Albion
Albion (called Alouion by Ptolemy) is the most ancient name of Great Britain, though sometimes used to refer to the United Kingdom, or specifically to England.
Occasionally it instead refers to only Scotland, whose name in Gaelic is Alba (and similarly, Albain in Irish, and Yr Alban in Welsh[1]). Pliny the Elder, in his Natural History (iv.xvi.102) applies it unequivocally to Great Britain: "It was itself named Albion, while all the islands about which we shall soon briefly speak were called the Britanniae." The name Great Britain originates with the Picts, a people present in the British Isles before the Celts.[2] The Britons and early Welsh of the south knew them, in the P-Celtic form of "Cruithne", as Prydyn; the terms "Britain" and "Briton" come from the same root. The name Albion was taken by medieval writers from Pliny and Ptolemy.
The name is of Celtic origin, with an exact cognate in Welsh elfydd "earth, world" (in fact, the personal name Albiorix means 'world king' or 'king of the world'), from the Proto-Indo-European root that denotes both "white" and "mountain", but the Romans took it as connected with albus (white), in reference to the chalk "White Cliffs of Dover", and Alfred Holder's Alt-Keltischer Sprachschatz (1896) unhesitatingly translates it Weissland ("white-land"). The early writer (6th century BC) whose periplus was translated by Avienus at the end of the 4th century AD (see Massaliote Periplus) does not use the name Britannia; he speaks of nesos 'Iernon kai 'Albionon (island of the Ierni and the Albiones). So Pytheas of Massilia (4th century BC) speaks of Albion and 'Ierne. From the fact that there was a tribe called the Albiones on the north coast of Spain in Asturias, some scholars have placed Albion in that neighbourhood (see G. F. Unger, Rhein. Mus. xxxviii., 1883, pp. 156-196).
The pejorative sobriquet perfidious Albion takes its meaning from this old name for Britain.
Various British football clubs bear the name Albion, the highest profile being West Bromwich Albion F.C., based in the West Midlands. Others include Burton Albion F.C., based in Burton upon Trent, Stirling Albion F.C. and Albion Rovers F.C. in Scotland and Brighton & Hove Albion F.C., based on the south coast. There is also at least one rugby club to use the name - Plymouth Albion R.F.C., based in Plymouth.
The original lyrics to Advance Australia Fair contain a reference to Albion in the second verse:
- When gallant Cook from Albion sail'd,
- To trace wide oceans o'er,
- True British courage bore him on,
- Till he landed on our shore.
The title of a Babyshambles single from the album which also shares one of the songs lyrics: 'Down In Albion'
- ^ Welsh Lexicon Forms. Cardiff University, Cardiff School of Computer Science. Retrieved 19 January 2006.
- ^ Old Irish cruth and Welsh pryd are the Q- and P-Celtic forms respectively of a word meaning "form" or "shape": taken to be a reference to the Picts' practice of tattooing their bodies. See The Scottish Place-Name Society and MacBain's Dictionary.