine,’ Huffington Post, 25 May 2011:'Calling Hamas the 'aggressor' is undignified. The Gaza strip is little more than a large Israeli concentration camp, in which Palestinians are attacked at will, starved of food, fuel, energy—even deprived of hospital supplies. They cannot come and go freely, and have to build tunnels to smuggle in the necessities of life.'
- ^ Jessica Whyte, Catastrophe and Redemption: The Political Thought of Giorgio Agamben, Archived 2 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine SUNY Press, 2013 p.95.
- ^ Holocaust Denial: The Politics of Perfidy, Archived 2 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine Walter de Gruyter, 2012 p.26
- ^ Jews and the Left: The Rise and Fall of a Political Alliance, Archived 2 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine Palgrave Macmillan, 2014 p.91.
- ^ Seib 2012, p. 153.
- ^ +972 Magazine, 30 June 2020 "‘Gaza is a One-Way Ticket’: How Israel's Relocation Policy is Separating Palestinian Communities--Israel Is Systemically Routing Palestinian Movement in One Direction — from the West Bank to Gaza" Archived 7 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Sara Roy, 'The Gaza Strip's Last Safety Net Is in Danger,' Archived 11 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine The Nation 6 August 2015.
- ^ Clive Lipchin; Eric Pallant; Danielle Saranga; Allyson Amster (2007). Integrated Water Resources Management and Security in the Middle East. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 109. ISBN 978-1-4020-5986-5. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2015.
- ^ Nafeez Mosaddeq Ahmed, 'Israel's War for Gaza's Gas,' Archived 15 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine Le Monde diplomatique, November 2012.
- ^ Steven W. Popper, Claude Berrebi, James Griffin, Thomas Light, Endy Y. Min, Natural Gas and Israel's Energy Future: Near-Term Decisions from a Strategic Perspective, Rand Corporation, 2009 p.11.
- ^ Minister Erdan proposes to cut power supply to the Gaza Strip. Is he not aware of the state's position? Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Gisha, 13 May 2012
- ^ "AFP". AFP. 10 October 2007. Archived from the original on 9 January 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
- ^ Neve Gordon, Israel's Occupation, Archived 2 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine University of California Press, 2008 pp.1–2.
- ^ a b "Gaza Strip". CIA World Fact Book. Central Intelligence Agency (US). Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
- ^ "Afleveringen". ZEMBLA. 18 April 2010. Archived from the original on 29 May 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
- ^ Israeli Settlers Demolish Greenhouses and Gaza Jobs Archived 5 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine The New York Times, 15 July 2005
- ^ "Looters strip Gaza greenhouses". NBC News. 13 September 2005. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
- ^ a b Bennet, James (15 August 2005). "With Israeli departure, Gaza's dreamers emerge". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 September 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
- ^ "Economic improvement in the Gaza Strip". Idf.il. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
- ^ Issacharoff, Avi (4 December 2012). "Egypt's holy war against Sinai jihadists leaves many questions unanswered". Haaretz.com. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
- ^ "Zahhar: Gaza more secure than West Bank". Maan. 16 September 2012. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2012.
- ^ "Humanitarian & Civilian Activities towards the Gaza Strip" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
- ^ a b Abu, Saud (18 February 2012). "Hamas Rejects Egypt Plan to Bring Gaza Fuel Via Israeli Crossing". bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 20 March 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
- ^ "Gaza electricity crisis 'not solved'". maannews.net. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
- ^ محمد عنان (4 March 2012). "مصر ستزود غزة بالوقود لشهر والطاقة تبحث البدائل". paltimes.net. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
- ^ (1) السبت, 18 فبراير, 2012 (18 February 2012). "نجيدة لـ"فلسطين الآن": مصر ستزود غزة بـ600 ألف لتر وقود يوميا". paltimes.net. Archived from the original on 19 January 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Fuel tankers arrive in Gaza". maannews.net. Archived from the original on 2 June 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
- ^ a b [2] Archived 1 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine "The head of the Hamas government in Gaza, Ismail Haniyeh, arrived in Qatar on Monday, beginning a regional tour that is also expected to take him to Kuwait, Bahrain and Iran."
- ^ a b "Iran, benefactors boost Hamas's 2012 budget". English.alarabiya.net. 2 April 2012. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
- ^ "Gaza Strip - Population - Historical Data Graphs per Year". www.indexmundi.com. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
- ^ "UNRWA: Palestine refugees". Un.org. Archived from the original on 17 December 2007. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
- ^ a b c Coghlan, Andy. "The reasons why Gaza's population is so young". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
- ^ Middle East Christians: Gaza pastor Archived 23 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine BBC News, 21 December 2005
- ^ "Middle East :: Gaza Strip — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". cia.gov. 24 May 2022. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
- ^ Rubenberg, C., Palestinian Women: Patriarchy and Resistance in the West Bank (USA, 2001) p.230-231
- ^ a b Hamas Fights Over Gaza's Islamist Identity Archived 19 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine New York Times, 5 September 2009
- ^ "Hamas encourages Gaza women to follow Islamic code". News.xinhuanet.com. 3 January 2010. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
- ^ a b Hamas Bans Women Dancers, Scooter Riders in Gaza Push Archived 18 November 2015 at the Wayback Machine By Daniel Williams, Bloomberg, 30 November 2009
- ^ Hamas patrols beaches in Gaza to enforce conservative dress code Archived 10 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian (UK), 18 October 2009
- ^ "In Gaza, prisoners twice over; Palestinians are being squeezed by the Israeli blockade and Hamas' 'Islamizing' actions," Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine Bill Van Esveld, Bill Van Esveld is a Middle East researcher for Human Rights Watch, 27 June 2010, Los Angeles Times.
- ^ The Hamas Enterprise and the Talibanization of Gaza, Khaled Al-Hroub, Al-Ayyam (Palestinian Authority), 11 October 2010. Translation Archived 24 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine by the Middle East Research Institute, 22 October 2010.
- ^ "Youths in Gaza complain of curbs against saggy pants, haircuts". Al Arabiya. 19 October 2012. Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
- ^ Silver, Eric (8 October 2007). "Gaza's Christian bookseller killed". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 21 April 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
- ^ "Militants bomb Gaza YMCA library". BBC News. 15 February 2008. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
- ^ Gidda, Mirren (25 July 2014). "Hamas Still Has Some Friends Left". Time.
- ^ a b c d e Knell, Yolande (12 June 2015). "Can Hamas hold back Islamic State in Gaza?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
- ^ "Children and education fact sheet". Imeu.net. Archived from the original on 1 December 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
- ^ "This Math Class May Figure Out Israel". Ipsnews.net. 24 August 2010. Archived from the original on 10 October 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
- ^ "Gaza families shut down UN summer camps". Maan News Agency. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 25 January 2013.
- ^ Rudoren, Jodi (22 May 2012). "Hamas-Run Schools in Gaza Set Out to Teach Hebrew". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 January 2022.
- ^ "University College of Applied Sciences". Ucas.edu.ps. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
- ^ "The World Factbook". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on 28 February 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
- ^ "Country Comparison: Infant mortality rate". CIA. Archived from the original on 7 February 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2016.
- ^ '200 Gazans injured in separate incidents on first day of Eid al-Adha,' Archived 20 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine Ma'an News Agency 13 September 2016.
- ^ "WHO | WHO statement on the situation in the Gaza Strip". Who.int. 25 September 2007. Archived from the original on 14 October 2007. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
- ^ Health conditions in the occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem and the occupied Syrian Golan (PDF). World Health Organization. 11 May 2012. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
- ^ "Report: Gaza medical aid is expired". The Jerusalem Post | Jpost.com. Jpost.com. Archived from the original on 24 July 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
- ^ Berg, Raffi. Israel's dilemma over sick Gazans Archived 5 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. BBC News, 30 April 2008
- ^ "Human Development Reports". Archived from the original on 1 June 2010.
- ^ Rudoren, Jodi (25 November 2012). "As Bombs Fell in Gaza, a Rich Cactus Lover Could Cultivate Only Patience". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 January 2022.
- ^ Yoshie Furuhashi (16 January 2009). "Maymanah Farhat, "Under the Voices of Fire: Artists in Gaza"". monthlyreview.org. Archived from the original on 16 September 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014.
- ^ Museum Offers Gray Gaza a View of Its Dazzling Past, Ethan Bronner Archived 28 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 25 July 2008
- ^ Gaza opens first Olympic-size swimming pool Archived 13 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine, 18 May 2010, Ma'an News Agency.
- ^ السباحة صالة الالعاب الرياضية والساونا في النادي Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine, as-Sadaka Athletics Club
- ^ Cunningham, Erin. Ancient Gaza Roadway Still a Vital Resource Archived 25 June 2017 at the Wayback Machine The National. 2010-03-10.
- ^ "World Report 2015: Israel/Palestine". World Report 2015: Israel/Palestine – Events of 2014. Human Rights Watch. 11 January 2015. Archived from the original on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
- ^ "Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics – 2004 Survey of Computer, Internet and Mobile Phone Ownership". Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
- ^ Rasgon, Adam; Abuheweila, Iyad (22 August 2020). "11-Year-Old Scores Viral Rap Hit but Trips on Gaza Politics". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 June 2022. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
- ^ Filiu 2014, p. 19.
- ^ Filiu 2014, p. 15.
- ^ "Academia, Hamza Elbuhaisi". Archived from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2023.
- ^ Filiu 2014, p. 13.
- ^ Filiu 2014, p. 28.
- ^ Filiu 2014, p. 12.
- ^ Bar Ter Haar Romeny, Procopius of Gaza and his Library, Archived 2 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine in Hagit Amirav, R. B. ter Haar Romeny (eds.), From Rome to Constantinople: Studies in Honour of Averil Cameron, Peeters Publishers 2007 ISBN 978-9-042-91971-6 p.173.
- ^ Martin Meiser, "Matt-27:25 in Ancient Christian Writings," Archived 2 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine in Hagit Amirav, Riemer Roukema (eds, ), The "New Testament" as a Polemical Tool: Studies in Ancient Christian Anti-Jewish Rhetoric and Beliefs, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2018 ISBN 978-3-647-59376-0 pp.222-239 p.231
Bibliography
Books
- Bregman, Ahron (2002). Israel's Wars: A History Since 1947 Archived 2 November 2022 at the Wayback Machine. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-28716-6.
- Cobham, David P.; Kanafani, Noman (2004). The economics of Palestine: economic policy and institutional reform for a viable Palestinian state (Illustrated ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-32761-9.
- Filiu, Jean-Pierre (2014). Gaza: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-190-20191-3. Archived from the original on 28 February 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2020.
- Seib, Philip (2012). Al Jazeera English: Global News in a Changing World. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1137015747.
External links
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Travel information from Wikivoyage
- Statistical Atlas of Palestine at the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (archived 24 April 2016)
- Gaza Strip. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
- Palestinian Territories at the United States Department of State.
- Gaza Strip at Google Maps
| Sovereign states |
|  | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
| |||||||
| Countries | .svg) | |
|---|---|---|
| Society | ||
| Demographics | ||
| Culture | ||
.svg){kind=small}
