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Todesfuge

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Todesfuge (Death Fugue) is a poem written by Paul Celan. He describes the incidents in a German concentration camp. The poem was first published in 1948.

The quote "der Tod ist ein Meister aus Deutschland" (this Death is a master from Deutschland) inspired the German punk band Slime to write a song with the same name.

Original German version

Schwarze Milch der Frühe wir trinken sie abends

wir trinken sie mittags und morgens wir trinken sie nachts

wir trinken und trinken

wir schaufeln ein Grab in den Lüften da liegt man nicht eng

Ein Mann wohnt im Haus der spielt mit den Schlangen der schreibt

der schreibt wenn es dunkelt nach Deutschland dein goldenes Haar Margarete

er schreibt es und tritt vor das Haus und es blitzen die Sterne er pfeift seine Rüden herbei

er pfeift seine Juden hervor läßt schaufeln ein Grab in der Erde

er befiehlt uns spielt auf nun zum Tanz


Schwarze Milch der Frühe wir trinken dich nachts

wir trinken dich morgens und mittags wir trinken dich abends

wir trinken und trinken

Ein Mann wohnt im Haus der spielt mit den Schlangen der schreibt

der schreibt wenn es dunkelt nach Deutschland dein goldenes Haar Margarete

Dein aschenes Haar Sulamith wir schaufeln ein Grab in den Lüften da liegt man nicht eng


Er ruft stecht tiefer ins Erdreich ihr einen ihr andern singet und spielt

er greift nach dem Eisen im Gurt er schwingts seine Augen sind blau

stecht tiefer die Spaten ihr einen ihr andern spielt weiter zum Tanz auf


Schwarze Milch der Frühe wir trinken dich nachts

wir trinken dich mittags und morgens wir trinken dich abends

wir trinken und trinken

ein Mann wohnt im Haus dein goldenes Haar Margarete

dein aschenes Haar Sulamith er spielt mit den Schlangen

Er ruft spielt süßer den Tod der Tod ist ein Meister aus Deutschland

er ruft streicht dunkler die Geigen dann steigt ihr als Rauch in die Luft

dann habt ihr ein Grab in den Wolken da liegt man nicht eng


Schwarze Milch der Frühe wir trinken dich nachts

wir trinken dich mittags der Tod ist ein Meister aus Deutschland

wir trinken dich abends und morgens wir trinken und trinken

der Tod ist ein Meister aus Deutschland sein Auge ist blau

er trifft dich mit bleierner Kugel er trifft dich genau

ein Mann wohnt im Haus dein goldenes Haar Margarete

er hetzt seine Rüden auf uns er schenkt uns ein Grab in der Luft

er spielt mit den Schlangen und träumet der Tod ist ein Meister aus Deutschland


dein goldenes Haar Margarete

dein aschenes Haar Sulamith


Translated English Version

Black milk of daybreak we drink it at evening

we drink it at midday and morning we drink it at night

we drink and we drink

we shovel a grave in the air there you won't lie too cramped

A man lives in the house he plays with his vipers he writes

he writes when it grows dark to Deutschland your golden hair Margareta

he writes it and steps out of doors and the stars are all sparkling, he whistles his hounds to come close

he whistles his Jews into rows has them shovel a grave in the ground

he commands us to play up for the dance.


Black milk of daybreak we drink you at night

we drink you at morning and midday we drink you at evening

we drink and we drink

A man lives in the house he plays with his vipers he writes

he writes when it grows dark to Deutschland your golden hair Margareta

Your ashen hair Shulamith we shovel a grave in the air there you won't lie too cramped


He shouts jab the earth deeper you lot there you others sing up and play

he grabs for the rod in his belt he swings it his eyes are so blue

jab your spades deeper you lot there you others play on for the dancing


Black milk of daybreak we drink you at night

we drink you at midday and morning we drink you at evening

we drink and we drink

a man lives in the house your goldenes Haar Margareta

your aschenes Haar Shulamith he plays his vipers

He shouts play death more sweetly this Death is a master from Deutschland

he shouts scrape your strings darker you'll rise then as smoke to the sky

you'll have a grave then in the clouds there you won't lie too cramped


Black milk of daybreak we drink you at night

we drink you at midday Death is a master aus Deutschland

we drink you at evening and morning we drink and we drink

this Death is ein Meister aus Deutschland his eye it is blue

he shoots you with shot made of lead shoots you level and true

a man lives in the house your goldenes Haar Margarete

he looses his hounds on us grants us a grave in the air

he plays with his vipers and daydreams der Tod ist ein Meister aus Deutschland


dein goldenes Haar Margarete

dein aschenes Haar Shulamith[1]

Meaning of the title

The structure of the poem is similar to the one of a fugue: The phrases are recombined, this is typical for a fugue.

Furthermore, the title can be seen as a reference to "death music" (Todesmusik): Prisoners in concentration camps were forced to play music to other prisoners waiting for their death in gas chambers.

Intention of the writer

The poem beginns with an oxymoron: „Schwarze Milch“ (Black milk).

Possibly Celan referred here to the Book of Lamentations of the Old Testament. A qote: "Their Lords were purer as the snow and cleaner as the milk ... now their habitus had became black by the darkness".

The "black milk" is a synonym for something which is good and bad at one time. In this case it is the life in a concentration camp. Life itself is positive (milk). But through oppression, torture and murder in the KZ life becomes a object which is controlled by others and no longer by the individual himself (black). So the milk gets its fatal black colour. Life is poisened by the omnipresent threat of death.

The "grave in the clouds" stands for the cremations of the people killed in the gas chambers. There is not enough room in the ground for all the bodies, but "in the clouds", there is ("you won't lie too cramped").

The man who lives in the house is the task master in the concentration camp. Instead of living in a poor barrack with hundreds of others, the guard lives in a noble house. He is a stereotypical Aryan: He has blue eyes and his wife has blond hair ("your golden hair Margareta"). The contrast to her is the Jewish woman called Sulamith, who has ashgrey hair.

The man lives like a normal person while he is in the house, he even writes love letters to Margareta. But as soon as he leaves it, he becomes a mass murderer and commander.

The text part "steps out of doors and the stars are all sparkling, he whistles his hounds to come close // he whistles his Jews into rows has them shovel a grave in the ground // he commands us to play up for the dance" represents the Nazi's self-conception as master race. For the guard, dogs and Jews are the same level of race hierarchy.

References

  1. ^ Translated by John Felstiner