Jump to content

Nakba Day

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 85.183.56.74 (talk) at 22:48, 13 May 2012 (source of phrase ethymology (1920) and parallel jewish refugees from arab countries (numbers + source)). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Part of a series on the
Nakba
Precipitating events
  • Background
1948 expulsion and flight
Discourse
Notable writers
Symbols and memory
Ongoing
Lists

Nakba Day (Arabic: يوم النكبة Yawm an-Nakbah, meaning "day of the catastrophe") in modern times is generally commemorated on May 15, the day after the Gregorian calendar date for Israeli independence day (Yom Ha'atzmaut). While the day has its origin in 1920[1][2] , for the Palestine Arabs today it is an annual day of commemoration of the exodus that came along with the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, known in Israel as the War of Independence (Template:Lang-he, Milhamat HaAtzma'ut). Days after the Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948, Arab armies of Egypt, Trans-Jordan, Iraq, Libya, Sudan, Lebanon, and Syria invaded into the internationally recognised young state of Israel, thereby officially and militarily threatening to occupy the whole of the former Mandate territory of Palestine. This resulted in the displacement of Palestine Arabs, which flew prior to and in the course of the war.[3]

Defining Nakba

Main article: 1948 Palestinian exodus
Palestinian refugees in 1948
Maabara refugee camp,1950
Yemenites flee to Aden, 1949

Prior to its adoption by the Palestinian nationalist movement, the "Year of the Catastrophe" among Arabs referred to 1920[1], when European colonial powers partitioned the Ottoman Empire into a series of separate states along lines of their own choosing.[4] The term was first used to reference the events of 1948 in the summer of that same year by the Syrian writer Constantine Zureiq in his work Ma'na al-Nakba ("The Meaning of the Nakba"; published in English in 1956).[5]

During the three years of the 1948 Palestine War and beyond, demographic changes occurred in the region of Palestine. About 600,000 to 760,000 Palestinian Arabs fled or were expelled from the area that became Israel and became Palestinian refugees,[6] and hundreds of Palestinian villages were depopulated and destroyed.[7][8] On the other hand, around 10,000 Jews were forced to leave their homes in Palestine.[9] In the three years of the 1948 Palestine War, about 700,000 Jews immigrated to Israel, residing mainly along the borders and in former Arab lands.[10] And from the 1948 Arab–Israeli War until the early 1970s, 800,000–1,000,000 Jews were expelled or fled from their homes in Arab countries; 260,000 of them reached Israel between 1948 and 1951; and 600,000 by 1972.[11][12][13]

The vast majority of Palestinian refugees, both those outside the 1949 armistice lines at the war's conclusion and those internally displaced, were barred by the state of Israel from returning to their homes or reclaiming their property.[7][8] These original refugees today number by some 45-55,000 but their descendants number several million people today, divided between Jordan (2 million), Lebanon (427,057), Syria (477,700), the West Bank (788,108) and the Gaza Strip (1.1 million), with at least another quarter of a million well-integrated Palestinian settlers and citizens in Israel.[14] The escape, displacement, dispossession and dispersal of the Palestinian people is known to them as al-Nakba, meaning "the catastrophe," or "the disaster."[15][16][17] On the other hand there are no jewish refugee camps any more.

Initially, use of the term Nakba among Palestinians was not universal. For example, many years after 1948, Palestinian refugees in Lebanon avoided and even actively resisted using the term, because it lent permanency to a situation they viewed as temporary, and they often insisted on being called "returnees."[18] In the 1950s and 1960s, terms they used to describe the events of 1948 were more eupheumistic and included al-ightisab ("the rape"), al-ahdath ("the events"), al-hijra ("the exodus"), and lamma sharna wa tla'na ("when we blackened our faces and left").[18] Nakba narratives were avoided by the leadership of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) in Lebanon in the 1970s, in favor of a narrative of revolution and renewal.[18] Interest in the Nakba by organizations representing refugees in Lebanon surged in the 1990s due to the perception that the refugees' right of return might be negotiated away in exchange for Palestinian statehood, and the desire was to send a clear message to the international community that this right was non-negotiable.[18] Though the Nakba today refers to the events of 1948, their continued salience due to the irresolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has prompted Palestinians like Mahmoud Darwish to describe the Nakba as, "an extended present that promises to continue in the future."[17]

Timing

Nakba Day is generally commemorated on May 15, the day after the Gregorian calendar date for Israel's Independence.

In Israel, Nakba Day events have been held by some Arab citizens on Yom Ha'atzmaut (Israel's Independence Day), which is celebrated in Israel on the Hebrew calendar date (5 Iyar or shortly before or after). Because of the differences between the Hebrew and the Gregorian calendars, Independence Day and the official May 15 date for Nakba Day usually only coincide every 19 years.[19]

Commemoration

Palestinian girl in a protest on Nakba Day 2010 in Hebron, West Bank. Her sign says "Surely we will return, Palestine." Most of the Palestinian Arabs in the West Bank claim to be descendants of people whose families hail from areas that were incorporated into Israel after the lost 1948 Arab–Israeli War.[14]

Commemoration of the Nakba by Arab citizens of Israel who are internally displaced persons as a result of the 1948 war has been practiced for decades, but until the early 1990s was relatively weak. Initially, the memory of the catastrophe of 1948 was personal and communal in character and families or members of a given village would use the day to gather at the site of their former villages.[20] Small scale commemorations of the tenth anniversary in the form of silent vigils were held by Arab students at a few schools in Israel in 1958, despite attempts by the Israeli authorities to thwart them.[21] Visits to the sites of former villages became increasingly visible after the events of Land Day in 1976.[20] In the wake up of the failure of the 1991 Madrid Conference to broach the subject of refugees, the Association for the Defense of the Rights of the Internally Displaced in Israel was founded to organize a March of Return to the site of a different village every year on May 15, so as to place the issue on the Israeli public agenda.[22] By the early 1990s, annual commemorations of the day by Palestinian Arab citizens of Israel held a prominent place in the community's public discourse.[20][23]

Meron Benvenisti writes that it was "…Israeli Arabs who taught the residents of the territories to commemorate Nakba Day."[24] Palestinians in the occupied territories were called upon to commemorate May 15 as day of national mourning by the Palestine Liberation Organization's United National Command of the Uprising during the First Intifada in 1988.[25] The day was inaugurated by Yasser Arafat in 1998.[26]

The event is often marked by speeches and rallies by Palestinians in Israel, the West Bank and Gaza, in Palestinian refugee camps in Arab states, and in other places around the world.[27][28] Protests at times develop into clashes between Palestinians and the Israel Defense Forces in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.[29][30][31] In 2003 and 2004, there were demonstrations in London[32] and New York City.[33]

In 2002, Zochrot was established to organize events raising the awareness of the Nakba in Hebrew so as to bring Palestinians and Israelis closer to a true reconciliation. The name is the Hebrew feminine plural form of "remember".[20]

On Nakba Day 2011, Palestinians and other Arabs from the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Lebanon and Syria marched towards their respective borders, or ceasefire lines and checkpoints in Israeli-occupied territories, to mark the event.[34] At least 12 Palestinians and their supporters were killed and hundreds wounded as a result of shootings by the Israeli Army.[35] According to the BBC, the 2011 Nakba Day demonstrations were given impetus by the revolutions and uprisings taking place throughout the Arab world.[36]

Objections to commemoration of Nakba Day

Criticism of the observance of Nakba Day in the Israeli media involves claims that it is marked by Palestinians to celebrate their wishes for the dismantling of the Israeli state[citation needed] and the Jewish majority population[citation needed], and that the more important issue is the failure to solidify a stronger national movement for Palestinian citizens as a foundation for nation-building.[37] Arab citizens of Israel have also been admonished for observing Nakba Day in light of their higher standards of living when compared to that of Palestinians who reside outside of Israel.[38]

On 23 March 2011, the Knesset approved, by a vote of 37 in favor to 25 against,[39] a change to the Government budget, giving the Israeli Finance Minister the discretion to reduce government funding to any non-governmental organization (NGO) that organizes Nakba commemoration events.[40][41]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "The year 1920 has an evil name in Arab annals: it is referred to as the Year of the Catastrophe (Aam An-Nakba). It saw the first armed risings that occurred in protest against the post-War settlement imposed by the Allies on the Arab countries. In that year, serious outbreaks took place in Syria, Palestine, and Iraq."Antonius, George (2001). The Arab awakening : the story of the Arab national movement. Safety Harbor, FL.: Simon Publications. p. 312. ISBN 978-1931541244.
  2. ^ Yisrael Beytenu, Anglos. "Did you know that the term Nakba has its origins in anti-Palestinian nationalism". Yisrael Beytenu Anglos. https://www.facebook.com/beytenuenglish. Retrieved 13 May 2012. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  3. ^ David W. Lesch, Benjamin Frankel (2004). History in Dispute: The Middle East since 1945 (Illustrated ed.). St. James Press. p. 102. ISBN 1-55862-472-4, 9781558624726. The Palestinian recalled their "Nakba Day", "catastrophe" — the displacement that accompanied the creation of the State of Israel — in 1948. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  4. ^ Antonius, George (1979) [1946], The Arab awakening: the story of the Arab national movement, Putnam, p. 312, The year 1920 has an evil name in Arab annals: it is referred to as the Year of the Catastrophe (Am al-Nakba). It saw the first armed risings that occurred in protest against the post-War settlement imposed by the Allies on the Arab countries. In that year, serious outbreaks took place in Syria, Palestine, and Iraq
  5. ^ Rochelle Davis (2010). Palestinian Village Histories: Geographies of the Displaced (Ilustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 237. ISBN 0-8047-7313-0, 9780804773133. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  6. ^ "It is impossible to arrive at a definite persuasive estimate. My predeliction would be to opt for the loose contemporary British formula, that of 'between 600,000 and 760,000' refugees; but, if pressed, 700,000 is probably a fair estimate" - Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited, p603-4.
  7. ^ a b Morris, Benny (2003). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-00967-7, p. 604.
  8. ^ a b Khalidi, Walid (Ed.) (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.
  9. ^ "Jewish Refugees of the Israeli Palestinian Conflict". Mideast Web. Retrieved 2008-07-13.
  10. ^ Benny Morris, Righteous Victims, chap. VI.
  11. ^ Schwartz, Adi (January 4, 2008). "All I Wanted was Justice". Haaretz.
  12. ^ Malka Hillel Shulewitz, The Forgotten Millions: The Modern Jewish Exodus from Arab Lands, Continuum 2001, pp. 139 and 155.
  13. ^ Ada Aharoni "The Forced Migration of Jews from Arab Countries, Historical Society of Jews from Egypt website. Accessed February 1, 2009.
  14. ^ a b Figures given here for the number of Palestinian refugees includes only those registered with UNRWA as June 2010. Internally displaced Palestinians were not registered, among others. Factbox: Palestinian refugee statistics
  15. ^ Mehran Kamrava (2005). The modern Middle East: a political history since the First World War (Illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 125. ISBN 0-520-24150-9, 9780520241503. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  16. ^ Samih K. Farsoun (2004). Culture and customs of the Palestinians (Illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 14. ISBN 0-313-32051-9, 9780313320514. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  17. ^ a b Derek Gregory (2004). The colonial present: Afghanistan, Palestine, Iraq (Illustrated, reprint ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. p. 86. ISBN 1-57718-090-9, 9781577180906. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  18. ^ a b c d Ahmad H. Sa'di, Lila Abu-Lughod (2007). Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the claims of memory (Illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. pp. 253–254. ISBN 0-231-13579-3, 9780231135795. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  19. ^ Hertz-Larowitz, Rachel (2003). Arab and Jewish Youth in Israel: Voicing National Injustice on Campus. Journal of Social Issues, 59(1), 51-66.
  20. ^ a b c d Nur Masalha (2005). Catastrophe remembered: Palestine, Israel and the internal refugees: essays in memory of Edward W. Said (1935–2003). Zed Books. p. 221. ISBN 1-84277-623-1, 9781842776230. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  21. ^ Hillel Cohen (2010). Good Arabs: the Israeli security agencies and the Israeli Arabs, 1948–1967 (Illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 142. ISBN 0-520-25767-7, 9780520257672. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  22. ^ Masalha, 2005, p. 216.
  23. ^ In 2006, for example, Azmi Bishara, an Arab member of the Knesset told the Israeli newspaper Maariv: "Independence Day is your holiday, not ours. We mark this as the day of our Nakba, the tragedy that befell the Palestinian nation in 1948." (Maariv article (in Hebrew))
  24. ^ Mêrôn Benveniśtî (2007). Son of the cypresses: memories, reflections, and regrets from a political life. University of California Press. p. 164. ISBN 0-520-23825-7, 9780520238251. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)
  25. ^ Speaking stones: communiqués from the Intifada underground. Syracuse University Press. 1994. p. 96. ISBN 0-8156-2607-X, 9780815626077. May 15, which denotes the nakba, will be a day of national mourning and a general strike; public and private transportation will cease, and all will remain in their houses. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help); Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  26. ^ Rubin, Barry and Rubin, Judith Colp (2003). Yasir Arafat: A Political Biography. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516689-2, p. 187.
  27. ^ "Anger over Palestinian Nakba ban proposal". BBC News. 2009-05-25. Retrieved 2010-05-19.
  28. ^ Bowker, Robert (2003). Palestinian Refugees: Mythology, Identity, and the Search for Peace. Lynne Rienner Publishers. ISBN 1-58826-202-2, p. 96.
  29. ^ Analysis: Why Palestinians are angry, BBC News Online, 15 May 2000.
  30. ^ Violence erupts in West Bank, BBC News Online, 15 May 2000.
  31. ^ Israel - Palestinian Violence, National Public Radio, 15 May 2000.
  32. ^ Pro-Palestine rally in London, BBC News Online, 15 May 2003.
  33. ^ Al-Nakba Day Rally in Times Square, 2004.
  34. ^ Gideon Biger (18 May 2011). "Israel was infiltrated, but no real borders were crossed". Haaretz. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
  35. ^ Bloodshed along Israel borders kills 12 on Nakba Day AFP. 15 May 2011.
  36. ^ Israeli forces open fire at Palestinian protesters. BBC News. 2011-05-15.
  37. ^ The real Nakba, By Shlomo Avineri, 09/05/2008
  38. ^ Time to stop mourning, By Meron Benvenisti
  39. ^ Knesset Approves Nakba Law, by Elad Benari, 23 March 2011
  40. ^ Elia Zureik (2011). Elia Zureik, David Lyon, Yasmeen Abu-Laban (ed.). Surveillance and Control in Israel/Palestine: Population, Territory and Power (Illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 17. ISBN 0-415-58861-8, 9780415588614. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid character (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link)
  41. ^ MK Zahalka: Racist laws target Arab sector, by Roni Sofer, 22 March 2011
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Nakba_Day&oldid=492432116"