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Sadiqi Beg

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Painting shows an Aulad tied to a tree because he is not trusted after helping Rustam, a legendary hero in epics. This painting reflects a stylistic change to Sadiqi Beg's artwork.
Zal Rescued by the Simurgh. Miniature from the Shahnameh (Book of Kings) commissioned by Shah Abbas I. Chester Beatty Library

Sadiqi Beg, also referred to as Sadiqi Beg Afshar was a painter, poet, biographer, draftsman, soldier and miniaturist of the Safavid period.[1] Born in Tabriz in 1533, he spent a number of years as a wandering dervish before settling in Qazwin where he occupied several positions in the royal court. Ultimately, he was dismissed from a post in the royal library in 1596, and he spent his final years focused on his own writing before his death in Isfahan in 1610.[2]

Background

Sadiqi Beg was born in Tabriz, the historic capital of the Safavid dynasty, into the Khudabandalu Turkoman tribe in 940/1533.[3] He came from a notable line of Turkish soldiers that migrated from Syria to support Shah Isma'il who founded the Safavid dynasty in 1501. [4][5] His father was assassinated when Sadiqi was young, and, despite his family’s noble history, he was left without an inheritance.[1] Consequently, Sadiqi Beg spent many years as a wandering dervish before deciding to pursue art and poetic science at the age of 32.[2] He moved to Qazwin in 1568 and asked his pupil and nephew Muzaffar Ali, reputedly an incredible figure painter, to teach him the style of the earlier well-known artist, Bihzad.[3][6]

Royal Appointments

Sadiqi Beg was initially invited to serve under Shah Isma’il II whose short rule lasted from 1576-1577. Following this brief royal appointment, while Sultan Mohammad Khuadbanda was in power from 1577 to 1587, he left Qazwin to fight in the Battle of Astarabad (ca. 1581).[2] Following the battle, he lived in the Iranian cities Hamadan, Lahijan and Yazd.[7]

He remained absent from the royal court throughout the rule of Muhammad Khudabanda, from 1576-1588, and during this time he focused on single page works rather than large-scale manuscripts.[2] Eventually, when Shah Abbas I rose to power in 1581, Sadiqi returned to the court and became head of the royal library in Qazwin.[5] He was highly regarded by royal figures but disliked by his colleagues in the court, and he was dismissed from the library in 1596. However, despite losing this role, he retained the official title and salary and regularly consulted with Shah Abbas I on manuscripts and other royal subjects for the remainder of his life.[4][2]

Painting

Several pieces attributed to Sadiqi Beg survive in modern museums and private collections, and his work is often characterized by its unique colors, distinct contours, and stiff subjects. Many of his most famous illustrations were created while working in the royal court, and he supervised the creation of several important royal volumes. Prior to Shah Isma’il II’s rule, he contributed a single painting to a copy of Asadi’s Garshāspnāma commissioned by the Safavid ruler Tahmasp.[2] Following this piece, he would go on to illustrate additional royal manuscripts for later rulers.

He heavily contributed to Shah Isma’il II’s Shānāma, and he is credited as the creator of seven of its surviving paintings. Similarly, he painted three pieces for a major Shānāma commissioned by Shah Abbas I.[2] This copy partially survives in the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin, although it remains incomplete and is missing several pages.[5] In addition to his manuscript illustrations, Safavid historian Iskandar Beg Munshi credits Sadiqi Beg with all of the drawing and many of the paintings in Qazwin’s royal palace and the assembly hall in Čhehel Sotūn.[8]

In 1593, just before leaving his royal employ, Sadiqi Beg personally commissioned and illustrated a copy of Kashifi’s Anvār-I Suhaylī (Lights of Canopus). The volume included 107 drawings, possibly all by Sadiqi himself, and it demonstrates his personal investment in the arts.[2] Some scholars such as B. W. Robinson attribute these miniatures exclusively to Sadiqi, although others, such as Basil Gray, believe they belong to several artists. However, it remains likely that he commissioned this work with personal funds.[2]

He was also known for popularizing the Iranian "calligraphic style of drawing." This method is evident in works such as Dragon and Clouds (ca. 1600) which is currently held by the Metropolitan Museum of Art.[9] Examples of Sadiqi's work survive in several museums and private collections, and they are highly valued instances of Safavid era artwork. In 1996, a gouache miniature on gold paper, Portrait d'une Jeune Femme Assise sur un Rocher (1590), attributed to Sadiqi, sold at auction in Paris for 80,000 French francs (15,792 U.S. dollars; 12,604 euros; or 10,301 British pounds). The manuscript, in the collection of the Marquess of Bute, is inscribed to "Sadiqi Beg, the rarity of the age, the second Mani, the Bihzad of the time."[10]

Writing

Sadiqi's native language was Chaghatai,[11] and he wrote biographical sketches of some of the era's leading poets, artists and connoisseurs in that language. His work is inspired by Turkish poets Ali-Shir Nava’i, Baki, and Fuzuli.[7] In addition to Changtai, he knew 2 other Turkish literary languages. He wrote the Tazkhireh-i Majma‘ al-Khavas (lives of artists), which includes biographies of 350 poets and samples of their work, and is inspired by Ali-Shir Nava'i’s Majalis un-Nafais, another tazkhireh. The Tazkhireh-i Majma‘ al-Khavas has 8 sections including those on contemporary rulers, Turkish Statesmen, and Persian Poets.

He also wrote the famous Qanun as-Suwar (Canons of Painting) between 1576 and 1602, a treatise on painting techniques in Persian verse.[12] He reportedly "painted thousands of marvellous portraits".[13] His writings are one of the major sources on the history of Persian miniature painting because it details style and instruction for making art. His Persian writing style was inspired by classic Persian artists, including Khaqani, Ẓahīr, Kamal od-Din Esmail, and Saadi Shirazi. He used classical style, and critiqued contemporary styles.[7] Unique to this time, historians point out that he avoided politics by abstaining from using religious denominations to refer to different techniques in his art.[8]

Examples of Sadiqi's work are in a number of museums. A 3-inch by 6-inch (7.62 cm by 15.24 cm) gouache miniature on gold paper, Portrait d'une jeune femme assise sur un rocher, attributed to Sadiqi from 1590, sold at auction in Paris in 1996 for 80,000 French francs (15,792 U.S. dollars; 12,604 euros; or 10,301 British pounds). Some scholars, such as B. W. Robinson, attribute the 107 miniatures in a 1593 version of Anwar i-Suhayli (a book of fables) to Sadiqi, although others, such as Basil Gray, think that they appear to be by several artists, not all of the same quality. It is also possible that he commissioned this work with his personal wealth.[14] The manuscript, in the collection of the Marquess of Bute, is inscribed to "Sadiqi Beg, the rarity of the age, the second Mani, the Bihzad of the time".[10]

Safavid historian Iskandar Beg Munshi writes: “The paintings of the royal palace [in Qazvin], and of the royal assembly in the Čhehel Sotūn hall [completed ca. 1556], were drawn by him, and most of the painting was also his work."[8]

His last royal work was on an edition of the Shahnameh (Book of Kings), part of which is at the Chester Beatty Library in Dublin.

References

  1. ^ a b Gandjeï, Tourkhan (1957). "Überblick über den vor- und frühislamischen türkischen Versbau". Der Islam. 33 (1–2). doi:10.1515/islm.1957.33.1-2.142. ISSN 0021-1818.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Bloom, Jonathan M.; Blair, Sheila S., eds. (1 January 2009). "The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture". doi:10.1093/acref/9780195309911.001.0001. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ^ a b Necipoğlu, Gülru; Payne, Alina Alexandra, eds. (2016). Histories of Ornament: From Global to Local. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-16728-2.
  4. ^ a b Horovitz, Josef (2013). Koranische Untersuchungen. Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur des islamischen Orients. Berlin Leipzig: Walter de Gruyter & Co. ISBN 978-3-11-118686-3.
  5. ^ a b c Gowing, Lawrence, ed. (1995). A Biographical dictionary of artists (Rev. ed ed.). New York, NY: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0-8160-3252-5. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  6. ^ Bloom, Jonathan; Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). The Grove encyclopedia of Islamic art and architecture. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530991-1. OCLC 232605788.
  7. ^ a b c Frontmatter, Studien zur Geschichte und Kultur des islamischen Orients, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, 16 January 2006, doi:10.1515/9783110202830.fm, ISBN 978-3-11-020283-0, retrieved 5 May 2021
  8. ^ a b c Histories of Ornament : From Global to Local. Gülru Necipoğlu, Alina Alexandra Payne. Princeton. 2016. ISBN 978-0-691-16728-2. OCLC 913572960.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  9. ^ "Results for "Sadiqi Beg" - The Metropolitan Museum of Art". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
  10. ^ a b The Cambridge history of Iran. W. B. Fisher. Cambridge: University Press. 1968–1991. ISBN 0-521-06935-1. OCLC 745412.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  11. ^ Gray 1986, p. 889.
  12. ^ PURINTON, NANCY; WATTERS, MARK (1991). "A STUDY OF THE MATERIALS USED BY MEDIEVAL PERSIAN PAINTERS". cool.culturalheritage.org. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  13. ^ Barry, Michael A. (2004). Figurative art in medieval Islam and the riddle of Bihzâd of Herât (1465–1535). activeth century Bihzād (English-language ed.). Paris. p. 186. ISBN 978-2-08-030421-6. OCLC 56653717.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  14. ^ Vernoit, S. J. (2003). "Sadiqi". Grove Art Online. doi:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t074915. Retrieved 5 May 2021.

Sources

  • Necipoğlu, Gülru (2016). "Early Modern Floral: The Agency of Ornament i Ottoman and Safavid Visual Cultures". In Necipoğlu, Gülru; Payne, Alina (eds.). Histories of Ornament: From Global to Local. Princeton University Press. pp. 132–155.
  • Gray, Basil (1986). "The Arts in the Safavid Period". In Jackson, Peter; Lockhart, Lawrence (eds.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 6:The Timurid and Safavid Periods. Cambridge University Press. pp. 877–912.


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