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Elon Musk completed his acquisition of Twitter in October 2022; Musk acted as CEO of Twitter until June 2023 when he was succeeded by Linda Yaccarino.[1] Twitter was then rebranded to X in July 2023. Initially during Musk's tenure, Twitter introduced a series of reforms and management changes; the company reinstated a number of previously banned accounts, reduced the workforce by approximately 80%, closed one of Twitter's three data centers, and largely eliminated the content moderation team, replacing it with the crowd-sourced fact-checking system Community Notes.

In November 2022, Twitter then began offering paid verification checkmarks, followed by removing legacy verification. In December, the Twitter Files were released and a number of journalists suspended from the platform. The following year, a variety of further changes were made; API access restrictions, developer agreements updated, transgender hate conduct policies relaxed, new phrases and 'slurs' banned, and news headlines removed from posts. Temporary measures also occurred; media outlets were labeled as "state-affiliated" causing controversy, restrictions to viewing tweets and sending direct messages, as well as links to specific external websites blocked and delayed. One year after Musk's acquisition, active user engagement on the mobile app had declined 16% and the value of the company is estimated to be down between 55% and 65%, below the acquisition price of $44 billion.

After stepping down to CTO, Musk remained the subject of widespread criticism over viral misinformation and disinformation, an increase in hate speech such as anti-LGBT rhetoric, as well as a number of antisemitism controversies. In response to certain claims, X Corp. has served lawsuits against nonprofit organizations Media Matters and the Center for Countering Digital Hate for their analysis. Musk has defended the approach to content moderation as "freedom of speech, not freedom of reach",[2] previously describing the platform as having "liberal bias".[3] The platform has otherwise gained favorable attention from conservatives and Republicans. Musk has described X as a "digital town square", with the vision of becoming an "everything app".[4] Commentators have described it as a "free speech free-for-all",[5] "free-for-all hellscape",[6] and as a right-wing social network.[7][8]

Background

Avatar of Elon Musk
Avatar of Elon Musk
Elon Musk
@elonmusk
 Twitter logo, a stylized blue bird
April 14, 2022[9]
This section is an excerpt from Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk.[edit]

The business magnate Elon Musk initiated an acquisition of American social media company Twitter, Inc. on April 14, 2022, and concluded it on October 27, 2022. Musk had begun buying shares of the company in January 2022, becoming its largest shareholder by April with a 9.1 percent ownership stake. Twitter invited Musk to join its board of directors, an offer he initially accepted before declining. On April 14, Musk made an unsolicited offer to purchase the company, to which Twitter's board responded with a "poison pill" strategy to resist a hostile takeover before unanimously accepting Musk's buyout offer of $44 billion on April 25. Musk stated that he planned to introduce new features to the platform, make its algorithms open-source, combat spambot accounts, and promote free speech, framing the acquisition as the cornerstone of X, an "everything app".

In July, Musk announced his intention to terminate the agreement, asserting that Twitter had breached their agreement by refusing to crack down on spambot accounts. The company filed a lawsuit against Musk in the Delaware Court of Chancery shortly thereafter, with a trial scheduled for the week of October 17. Weeks before the trial was set to begin, Musk reversed course, announcing that he would move forward with the acquisition. The deal was closed on October 28, with Musk immediately becoming Twitter's new owner and CEO. Twitter was taken private and merged into a new parent company named X Corp. Musk promptly fired several top executives, including previous CEO Parag Agrawal. Musk has since proposed several reforms to Twitter and laid off half of the company's workforce. Hundreds of employees then resigned from the company after Musk issued an ultimatum demanding they commit to "extremely hardcore" work. Linda Yaccarino was appointed CEO of X Corp. In July 2023, the Twitter service was rebranded as X.

Reactions to the buyout were mixed, with praise for Musk's planned reforms and vision for the company, particularly his calls for greater free speech, but criticism over fears of a potential rise in misinformation and disinformation, harassment, and hate speech on the platform. Within the United States, conservatives have largely supported the acquisition, while many liberals and former Twitter employees have voiced concerns about Musk's intentions. Since becoming owner, Musk has faced backlash for his handling of the company and account suspensions, including the December 2022 suspensions of ten journalists.

Corporate management

For the immediate events following the buyout, see Acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk § Completion of purchase.

Layoffs and mass resignations

Avatar of Elon Musk
Avatar of Elon Musk
Elon Musk
@elonmusk
 Twitter logo, a stylized blue bird

Regarding Twitter's reduction in force, unfortunately there is no choice when the company is losing over $4M/day.

Everyone exited was offered 3 months of severance, which is 50% more than legally required.

November 4, 2022[10]

On November 4, 2022, Musk and Twitter began laying off a substantial portion of the company's workforce and Twitter temporarily closed its offices,[11][12][13] with The New York Times estimating that roughly half of employees had been let go.[14][15] The night before the layoffs, five Twitter employees based in San Francisco and Cambridge, Massachusetts, filed a lawsuit against the company, alleging that mass layoffs would violate federal and California WARN Acts.[16][17] Musk explained that the layoffs were a cost-cutting measure and stated that the company had been losing over $4 million a day,[15][18] criticizing activist groups who had called on advertisers to cease doing business with the company. The Times described the layoffs as "haphazard", with employees learning of their firing through a variety of means. Workers in Dublin and Tokyo received emails regarding the layoffs, while those in Ireland and Britain remained in their offices at night to await official word on their employment status. Others learned that they had been laid off when they found themselves locked out of their work applications.[15] Twitter's internal directory, Birdhouse, was taken offline and Twitter offices worldwide were closed for the weekend.[19] On November 6, Twitter asked some employees who had been laid off to return to the company, either because they had been fired by mistake or because they were belatedly deemed important to the health of the business.[20]

File:MuskLetter.png
Elon Musk's full email to Twitter employees, November 16, 2022[21]

Days after the layoffs, Twitter terminated a large number of its contractors,[22][23] and Musk fired a series of employees who criticized him publicly or within the company.[24] On November 16, Musk delivered an ultimatum to employees via email: commit to "extremely hardcore" work in order to realize Musk's vision of "Twitter 2.0", or leave.[25][26] In response, hundreds of Twitter employees resigned the next day, hours before the deadline to respond to Musk's email, rendering many of Twitter's core functions[which?] nonviable.[27][28] Business Insider reported that fewer than 2,000 employees remained at the company.[29] Musk and his advisers met with several employees to dissuade them from leaving the company,[30] while Twitter offices were once again closed until November 21.[31][32] Despite the closures, Musk summoned all Twitter software engineers to Twitter's headquarters on November 18, seeking greater insight into the platform's solution stack.[33] Additional layoffs occurred later that month,[34] and the company resumed hiring.[35] Musk continued laying off employees in February 2023,[36][37] promising substantial "performance-based stock awards" to employees who remained at the company.[38]

Avatar of Elon Musk
Avatar of Elon Musk
Elon Musk
@elonmusk
 Twitter logo, a stylized blue bird

press@twitter.com now auto responds with 💩

March 19, 2023[39]

In November 2022, Axios reported that Twitter had fired almost all of its communications team, leaving only one member.[40] From November 2022 to March 2023, Twitter's communications team was "effectively silent" and was not responding to press enquiries, reported NPR. In March 2023, Musk personally announced a new Twitter policy, which brought Twitter in-line with Musk's other businesses which do not have press or communications departments.[41] During the April 2023 controversy, NPR confirmed that a press enquiry it sent to Twitter was responded to by Twitter with an emoji of feces.[42] The auto-reply was later changed to "Busy now, please check back later".[43][44] In April 2023, Musk told BBC that he had reduced staff from around 8,000 to under 1,500[45] and, in June 2023, Trust and Safety chief Ella Irwin resigned,[46][47] hours after Musk publicly undermined attempts to moderate the spread of an anti-trans documentary.[48]

Resignation poll

Avatar of Elon Musk
Avatar of Elon Musk
Elon Musk
@elonmusk
 Twitter logo, a stylized blue bird
Should I step down as head of Twitter? I will abide by the results of this poll.
Yes
 
 57.5%
No
 
 42.5%
17,502,391 votes · Final results
December 18, 2022[49]

On November 16, 2022, Musk stated that he planned to eventually appoint a new CEO to oversee Twitter,[50] shortly thereafter beginning the process of searching for his successor.[51] On December 18, amid growing public discontent surrounding the ElonJet and Mastodon controversies, Musk conducted an open-access Twitter poll asking whether he should resign from his position as Twitter CEO, claiming that he would "abide by the results".[52][53] The poll resolved to "yes" after 57.5 percent of 17.5 million users voted in favor of him stepping down.[54][55]

After this result, Musk responded "interesting" to unfounded theories that the result of the resignation poll had been influenced by bots, agreeing with a user's suggestion to restrict future polls on policy changes to paid Twitter Blue subscribers.[56][57][58] On December 20, he announced he would step down as CEO as soon as his replacement was selected, but would continue to lead Twitter's software and server teams.[59] On April 11, 2023, he told the BBC that he had stepped down and appointed his dog as CEO.[60]

On May 11, 2023, Musk announced that he had found a person to succeed him in the CEO position;[61] the following day, he named Linda Yaccarino, former head of ad sales for NBCUniversal, to succeed him as CEO.[62]

Corporate value

One year after the Musk acquisition, company documents related to employee restricted stock grants showed the company had estimated its own valuation at about $19 billion, down about 55% from Musk's purchase price.[63][64] A lower estimate was reported in October 2023 from Fidelity at about the same time, estimating the company to be down 65% from its purchase price.[65]

Content moderation

Avatar of Elon Musk
Avatar of Elon Musk
Elon Musk
@elonmusk
 Twitter logo, a stylized blue bird

Twitter will be forming a content moderation council with widely diverse viewpoints.

No major content decisions or account reinstatements will happen before that council convenes.

October 28, 2022[66]

Initial reforms

On October 27, 2022, Musk announced that a "content moderation council" with diversified viewpoints would be established to inform the platform's "content policy", and declared a moratorium in "major content decisions or account reinstatements" until then.[67] The council was never formed; Musk claimed that it had been part of a deal made with activists who had failed to honor it.[68] He also signaled an intention to do away with lifetime account suspensions and unban those suspended for "minor [or] dubious reasons".[69][70][71] Musk later stated that he would not alter Twitter's content policies or restore banned accounts until after the midterm elections.[72][73] In September 2023, Twitter (now X) subsequently scrapped the feature for users to report misleading tweets, instead relying exclusively on Community Notes to combat misinformation on the platform.[43]

Misinformation and disinformation

Further information: Community Notes § Spreading misinformation

Soon after Musk's takeover, Twitter announced it would no longer enforce its policy prohibiting COVID-19 misinformation.[74] Algorithm changes promoted viral disinformation about the Russian invasion of Ukraine, and led to significant gains in followers for media outlets affiliated with Russia, China and Iran.[75][76] Twitter, like Meta, Twitch and Alphabet, laid off a significant portion of its content moderators in 2023.[77]

As of September 2023, Twitter now relies exclusively on its Community Notes program to combat misinformation,[78] leading to failures in labeling misinformation.[79][80][81] The program has become responsible for spreading misinformation[82][83][84] as well as delays in fact-checking.[85] A European Commission study found that disinformation was most prevalent and received the highest relative engagement on Twitter, compared to other major social networks,[86][87] leading to warnings of a potential ban or fines by the EU for non-compliance with the Digital Services Act.[88][89]

In October 2023, media outlets and experts observed significant disinformation related to the 2023 Israel–Hamas war.[90][86][91] A BBC journalist described a "deluge" of false information, including by 'blue tick' accounts,[90] and CNBC found that while some videos were flagged as "misleading or false", identical re-posts remained unflagged. Despite Hamas being banned on Twitter as a terrorist organization, some of its propaganda videos have circulated on the platform.[86] Musk also promoted two accounts that had spread false claims and made antisemitic comments.[90]

An analysis from NewsGuard found that Verified users, described as "superspreaders of misinformation", produced 74% of the most viral misinformation related to the Israel-Hamas war during the first week of the conflict. The study analyzed 250 of the most-engaged posts on Twitter, based on the most popular false or unsubstantiated claims, that had received over 100 million views and one million engagements from users.[79][80][81] on December 18, 2023, European Union announced it investigated X for misinformation for blue check [92][93][94][95]

Increase in hate speech

Soon after Musk's takeover of Twitter, research documented a dramatic and unprecedented increase in hate speech on the platform.[96] Academics and researchers studied the spread of hate speech on Twitter primarily by accessing the Twitter API, which Musk withdrew in February 2023. According to a Reuters survey, this removal led to the modification or cancellation of more than 100 ongoing studies.[97]

According to the Institute of Strategic Dialogue (ISD), from June 2022 to February 2023, the number of anti-semitic tweets doubled on the platform, with removal of such content also increasing, while the number of Islamic State accounts had also increased by 70%. In March, A study from the BBC found a third of the 1,100 reinstated accounts appeared to have violated Twitter guidelines.[98] Twitter insiders told BBC Panorama they were struggling to protect users from trolling and harassment, including misogynistic online hate and the targeting of rape survivors.[99]

From a study of over 1 million tweets since 2022, the Center for Countering Digital Hate (CCDH) reported that posts associating LGBT people to "grooming" increased by 119 percent since Musk acquired Twitter, with advertising also appearing alongside hateful anti-LGBT rhetoric. The study featured five high-profile accounts including Libs of TikTok, Christopher Rufo, Tim Pool and James Lindsay.[100][101][102] Media monitoring group GLAAD described Twitter as "the most dangerous platform for LGBTQ people" with X ranking lowest on its Social Media Safety Index.[103][104][105]

In November 2023, the CCDH released a new report claiming 98% of misinformation, antisemitism, Islamophobia, and other hate speech, in relation to the Israel-Hamas war, remained on X after 7 days of reporting, generating over 24 million views. X responded by detailing the removal of 3,000 account and taking action against 325,000 pieces of content, such as restricting the reach of a post.[106][107][108] On November 24, the European Union halted advertisements on X referring to an "alarming increase" in hate speech and misinformation. A spokesperson for the European Commission confirmed that X is affected by the EU rules, and has advised European institutions to abstain from advertising on the platform.[109]

Following the Dublin riots in Ireland on November 23, X faced criticism for allowing "vile messages" on the platform, described as hate speech, while other social media platforms, TikTok, Instagram, and Facebook, complied with Garda requests for taking down content.[110][111] After Prime Minister Leo Varadkar called for incitement to hatred legislation to be updated, Musk responded by claiming "the Irish PM hates the Irish people".[112][113]

Center for Countering Digital Hate lawsuit

In July 2023, X Corp sued the Center for Countering Digital Hate (CCDH) over their research that suggested Twitter fails to act on 99% of hate content from Twitter Blue subscribers, accusing the group of "inflammatory, outrageous, and false or misleading assertions about Twitter".[114][115][116] The online watchdog have since said the lawsuit was "riddled with legal deficiencies" and in November 2023 filed for dismissal.[117] The nonprofit group also claimed it was an intimidation attempt, as well as to stifle their First Amendment protected speech.[118] According to a Reuters survey, requested by the Coalition for Independent Technology Research, the majority of researchers fear they would be sued for studying the platform since the CCDH lawsuit.[97][119]

Pentagon leaks

Main article: 2023 Pentagon document leaks

In early April 2023, classified U.S. military documents were leaked online. The leaked documents began to spread across Twitter, despite the platform's ban on such material. In response to a tweet about the leak, Musk sarcastically wrote that "you can totally delete things from the Internet" and "that works perfectly and doesn't draw attention to whatever you were trying to hide at all", apparently implying that removing the documents would somehow cause them to be spread even more widely, due to the Streisand effect.[120]

Child sexual abuse

Child sexual abuse material on Twitter has persisted, despite claims by Musk that removing it was a top priority.[121][122] The number of staff on Twitter's trust and safety teams were reduced, for example, leaving one full-time staffer to handle all child sexual abuse material in the Asia-Pacific region in November 2022.[123][124] An investigation by BBC Panorama found concerns that child sexual abuse is rising, following the layoffs and changes at Twitter since Musk's takeover.[125]

In July 2023, far-right QAnon influencer and conspiracy theorist Dom Lucre was suspended days after posting an uncensored image of child sexual exploitation, which had millions of impressions. The image was taken from a child torture video by Australian sex offender Peter Scully. Musk reinstated the account the same day. The account was one of the few accounts that had been a part of direct payouts from Twitter earlier in the month.[122][123][126] When questioned about the incident during an Australian parliamentary committee hearing on preventing child sexual exploitation, the company's head of global affairs, Nick Pickles, said that Twitter was considering only removing the material and not banning the user if the user had shared such material because they were outraged.[127][128]

Policy changes

Avatar of Elon Musk
Avatar of Elon Musk
Elon Musk
@elonmusk
 Twitter logo, a stylized blue bird

New Twitter policy is freedom of speech, but not freedom of reach.

Negative/hate tweets will be max deboosted & demonetized, so no ads or other revenue to Twitter.

You won’t find the tweet unless you specifically seek it out, which is no different from rest of Internet.

November 18, 2022[129]

Twitter dissolved the Trust and Safety Council responsible for Twitter's policies on hate speech, child sexual exploitation, and self-harm content.[130] This occurred while evidence showed an increase in hate speech following Musk's acquisition.[131] In December 2022, during the surge in hate speech reported on the platform, the new head of Trust and Safety, Ella Irwin, announced that Twitter had moved towards more automation to moderate content, in order to restrict diffusion,[132] later described by Musk as "freedom of speech, not freedom of reach".[2]

Twitter adopted an updated zero-tolerance policy on "violent speech" on February 28, 2023, described by The Verge as both "more specific and more vague" than the prior version.[133][134] As of April 2023 there was no evidence of policy changes that had decreased the overall number of bots, although there was some evidence that spambots had decreased slightly.[131]

Account suspensions and reinstatements

Main article: Twitter suspensions

Within hours of the take-over in October 2022, the far-right Britain First account, previously banned in 2017, was reinstated.[135][136] Account bans continued to be lifted in late November 2022, beginning with Jordan Peterson, Kathy Griffin, The Babylon Bee, and Donald Trump.[137][138] Multiple anti-fascist accounts were suspended, many of which had been named by far-right figures who urged Musk to take action. Among those banned include a group that provided security to LGBTQ+ events, and several accounts parodying Musk.[139][140][141]

In November, Twitter analytics firm Bot Sentinel calculated that around 877,000 accounts were deactivated and 497,000 were suspended between October 27 and November 1, over double the usual number.[142][143] In December, neo-Nazi Andrew Anglin and founder of The Daily Stormer was reinstated,[144] within 24 hours of Kanye West's suspension after posting an antisemitic tweet.[145][146] Kanye's account was later restored in July 2023.[147][148]

In January 2023, advisers to Kanye West, Jan 6th organizer Ali Alexander and white nationalist Nick Fuentes, were both banned again shortly after being reinstated on the platform. Fuentes was suspended within 24 hours of returning to the platform.[149][150]

In May 2023, Elon Musk announced Twitter would delete accounts that have been inactive for several years, including accounts of dead people. This led to criticism, mainly from those who charged it would disallow them from reading tweets written by their deceased loved ones.[151][needs update]

In June 2023 Twitter suspended the accounts of Musk/Tesla critic Aaron Greenspan and his legal transparency company PlainSite. PlainSite had released a number of Musk/Tesla-related documents over the years. In February 2023 Musk had sued Greenspan over communications between the two being published.[152][needs update]

In January 2024, Musk banned accounts belonging to several journalists and left-leaning accounts, including Ken Klippenstein, with whom he had publicly feuded in the past.[153]

ElonJet and journalists suspended

Main article: December 2022 Twitter suspensions
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Elon Musk
@elonmusk
 Twitter logo, a stylized blue bird

Any account doxxing real-time location info of anyone will be suspended, as it is a physical safety violation. This includes posting links to sites with real-time location info.

Posting locations someone traveled to on a slightly delayed basis isn't a safety problem, so is ok.

December 15, 2022[154]

On December 14, Musk suspended ElonJet, a Twitter bot account operated by Jack Sweeney which tracked Musk's private jet in real-time using publicly accessible data, in addition to several of Sweeney's other accounts. He had previously stated, "My commitment to free speech extends even to not banning the account following my plane, even though that is a direct personal safety risk." Defending his decision to suspend the accounts, Musk declared a ban on doxxing real-time location data, and Twitter followed suit by updating its policies page.[155][156] The next day, Twitter banned the accounts of multiple journalists who had been covering the ElonJet incident,[157][158][159] as well as the Mastodon account on Twitter,[160][161] on the grounds that they had violated the new doxing policy.[162] Some of the suspended journalists joined a Twitter Spaces mass audio call with Musk, where Musk was asked about their suspensions; Musk quit the call, and the call was abruptly ended before the entire Twitter Spaces service was temporarily taken down. Musk attributed the shutdown to a software bug, while a Twitter senior software engineer said that Spaces had been "taken offline".[163][164][165] Most suspended journalists were later reinstated, but found themselves unable to post new tweets until their policy-violating tweets had been taken down.[166][167]

API access and developer agreements

Avatar of Elon Musk
Avatar of Elon Musk
Elon Musk
@elonmusk
 Twitter logo, a stylized blue bird

Responding to feedback, Twitter will enable a light, write-only API for bots providing good content that is free

February 5, 2023[168]

On January 12, 2023, Twitter abruptly cut off many third-party Twitter clients from the site's application programming interface (API).[169] This broke the third-party clients, but the change was not acknowledged until a week later, when the company cited unspecified "long-standing API rules" as the reason for the change.[170] By January 19, Twitter had retroactively updated its developer agreement, barring developers from creating products similar to Twitter's own app.[171] On February 2, Twitter announced it would be removing the free tier of its API by February 9 and replace it with a "basic paid tier".[172] Musk later clarified on February 5, that bot accounts that provided "good content" would be permitted to continue using Twitter's API.[173]

State-affiliated media label controversy

In April 2023, Twitter designated National Public Radio's main account as "US state-affiliated media", a label that was typically reserved for foreign media outlets that directly represented the point of view of their respective governments, like Russia's RT and China's Xinhua.[174] Twitter's decision was controversial; though established by an act of Congress, NPR is an independent news organization that only receives a fraction of its funding through government programs. Twitter's previous policy had explicitly mentioned NPR, as well as the United Kingdom's BBC, as examples of networks that were not considered state-affiliated due to their editorial independence.[175][176] NPR ceased activity on its main Twitter account in response to the designation.[177] As of October 2023, NPR still no longer uses Twitter, with the media outlet describing the effects on traffic as negligible.[178][179][180]

NPR labeled state-affiliated media

On April 8, 2023, Twitter changed the designation of NPR's account from "state-affiliated" to "government-funded".[181] On April 10, after managing to get in contact with Musk himself, NPR reporter Bobby Allyn tweeted that Musk said he was relying on a list accessible through a Wikipedia category page, named "Category:Publicly funded broadcasters", to determine which news organizations' accounts should be deemed as "government-funded media".[182][183] Twitter then added the label to other sources such as PBS, the BBC, and Voice of America, which all three objected to.[184][185]

On April 12, NPR announced that its accounts would no longer be active on Twitter,[182][186][187] citing the platform's "inaccurate and misleading" labeling of NPR as "government-funded media" despite the fact that it receives "less than 1 percent of its $300 million annual budget" from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting.[182][186][188] As their last post on the platform, the network shared links to their alternative newsletters, websites and social media profiles.[186][189] In an email to the staff explaining the decision, CEO John Lansing allowed individual NPR journalists and staffers to choose for themselves whether to keep using Twitter, while noting that remaining on the site "would be a disservice to the serious work you all do here".[182][187]

On April 17, Canadian public broadcaster CBC was designated as "government-funded media" by Twitter, in response to a letter from Conservative Party of Canada leader Pierre Poilievre. On April 18, the label was changed to "70% government-funded media", referring to outdated data from the CBC's 2020–2021 report; shortly afterwards, Musk tweaked the percentage in the label to "69%". Musk tweeted "Canadian Broadcasting Corp said they're 'less than 70% government-funded', so we corrected the label".[190][191][192] In response, CBC announced they would pause Twitter activity.[191][193]

On April 21, Twitter stopped labeling state-affiliated media entirely, with neither Western publicly funded outlets such as NPR, BBC and CBC, nor China's Xinhua and Russia's RT, displaying the label on their accounts.[194][195]

Tweet views and messaging limits

Avatar of Elon Musk
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Elon Musk
@elonmusk
 Twitter logo, a stylized blue bird

To address extreme levels of data scraping & system manipulation, we've applied the following temporary limits:

- Verified accounts are limited to reading 6000 posts/day
- Unverified accounts to 600 posts/day
- New unverified accounts to 300/day

July 1, 2023[196]

On June 30, 2023, Twitter blocked unregistered users from viewing tweets or profiles. Musk described the change as a "temporary emergency measure" on his own profile, blaming "several hundred organizations" for scraping data from the site.[197] The following day further measures were implemented with temporary limits to the number of tweets a user can see per day, with verified users having 6,000, unverified users having 600 and newly created users having 300.[198] After thousands of users reported Twitter issues to the website Downdetector, the limit was increased to 8,000 for verified users, 800 for unverified users, and 400 for new accounts.[199] Three hours later, the limit was increased again to 10,000 for verified users, 1,000 for unverified users, and 500 for new accounts.[199][200][needs update]

Former Twitter executive Yoel Roth said the scraping explanation didn't "pass the sniff test," and that the incident "isn't even the first time they've completely broken the site by bumbling around in the rate limiter."[201] On July 21, 2023, Twitter limited the number of direct messages (DMs) that unverified users could send per day.[202] The exact daily limit is unknown.[203][needs update]

Announced removal of user blocking capability

Avatar of Elon Musk
Avatar of Elon Musk
Elon Musk
@elonmusk
 X logo, a stylized letter X

Block is going to be deleted as a "feature", except for DMs

August 18, 2023[204][205]

On August 19, 2023, Elon Musk posted a tweet on Twitter stating that the "Block" feature would be deleted on the platform, with the exception of direct messaging.[205][206] Musk suggested that a stronger version of "Mute" would replace the "Block" function.[207] In response to backlash from anti-bullying activists received for removing the feature, chief executive Linda Yaccarino also stated that a new form of "Block" and "Mute" is currently being developed by X Corp.[208] Major contributors of Twitter, regarding the removal of the block, said that if such a feature were to be removed, Twitter would violate the App Store and Google Play Store policies. This could potentially lead to the removal of Twitter from these platforms.[209][needs update]

Transgender hateful conduct and slurs

See also: Views of Elon Musk § Transgender issues
Avatar of Elon Musk
Avatar of Elon Musk
Elon Musk
@elonmusk
 Twitter logo, a stylized blue bird

Repeated, targeted harassment against any account will cause the harassing accounts to receive, at minimum, temporary suspensions.

The words "cis" or "cisgender" are considered slurs on this platform.

June 21, 2023[210]

After previously indicating his intention to review Twitter's policy against "misgendering or deadnaming of transgender individuals",[211] Musk relaxed the platform's hate speech policies in November 2022, with Gizmodo describing the policy protecting transgender people as "effectively dead".[212] While previously tweets would be removed, Twitter announced it would instead place warning labels on tweets that are "potentially" in violation of its hateful conduct policy in April 2023.[213][214][215] On June 1, the first day of Pride Month, Musk confirmed that a policy against misgendering wouldn't be enforced, and that in his opinion "Whether or not you agree with using someone’s preferred pronouns, not doing so is at most rude and certainly breaks no laws".[216]

In June, Musk promoted the film What Is a Woman? by The Daily Wire, after a Twitter review determined the content promoted hateful conduct, and was therefore in violation of abuse and harassment policies. Musk claimed the objection to the film was "a mistake", but that it wouldn't be promoted across the platform. After a pressure campaign from users, the restrictions were reduced to simply not being placed next to advertising.[217] Shortly after, Musk declared that the words "cis" and "cisgender" are considered slurs on Twitter, within the context of repeated and targeted harassment.[218][219][220] In October, the ability to report transphobic abuse had been scrapped.[221][222] In November, PragerU would buy a "timeline takeover" advertising spot, which forces an advertisement and accompanying hashtag to be seen by most Twitter users regardless of demographics or preferences for 24 hours, to promote their anti-trans documentary short film Detrans: The Dangers of Gender-Affirming Care; the "timeline takeover" spot was part of PragerU's estimated $1 million marketing budget for the short film.[223][224] The Nation describes "anti-trans hatred" as one of Twitter's "core features".[225]

Phrases that call for extreme violence

On November 17, 2023, Musk declared on X that users who use the phrases "decolonization" and "from the river to the sea", commonly used by activists calling for a Palestinian state to replace all of Israel, as well as "similar euphemisms", would be suspended. According to Musk, the phrases imply genocide of Jewish people, as well as "clear calls for extreme violence", against the terms of service of the platform, and was welcomed by ADL director Jonathan Greenblatt.[226][227]

Other developments

Verification program

Main article: Twitter verification § Since November 2022
Gold-colored eight-lobed badge with checkmark icon
Badge for Verified Organizations
Gray eight-lobed badge with checkmark icon
Badge for Government Accounts

On October 30, technology newsletter Platformer reported that Twitter would require users to purchase a Twitter Blue subscription to retain the blue checkmarks indicating they were "verified" on the platform,[228][229] which Musk later confirmed, saying it was a measure to combat spambot accounts.[230][231][232] The feature began rolling out on November 5,[233] but was then delayed until after the U.S. midterm elections due to concerns of potential election interference.[234] Twitter's Trust and Safety team assessed the potential for impersonation of official accounts and increasing the credibility of scammers with their highest risk categorization.[235]

On November 9, one day after the United States Election Day, Twitter launched its revamped verification program on iOS devices, with all users now able to obtain a blue checkmark by purchasing "Twitter Blue".[236] To distinguish between those who had been verified before the change and those who received the checkmark via Twitter Blue, secondary gray checkmarks labeled "official" were briefly added to the former's profiles before Musk overruled the feature hours later.[237][238] Instead, a clickable pop-up message indicating which of the two groups a verified user belonged to was added to the blue checkmark.[239] The gray checkmarks were restored without explanation the next day,[240] and Twitter then halted new verifications via Twitter Blue amid a spike in impersonator accounts.[241][242] The program relaunched on December 12, with Musk introducing gold checkmarks for businesses and gray checkmarks for government accounts.[243] Musk also met with advertisers via Twitter Spaces to outline his plans to fulfill his pre-acquisition pledges, previewing forthcoming features and allaying fears of a rise in disinformation and hate speech. He also named Community Notes, a fact-checking tool formerly known as Birdwatch, as a prospective substitute for Twitter's then-current approaches to content moderation.[244]

On March 23, 2023, Twitter announced that "legacy" verification badges would be removed starting on April 1: this date passed with no change, before Twitter and Musk announced that the removal date for checkmarks from non-paying accounts would be April 20. The only way to acquire a blue checkmark would be through the paid Twitter Blue subscription.[245] Around late April, the remaining "legacy" badges were removed, and only those subscribed to Twitter Blue remained. This led to a campaign by the comedian @dril and other Twitter users to "block the blue", that is, to block every user with a blue check mark, claiming that most paying users were "dead-eyed cretins who are usually trying to sell you something stupid and expensive".[246] The @BlockTheBlue account was suspended from the website.[247] Several famous users, however, reported having the blue check mark without having paid for it nor wanting it, such as writer Stephen King and actor Jason Alexander.[248]

Revamp and rebrand

On October 31, 2022, Musk ordered Twitter employees to revamp multiple aspects of the program within one week, enlisting employees from his other companies, including Tesla, the Boring Company, and Neuralink,[249] as well as investors Jason Calacanis and Sriram Krishnan.[250] To meet these deadlines, many Twitter staff members were told to work longer hours.[251][needs update]

On July 23, 2023, Musk teased a rebrand, dropping the name "Twitter", the word "tweet" and the bird logo, which date back to 2008. He later confirmed that the new name would be X and that if he found a logo, the rebrand would be put to effect the next day. He then tweeted a GIF of the Twitter logo glitching into an abstract X logo. The logo is taken from the Unicode character U+1D54F 𝕏 MATHEMATICAL DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL X (also known as blackboard bold X) as it is rendered on Linux systems.[252] Bloomberg said in July that the move would cost the company billions of dollars in brand value.[253][needs update]

Twitter Files released

This section is an excerpt from Twitter Files.[edit]

The Twitter Files are a series of releases of select internal Twitter, Inc. documents published from December 2022 through March 2023 on Twitter. CEO Elon Musk gave the documents to journalists Matt Taibbi, Bari Weiss, Lee Fang, and authors Michael Shellenberger, David Zweig and Alex Berenson shortly after he acquired Twitter on October 27, 2022. Taibbi and Weiss coordinated the publication of the documents with Musk, releasing details of the files as a series of Twitter threads.

After the first set of files was published, various technology and media journalists said that the reported evidence demonstrated little more than Twitter's policy team struggling with difficult decisions, but resolving such matters swiftly. Some conservatives said that the documents demonstrated what they called Twitter's liberal bias.

On December 15, 2022, a day after Jack Sweeney moved to Mastodon post Twitter-ban,[254] Twitter began blocking links to its competitor Mastodon, considering them to be "potentially harmful" or "malware".[255][256][257] A few days later, Twitter announced a new policy barring users from promoting certain social media platforms, including Mastodon,[258][259][260] but rescinded it within a day following significant backlash. Musk apologized and pledged to poll Twitter users before enacting "major policy changes" going forward.[261][262]

On August 15, 2023, a Washington Post analysis found that X (formerly Twitter) was delaying links to external social media sites such as those owned by Meta Platforms, Substack, Bluesky, as well as Reuters and The New York Times, all companies that Musk has had grudges with.[263] The Washington Post found that users were made to wait approximately five seconds before the links loaded.[263] They also claimed that the New York Times had seen a drop in user traffic.[263] A few hours after the story was first published, X started reversing this delay.[263][264][265]

Engagement with Musk's tweets

Avatar of Elon Musk
Avatar of Elon Musk
Elon Musk
@elonmusk
 Twitter logo, a stylized blue bird

Made my account private until tomorrow morning to test whether you see my private tweets more than my public ones

February 1, 2023[266]

On February 1, 2023, Musk temporarily made his Twitter account "private" as an experiment to test his tweets' engagement level after tweeting "something is wrong" in response to Libs of TikTok.[267][268] When the experiment failed to deliver promising results, Musk summoned a group of engineers and demanded an explanation for his declining reach. A principal engineer suggested that this was due to "easily chartable waning public interest in Musk", prompting Musk to fire them.[269] On February 13, Musk expressed concern over the fact that his tweet about Super Bowl LVII had garnered fewer impressions than U.S. President Joe Biden's. Musk ordered his engineering team to fix the perceived problem or be fired. As a result, engineers altered Twitter's algorithm to boost Musk's tweets by a factor of 1000,[270][271] causing his tweets to inundate users' feeds.[272][273][needs update]

Removal of news headlines

In August 2023, Fortune reported that Musk was planning to remove headlines and other text from news articles posted on Twitter, so that only the lead image would appear on tweets.[274][275] Musk confirmed the change, stating, "This is coming from me directly. Will greatly improve the esthetics [sic]".[275] The change took effect on October 4.[276][277]

In November 2023, Musk announced that news headlines would be restored in a different format: "In an upcoming release, X will overlay title in the upper potion of the image of a URL card."[278][279]

User engagement

Analysis conducted by research firm Sensor Tower in October 2023 found that global active daily users of X via mobile apps had steadily declined during the year after Musk acquired the company, down 16% by September 2023, while the metric showed positive growth for five other major social media platforms.[280] According to a May 2023 Pew Research survey, a majority of American users say they have taken a break from the platform in 2023, and a quarter said they were "not very or not at all likely" to continue using the platform.[281][282] In November, it was reported X has lost 3 million monthly UK visitors, down from 26.8 million since Musk's takeover, according to Ofcom.[283]

Antisemitism controversies

Europa: The Last Battle

As of June 2023, Twitter was running advertisements for major brands such as Disney, Microsoft and ESPN next to tweets from verified users sharing long clips from Europa: The Last Battle, a neo-Nazi propaganda film that promotes antisemitic conspiracy theories, including Holocaust denial.[284][285][286]

Leo Frank disinformation

In August 2023, a community note falsely accusing Jewish lynching victim Leo Frank of raping and murdering a 13-year-old girl repeatedly appeared on tweets by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) and ADL CEO Jonathan Greenblatt. Neo-Nazi trolls created the note and cited white supremacist websites purporting to substantiate the note's claims. The Times of Israel characterized the note's appearance as part of a pattern of Twitter's features rewarding antisemites.[287]

Anti-ADL tweet campaign

Later that month, Greenblatt and Twitter CEO Linda Yaccarino had a dialogue about addressing hate speech on the platform. Both parties tweeted about it, sparking a backlash from many right-wing users, who accused the ADL of censorship and bias and launched a "#BanTheADL" hashtag campaign, which trended on the site. In the wake of this, Elon Musk liked a number of anti-ADL tweets, and Twitter users reported seeing a tweet promoted by Twitter's ad platform containing the white supremacist slogan known as the "fourteen words".[288][289][290] Days later, Musk then threatened to sue the organization, stating that the ADL "seems to be responsible for most of our revenue loss", causing the company to lose billions of dollars.[291]

Musk amplification of antisemitism

Further information: Views of Elon Musk § Race and white nationalism

On November 15, 2023, Musk replied to an antisemitic tweet which supported the white genocide conspiracy theory and accused Jews of "pushing the exact kind of dialectical hatred against whites that they claim to want people to stop using against them". Musk responded that the tweet "said the actual truth".[292] Following this reply, Musk supported white pride and affirmed white nationalism, saying it was "super messed-up" that, as a far-right user argued, white people are not "allowed to be proud of their race".[293]

On November 17, 2023, after the ADL had condemned Musk's tweet describing it as "indisputably dangerous",[294] the White House issued a statement with Joe Biden condemning Musk proclaiming "We condemn this abhorrent promotion of antisemitic and racist hate in the strongest terms".[295]

At the DealBook Summit on November 29, 2023, journalist Andrew Ross Sorkin questioned Musk about the withdrawal of advertisers from X following his recent posts. Musk said in response, "I hope they stop. Don’t advertise" and "If somebody is going to try to blackmail me with advertising, blackmail me with money, go fuck yourself. Go fuck yourself. Is that clear? I hope it is."[296] During the same rant, Musk mentioned Bob Iger, the CEO of the Walt Disney Company, which had stopped advertising on X; Musk also said that if X fails, it would be "because of an advertiser boycott. And that will be what bankrupts the company."[297] In a post on X on December 7, Musk called for Iger to be fired from Disney.[298][299][300]

Media Matters analysis and lawsuit

On November 16, 2023, Media Matters published analysis indicating Twitter was placing major client advertisements next to user posts containing antisemitic content, including praise for Adolf Hitler and Nazis. Several prominent companies subsequently suspended their advertising on the platform, including; IBM,[301][302] Apple,[303] Lionsgate,[304] Disney,[305] Paramount, Comcast,[306] Warner Bros. Discovery,[307] Sony,[308] Walmart,[309] Coca-Cola, Uber, Airbnb, Ubisoft, Expedia, Fox Sports, and Netflix.[310] The New York Times estimated the potential revenue loss to be up to $75 million.[311]

Musk announced that X Corp would file "a thermonuclear lawsuit against Media Matters and ALL those who colluded in this fraudulent attack on our company"[312][313] and called for the journalists to be jailed.[314] On November 20, X Corp filed a complaint naming Media Matters as defendant.[315] Texas Attorney General Ken Paxton announced an investigation into Media Matters for potential fraud, referring to it as a "radical anti-free speech organization".[316][317][318]

Reactions and commentary

2022

Avatar of Stephen King
Avatar of Stephen King
Stephen King
@StephenKing
 Twitter logo, a stylized blue bird

$20 a month to keep my blue check? Fuck that, they should pay me. If that gets instituted, I'm gone like Enron.

October 31, 2022[319][320]
Avatar of Ed Markey
Avatar of Ed Markey
Ed Markey
@SenMarkey
 Twitter logo, a stylized blue bird

One of your companies is under an FTC consent decree. Auto safety watchdog NHTSA is investigating another for killing people. And you're spending your time picking fights online. Fix your companies. Or Congress will.

November 13, 2022[321][322]
Avatar of Lori Trahan
Avatar of Lori Trahan
Lori Trahan
@RepLoriTrahan
 Twitter logo, a stylized blue bird

My team met with @Twitter today. They told us that they're not going to retaliate against independent journalists or researchers who publish criticisms of the platform.

Less than 12 hours later, multiple technology reporters have been suspended. What's the deal, @elonmusk?

December 16, 2022[323][324]
Avatar of Yvette D. Clarke
Avatar of Yvette D. Clarke
Yvette D. Clarke
@RepYvetteClarke
 Twitter logo, a stylized blue bird

The gall of @elonmusk to ban respectable journalists doing important work from his platform while parading as some sort of champion of free speech is, quite frankly, detestable. I'd ask if he feels any shame, but meaningful self-reflection may simply be beyond his capacity.

December 16, 2022[325][324]

In November 2022, author Stephen King, U.S. representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, and U.S. senator Ed Markey criticized Musk's decision to charge Twitter users for the blue checkmark.[320][326][327] President Biden also expressed concern with Musk's plans for Twitter, saying on November 5 that it "spews lies all across the world".[328] After the layoffs, employees flooded the anonymous forum service Blind with negative comments about Musk,[329] with Jack Dorsey expressing gratitude toward laid-off employees and apologizing for growing the company too rapidly.[330] The FTC commented that it was closely monitoring developments at Twitter, stressing that Musk must abide by its consent decrees,[331] while Irish Data Protection Commissioner Helen Dixon stated that her office had reached out to Twitter to discuss privacy concerns.[332] Social media platform Tumblr mocked the revamped verification program by allowing its users to purchase several checkmarks for their profiles.[333][334]

On November 9, 2022, Biden expressed support for a U.S. government review of the foreign investors backing Musk's purchase, alluding to national security concerns.[335] However, U.S. Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen stated that she did not see a reason to investigate the acquisition and was unaware of any national security concerns.[336] Seven Democratic senators urged the FTC to investigate Musk's rapid changes to Twitter,[337] while pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly suspended all advertising campaigns on Twitter after a false tweet from an impersonator account went viral.[338] Former head of consumer product Jeff Seibert expressed disappointment and frustration over Musk's changes to Twitter.[30] In the wake of mass employee resignations on November 17, many Twitter users posted humorous messages on the platform expressing grief and anticipating a possible shutdown of Twitter,[339][340] with some posting links to their other social media accounts.[31][32]

Musk's suspension of journalists covering the ElonJet incident was widely condemned. CNN and The Washington Post, whose reporters were banned, criticized Musk's hypocrisy and impulsiveness, while Digital Content Next CEO Jason Kint demanded Musk explain his actions.[341] Democrats Lori Trahan, Yvette Clarke, Ro Khanna, Ritchie Torres, and Martin Heinrich all criticized Musk, while Democrat Don Beyer also voiced disapproval with Musk's labeling of Mastodon links as malicious.[324] Lawmakers from the EU, France, and Germany sided with the journalists and threatened to take retaliatory action against Musk.[342]

The first weeks of Musk's tenure at Twitter were widely described as chaotic and tumultuous by the media.[343] Harvard professor Sandra Sucher called Musk's mass layoffs "poorly handled".[15] Gerald Hathaway of the Faegre Drinker Biddle & Reath law firm argued the opposite, believing that Musk had done what was necessary to curb Twitter's losses, assuming his claims about Twitter's losses were true.[344] Jason Wilson of the Southern Poverty Law Center criticized Musk's perceived disinterest in "policing hate speech", observing an increase in verified white nationalists and other far-right extremists.[345] Branko Marcetic of socialist magazine Jacobin accused Twitter of bias after several left-wing accounts were suspended.[346] The Brookings Institution said that the importance of Twitter "as a platform for political discourse in the U.S." raised implications for national security,[335] while cybersecurity expert Peter W. Singer detailed multiple cybersecurity concerns stemming from Musk's acquisition.[347]

2023

Soon after Twitter introduced viewing Tweet limits and blocked unregistered users from viewing Tweets, numerous people have voiced concerns over the decline of functionality. Mike Proulx of Forrester Research expressed on a Reuters article that the limits were "'remarkably bad' for users and advertisers already shaken by the 'chaos' Musk has brought to the platform" while Jasmine Enberg of Insider Intelligence stated her concern in the same Reuters article that the move "certainly isn't going to make it any easier to convince advertisers to return."[348] In May 2023, Ron DeSantis launched his 2024 presidential campaign via Twitter Spaces, described as a good sign by entrepreneur David Sacks, due to high interest.[5][4][349]

Japanese media reported that the limiting of viewing Tweets prompted many users in the country to abandon the platform entirely, with many flocking to Instagram, Threads, Bakusai, or Misskey.io.[350][351][352] On July 3, Japanese game publisher Yostar announced that they would cease connecting their games' accounts to Twitter, citing the API change that had occurred a few days prior as the reason.[353] The move has also lead to concerns over disaster relief efforts in the country, as many prefectures and cities use Twitter to share public information; with Kumamoto Prefecture's official disaster prevention Twitter account announcing that their accounts will be indefinitely out of service on July 5.[354][355] The viewing Tweet limit also prompted the creation of a Japanese alternate to Twitter named Taittsuu (Template:Lang-ja), of which 100,000 users flocked to the service within the first week of inauguration. The tweet announcing the website's inauguration stated that their intended concept was to "not remove functions of paid APIs without warning".[356][357][358]

Experts criticized the decision to remove headlines from news articles. Liza Fazio, a cognitive psychologist at Vanderbilt University, said the change "means that it's incredibly easy to present images out of context to spread misinformation". Following the start of the Israel–Hamas war a few days after the change was implemented, Emerson T. Brooking of the Atlantic Council's Digital Forensic Research Lab said the change was "a major boon for terrorists and war propagandists. It makes a difficult, fast-moving situation absolutely indecipherable."[279]

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  353. ^ Tatsuki, Matsuura (July 3, 2023). "「アズールレーン」「ブルーアーカイブ」など、Twitter連携機能を終了へ 「API変更などの理由で」" [Termination of Twitter linkage functions such as "Azur Lane" and "Blue Archive" "for reasons such as API changes"]. ITmedia NEWS (in Japanese). Archived from the original on July 3, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
  354. ^ "ツイッター閲覧・投稿制限で災害時の情報に影響「リスクが顕在化」" [Restrictions on Twitter viewing and posting affect information at the time of disaster: "Risk materialized"]. NHK News (in Japanese). Japan Broadcasting Corporation. July 7, 2023. Archived from the original on July 7, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023.
  355. ^ Kumamoto Prefecture [@Bousai_Kumamoto] (July 5, 2023). "Twitter社のサービスの運用変更に伴い、災害情報等の発信を一時停止します。現在、県の「防災情報くまもと」ホームページで情報を配信しておりますので、
    最新の防災情報については、以下を確認ください。"     [Due to the change in the operation of Twitter's service, we will temporarily suspend the transmission of disaster information, etc. Currently, we are distributing information on the prefecture's "Disaster Prevention Information Kumamoto" website, so please check the following for the latest disaster prevention information.] (Tweet) (in Japanese). Archived from the original on July 17, 2023. Retrieved July 17, 2023 – via Twitter.
  356. ^ @hoku_unagi (July 1, 2023). "タイッツーは「有料APIの機能削減を事前告知無く行わない」というコンセプトを持つ、未だかつて聞いたことがない空前絶後の極めて画期的なSNSです🎉🎉🎉" (Tweet) (in Japanese). Retrieved September 12, 2023 – via Twitter.
  357. ^ Minasawa, Shinji (July 20, 2023). "「Twitterに不満があるなら自分で作ろう」と開発 個人開発SNS「タイッツー」が1週間で登録者10万人突破 開発者に聞く思い". ねとらぼ (in Japanese). Archived from the original on July 20, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2023.
  358. ^ "Twitterからの移住先としてにわかに注目される画期的なSNS「タイッツー」とは／「有料APIの機能削除を事前告知なく行いません！！！」【やじうまの杜】". 窓の杜 (in Japanese). Impress Corporation. July 10, 2023. Archived from the original on August 2, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2023.

Further reading

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