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The most remote origins of a form of ranching, date back to the 1100’s in Spain where livestock raising had developed mainly around the raising of sheep[1][2][3][4] and, by the 1200’s, the establishment of a system of transhumance being regulated by the powerful Mesta, an association of sheep barons and shepherds created by King Alfonso X of Castile. Although other livestock species, like cattle, existed, their importance, value and herd sizes were lesser than sheep,[5][6][7] even before Roman times.[8] The importance of sheep was such that, even in the accounting books for payment of livestock taxes, the “serviciadores” (servicemen) reduced cows to sheep for accounting purposes,[9] typically 6 six sheep for every cow or horse; because there were so few cows and horses, they didn’t detract from the value of the figures.[10] Sheep were also used as currency, and currency itself, like the silver solidus, had the equivalency of one sheep.[11][12]

Aqui pon algo sobre la cantidad de ganado vacuno en españa

During the Reconquista, the lands being reclaimed by the Christians had been depopulated. Because these lands were still prone to raids and attacks by the Muslims even after being reconquered, agriculture was out of the question. Instead, livestock raising, predominantly sheep,[13][14][15] became the solution to repopulate the land as the animals could easily be moved to a safer place in case of an attack.[16] This led to the emergence of the “pastor a caballo” or horse-mounted shepherd. Called caballeros villanos (knights-villein) or pastores guerreros (warrior shepherds),[17] these were the highest class of peasants and were allowed to have a horse. They, on horseback, could defend the frontier from attacks, easily herd the animals to a safer place, and could do their own raids on Muslim lands.[18][19]

As for the land itself, it was organized and highly regulated into various types due to a scarcity of pasturelands. There were: pastos comunales (communal lands),[20] private lands, baldíos (vacant wooded areas)[21] and dehesas, or fenced lands that could be privately owned.[22] All these pasturelands could be used for a fee or tribute, unless used by the surrounding villagers in the case of communal lands, or could be rented to livestock owners. Most had restrictions on the amount of livestock that could enter, or even the type of species, as in the dehesas boyales, or dehesas used only for oxen. A montazgo, a tribute or tax paid for the transit of livestock through lands or mountains, was also paid.[23]

North America

The origins of what we know today as ranching in North America date back to the 16th century when the Spaniards introduced cattle and horses to Mexico. Livestock raising had diverged in Mexico from what it had been in Spain due to an over abundance of land and, because of the rapid multiplication of livestock, an over abundance of cattle and horses. In a letter to the King of Spain in 1544, Cristóbal de Benavente, prosecutor of Mexico (fiscal de audiencia), wrote that livestock of all species were multiplying rapidly, almost double every 15 months.[24]

Although all livestock species took root and multiplied rapidly, there was a preponderance of cattle. According to Spanish army captain, Bernardo Vargas Machuca, out of all the kingdoms, Mexico was where cattle were the most abundant.[25] Cattle had multiplied so much that, just in the Sotavento region of Veracruz alone, cattle had quintupled to around 2.5 million head in 1630 from half a million in 1570.[26]

The Franciscan friar, Antonio de Ciudad Real, who accompanied friar Alonso de Ponce to New Spain in 1586, recounts with amazement how abundant cattle were in the fields of the Province of Mexico and how there were men who branded more than 30 thousand calves a year:

“There are in this province large pastures for cattle and other livestock, which, having been brought from Spain for the service of men as well as for sustenance, have taken root and multiplied so much that it seems to be native to the land, given how full the fields are of them. Everything is produced as in Castile, but with more ease, because the land is temperate and there are no wolves or other animals to destroy them as in Spain, and at less cost and with less work, and they multiply so much that there are men who brand 30 thousand calves every year, with many others getting lost and becoming wild. There is hardly a city of Indians where there are no cow butcheries for the natives themselves, where countless cattle are killed, and for this there are Spanish slaughters, and everything is very cheap; fleets are loaded with hides from this cattle to Spain, […]”[27]

Because it was a much greater territory, land was plentiful, thus, any Spanish laws that were applied back in Spain regarding pasturelands and land ownership were never applied. Initially, a generalized common grazing regime was established, in which all vacant land was free and open to all, as was the stubble after the harvest. This regime allowed cattle to multiply in a semi-wild state, with minimal intervention from man, diverging, once again, from Spanish tradition.[28]

However, over time, the authorities were forced to recognize a somewhat stable occupation of the land by the first cattle barons. The first sites or sitios intended for cattle and other livestock were called Estancias (stays, stations), and were given in the form of grants upon verification of the occupation or "purchase" made from the Indians. These grants didn’t grant ownership, but rather the usufruct of the land, and were revocable if the beneficiary was absent. Thus, the cattle-barons reserved the exclusive use of the land, without actually owning it.[29]

There were two types of estancias: estancias de ganado mayor (cattle and horse estancias) and estancias de ganado menor (sheep & goat estancias). Both types had to be square in shape, going from east to west. Cattle estancias had to be 1 league in length, on each side, or 5000 varas or 1750 hectares, approximately 4400 acres. While sheep and goat estancias had to measure 3333 varas in length or 780 hectares, approximately 2000 acres. The caballeria, the piece of land allotted to a Caballero and his mount, while not defined as estancia, had to be 43 hectares or approximately 110 acres. The Estancias de labor were the ones that combined livestock raising with agriculture. However, the estancias far exceeded the established limits, since fencing the land was prohibited (unlike in Spain), allowing the cattle to graze freely in the intermediate spaces and, thus, allowing the cattle-barons to annex the land.[30][31][32] Most Cattle barons usually possessed a set of estancias that were situated side by side, encompassing a vast area.[33] Estancia was also the name of the houses or “cottages” where the vaqueros (cowherds) would gather.[34]

By 1554, there were 60 estancias in the Valley of Toluca in central Mexico, with more than 150,000 head of cattle and horses.[35] It’s estimated that just in central Mexico, there were around 1.3 million head of cattle by 1620.[36] Between 1550 and 1619, 103 cattle estancias (+444,789 acres), 118 sheep estancias (approximately 200,000 acres); 42 mare estancias (186,000 acres) and 130 caballerías (approximately 14000 acres) were granted in the Huasteca region of San Luis Potosí.[37]

The earliest cattle estancias were located in the highlands of Central Mexico and in the lowlands along the Gulf of Mexico. Because the lands in central Mexico were beginning to be insufficient, the cattle barons were forced to relocate. According to Franciscan friar, Juan de Torquemada, cattle barons began to move operations north of Central Mexico, to the valleys and lands stretching for more than 200 leagues (500 miles), from Querétaro, in the Bajío region, passing through Zacatecas, to the valley of Guadiana (Durango).[38] By 1582 there were more than 100,000 head of cattle, 200,000 sheep and 10,000 horses grazing in the San Juan del Río valley in Querétaro,[39] In 1576 there were around 30,000 head of cattle in Nueva Vizcaya and by the end of the 18th century, just in the Bolsón de Mapimí alone, there were 325,000 head of cattle, 230,000 horses, 49,000 mules, 7,000 donkeys, 2 million sheep and 250,000 goats.[40] Around the same time, in the early 19th century, there were more than 5 million head of cattle in the province of Xalisco in the Intendancy of Guadalajara.

Prior to the establishment of rancho as a cattle-farm, the term seems to have been used to refer to provisional houses, like those of the indigenous people, or a camping site. Similarly, the term “estancia” appears to have been used originally to denote a point where herdsmen and their herds finally came to rest,[41] or as the Spanish-Mexican horseman and historian, Don Juan Suárez de Peralta, described it in 1580: “the houses where the vaqueros gather or assemble, where they have corrals to enclose some cattle to brand and mark.”[42]

The rancho under the Mexican definition, as we know it today, would emerge sometime in the 17th century, being defined as: “A small hacienda, with a small amount of land for cultivation, a small workforce, and a proportionate amount of tools and equipment; different from the estancia or big hacienda which has more land, a bigger workforce, more oxen, and more tools and equipment.”[43] This definition from 1687, shows that both terms, estancia and hacienda, were synonymous; apparently the term estancia begins to fall into disuse in the country, being replaced by the term hacienda, sometime in the early 18th century. The French historian, François Chevalier, states that the terms estancia and caballería were gradually divested of their original meanings and ultimately restricted to units of measurement, in favor of the term hacienda which had become popular. Ultimately, according to Chevalier, a hacienda was just a combination of cattle estancias and caballerías into one huge rural estate.[44]

By the 19th century, ranchos were either small independent cattle farms or were dependent of a hacienda.[45] Both haciendas and ranchos were divided according to type. In the case of haciendas, there were two types, the “hacienda de beneficio” and the “hacienda de campo”. The “hacienda de beneficio” were mining operations, typically silver. The “haciendas de campo” were the landed estates, and were divided into two types: the hacienda de labor (agricultural estate) and the hacienda de ganado (livestock estate); the latter was divided into two types, the hacienda de ganado mayor (cattle estate) and the hacienda de ganado menor (sheep and goat estate).[46][47] Ranchos were either “de ganado mayor” (cattle), “de caballada o mulada” (horses or mules), or “de ganado menor” (sheep and goats).[48] The inhabitants of haciendas and ranchos were called rancheros, and were tenants or worked for the landowner; rancheros who took care of the livestock were vaqueros.[49][50][51][52]

Cattle

Vaquero

Latin: vaccārius[53] French: vacher or bouvier[54][55] Italian: vaccaro[56] Romanian: văcar[57] Dutch: koedrijver[58]

Vaquero is the Spanish word for cowherd, cattle-herder, cow-keeper, cattle-driver, herdsman, or cowboy.[59][60] It derives from vaca, meaning "cow", and the suffix -ero used in nouns to indicate a trade, job, occupation, profession or position.[61]

which in turn comes from the Latin word vacca.[62][63] In Spain and Latin America it holds no special meaning other than cowherd or cattle-herder, nor is it defined as being a “horse-mounted” herdsman.[64][65][66] It’s simply defined as the job of guarding and leading the herds of horned cattle.[67]

In the United States, where the word has gained mythical status and it is highly romanticized among western and cowboy historians and enthusiasts, it is defined as a “highly skilled, horse-mounted livestock herder” of a tradition that supposedly has its roots in the Iberian Peninsula and extensively developed in Mexico from a methodology believed to have been brought to Latin America from Spain. It typically refers to the

Implying that it's a transplant

The most prominent livestock species in Spain was sheep, although cattle, pigs, and horses were also important.1 2 3 Andalusian livestock in the Middle Ages played a fundamental role in the total economy.2 While historians have emphasized sheep for their wool production, other livestock were also important.2 For example, oxen and cows were essential from the Carolingian period onward, not so much for meat production, but for their ability to work and haul.2 They were also used for milk production, cheesemaking, and as a source of savings.2 However, sheep were the most abundant and valued species.3 By the beginning of the 15th century, two major textile regions had emerged: the Northern Plateau, which used dark wool from local Churra sheep for mediocre quality products for domestic consumption; and the Southern Plateau, which mainly produced high-quality Merino wool for export.

The origins of the Charro date back to the 16th century with the introduction of cattle and horses to Mexico.

JOBS IN THE HACIENDA:

  • VAQUERO - The job of Vaquero was the lowest, along with the Indian peasant farmer, in the hierarchy of the Hacienda. The job of Vaquero consisted of guarding, caring for and herding cattle, as well as taking care of the herd of horses. They were in charge of branding, curing and castrating the cattle, as well as grooming the horses, and milking the cows. They were also in charge of hunting animals, such as deer, and in order to protect the herds, they also hunted predatory animals such as wolves, coyotes, jaguars, pumas and bears, all done with the roping. The Vaqueros under the orders of the Caporal.
  • CAPORAL - The Caporal was the captain or chieftain of the Vaqueros. The job of Caporal consisted of organizing and leading the rodeos, the branding of the herds, the hacienda festivities, as well as the animal hunts. The Caporal was originally a Vaquero until he was promoted to Caporal. Caporales, therefore, were more skilled ropers and horsemen. Each Caporal and Vaquero had his hatajo (group of horses) by color, with the caporales' horses being the most outstanding and vibrant. The Caporal was under the orders of the Mayordomo of the hacienda.
  • CABALLERANGO - The knight was the caretaker of the horses, mainly those of the boss. His job was to care for, groom, and prepare the horses that were going to be used during the day. The caballerango responded to the orders of the caporal, or the boss.
  • HORSE TAMERS and TRAINERS - Also known as Picadores, they were in charge of taming and leasing the horses. Depending on the region of the country, as well as the qualities of the trainer and landlord, the training was going to be different; from a quick taming through aggressive methods, as in northern Mexico, to more elaborate and non-violent training as in central Mexico. As Horses were very abundant in the wild in the 19th century, the only value they had was the type of training they received, therefore the better the training, the higher their price.
  • MAJORDOMO-The Butler was in charge of all the workers of the hacienda, and was in charge of transmitting to them the orders of the Administrator (or Landowner) of the hacienda, whom he obeyed. The Administrator, for his part, administered the hacienda in the name of the Landowner, who usually did not live on the hacienda.

HORSEMANSHIP

A Ranchero is an independent son of the Mexican soil, generally a renter of lands, always owner of a horse, on which he may be said to live and have his being. Today a cattle-herder (Vaquero), tomorrow a soldier, this week a gambler, next week a robber — with all his sins, and they are as his hairs in number, he has one supreme excellence: you may not match him the world over as a rider, not though you set against him the most peerless of the turbaned knights of the jereed. Once it was my fortune to see a thousand Rancheros, in holiday garb and mounted, sweep down at a run to meet President Juarez, then en route to begin his final campaign against the hapless Hapsburger. They literally glistened with silver —silver on saddle and bridle, silver on jacket and trowsers, silver on hats, silver on heels; and, as with vivas long and shrilly intoned, and stabs of rowel merciless and maddening, they drove their mustangs —the choicest of the wild herds— headlong forward, the spectacle was stirring enough to have made the oldest hetman of the Cos­sacks young again.


Meanwhile, in the United States, the word has been redefined, and highly romanticized, to mean a specific type of herdsman, one that is mounted, with a specific set of skills and traditions,.


While it may be true that Americans might find goat meat “worthless” or “unpleasant”, this was not the case with the Spaniards or Conquistadors. On the contrary, goat meat, as well as mutton, have always been held in high regard by Mediterranean cultures, including Spain.[68][69] The most consumed types of meat in Spain were mutton, lamb, kid (young goat) and goat. [70][71][72] Since ancient times, the Spaniards have appreciated goat meat as a tastier, tender, leaner and highly nutritious meat.[73][74] In fact, lamb, goat, and mutton were considered the choice meats of the Spanish elites and aristocracy, while beef was looked down upon.[75] In the descriptions of the lavish banquets given by Andalusian nobles and townspeople in the 1474 chronicle of Don Miguel Lucas de Iranzo by the chronicler Pedro de Escavias, always mention lamb, mutton, kid and goat as the preferred meats; beef was what the commoners ate.[76] In his epic novel —Don Quixote (1605)— Miguel de Cervantes alludes to this as he describes Don Quixote’s humble diet and lifestyle when he mentions that he eats stews with more beef than mutton, as beef was cheaper;[77] Cervantes writes:[78]

“A pot of something, of more beef than mutton, salpicón on most nights, eggs and abstinence on Saturdays, lentils on Fridays, and sometimes an extra squab on Sundays: they consumed three-fourths of his income.”

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