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Madhubala
File:Madhubala by S. Aravind.jpg
Born
Mumtaz Jehan Dehlavi

(1933-02-14)14 February 1933
New Delhi, India
Died23 February 1969(1969-02-23) (aged 36)
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
NationalityIndian
OccupationActress
Years active1942–1960
Spouse
​
(m. 1960⁠–⁠1969)​
(Her death)

Madhubala (14 February 1933 – 23 February 1969), born Mumtaz Jahan Dehlavi, was an Indian Bollywood actress who appeared in classic films such as Mahal (film) (1949), Amar (film) (1954), Mr. & Mrs. '55 (1955), Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi (1958) and Mughal-e-Azam (1960). Popularly hailed as the Venus of the Indian screen,[1][2] she was active between 1949 and 1960 until illness shortened her career. With her contemporaries Nargis and Meena Kumari, she is regarded as one of the influential Hindi movie actresses.[3]

Early life

Madhubala was born Mumtaz Jahan Begum Dehlavi,[4] on 14 February 1933, to Muslim parents of Pathan descent, Ataullah Khan and Begum Ayeesha,[5] and was the fifth of eleven children. Madhubala's orthodox middle-class family[6] lived in Delhi. After her father, Ataullah Khan, lost his job at the Imperial Tobacco Company in Delhi,[7] he relocated his family to Mumbai. There the family endured many hardships. Madhubala's three sisters and two brothers died at the age of five and six. The dock explosion and fire of April 14, 1944 wiped out their small home. The family were only saved because they had gone to see a film at a local theater.[8] With his six remaining daughters to provide for, Khan, and the young Madhubala, began to pay frequent visits to Bombay film studios to look for work. At the age of 9, this was Madhubala's introduction to the movie industry, which would provide financial help to her family.[9]

Early career

Madhubala's first movie, Basant (1942), was a box-office success.[10] She acted as the daughter to a mother played by actress Mumtaz Shanti. As a child actress she went on to play in several movies. Actress Devika Rani was impressed by her performance and potential, and advised her to assume the screen name 'Madhubala',[11] literally meaning 'honey belle'. Her first lead role, at 14-years-old, was with producer Kidar Sharma when he cast her opposite Raj Kapoor in Neel Kamal (1947).[10] This was the last film in which she was credited as Mumtaz before assuming her screen name 'Madhubala'. She achieved stardom and popularity in 1949 when she was cast as the lead in Bombay Talkies studio's Mahal – a role intended for well-known star Suraiya. Madhubala, with established actresses, screen-tested for the role before she was selected by the film's director Kamal Amrohi. The film was the third largest hit at the 1949 Indian box office. Following the success of Mahal, Madhubala appeared in the box office hits Dulari (1949), Beqasoor (1950), Tarana (1951) and Badal (1951).

Hollywood interest

File:Madhubala photographed by LIFE magazine.jpg
Madhubala photographed by LIFE magazine

In the early 1950s, as Madhubala became one of the most sought-after actresses in India, she attracted interest from Hollywood. She appeared in the American magazine Theatre Arts where, in its August 1952 issue, she was featured in an article with a full page photograph under the title: "The Biggest Star in the World - and she's not in Beverly Hills". The article described Madhubala's immense popularity in India, and explored her wide appeal and large fan base. It also speculated on her potential international success.[8] Academy Award winner American director Frank Capra, while visiting Bombay for International Film Festival of India, was keen to give her a break in Hollywood, but her father Ataullah Khan declined.[12]

Stardom

Madhubala's co-stars Ashok Kumar, Raj Kapoor, Rehman, Pradeep Kumar, Shammi Kapoor, Dilip Kumar, Sunil Dutt and Dev Anand were the most popular of the period. She also appeared with Kamini Kaushal, Suraiya, Geeta Bali, Nalini Jaywant, Shyama and Nimmi, notable leading ladies. The directors she worked with, Mehboob Khan (Amar), Guru Dutt (Mr. & Mrs. '55), Kamal Amrohi (Mahal) and K. Asif (Mughal-e-Azam), were amongst the most prolific and respected. Madhubala also became a producer with the film Naata (1955), in which she also acted.[13]

During the 1950s, Madhubala took starring roles in almost every genre of film being made at the time. Her 1950 film Hanste Aansoo was the first ever Hindi film to get an "A" – adults only – rating from the Central Board of Film Certification.[14] She was the archetypal fair lady in the swashbuckler Badal (1951), and following this, an uninhibited village beauty in Tarana (1951). She played the traditional ideal of Indian womanhood in Sangdil (1952), and produced a comic performance as the spoilt heiress, Anita, in Guru Dutt's satire Mr. & Mrs. '55 (1955). In 1956 she acted in costume dramas such as Shirin-Farhad and Raj-Hath, and played a double role in the social drama Kal Hamara Hai (1959). In the mid-1950s, her films including the major movie Mehboob Khan's Amar (1954) did not do well commercially.[15] However, she bounced back between 1958 and 1960 she starred in a series of hit films. In Howrah Bridge, opposite Ashok Kumar, she played the role of an Anglo-Indian Cabaret singer involved in Calcutta's Chinatown underworld. In Aaiye Meherebaan she lip-synced a torch song dubbed by Asha Bhosle which has remained popular to this day. She played opposite Bharat Bhushan in Phagun; Dev Anand in Kala Pani; Kishore Kumar in Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi; and Bharat Bushanagain in Barsaat Ki Raat (1960) and in 1960 she appeared in the magnum opus Mughal-e-Azam.

Madhubala acted in as many as seventy films from 1947 to 1964, and only fifteen of which were box office successes. Dilip Kumar regrets that "(h)ad she lived, and had she selected her films with more care, she would have been far superior to her contemporaries ..."[16] Kumar also points out that "actresses those days faced a lot of difficulties and constraints in their career. Unable to assert themselves too much, they fell back on their families who became their caretakers and defined everything for them."[17]

Mughal-e-Azam and later work

It was the film Mughal-e-Azam that marked what many consider to be her greatest and definitive characterization, as the doomed courtesan Anarkali. Although the film took nine years to complete, it was not until 1953 when Madhubala was finally chosen to play the role. Bunny Reuben in his Book Dilip Kumar: Star Legend of Indian Cinema claimed that Dilip Kumar's role was instrumental behind this selection.[18] Mughal-e-Azam gave Madhubala the opportunity of fulfilling herself totally as an actress, for it was a role that all actresses dream of playing as Nimmi acknowledges that "(a)s an actress one gets a lot of roles, there is no shortage of them, but there isn’t always a good scope for acting. With Mughal-e-Azam, Madhubala showed the world just what she could do."[19]

However, by late 1950s, her health was deteriorating fast, and Director K. Asif, probably unaware of the extent of Madhubala's illness, required long shooting schedules that made physical demands on her, whether it was posing as a veiled statue in suffocating make-up for hours under the studio lights or being shackled with heavy chains. It was also a time when Madhubala's relationship with Dilip Kumar was fading out, and "the lives of Madhubala and her screen character are consistently seen as overlapping, it is because of the overwhelming sense of loss and tragedy and the unrelenting diktat of destiny that clung to both and which neither could escape".[20]

Mughal-e-Azam released on 5 August 1960, and became the biggest grossing film at that time, a record that went unbroken for 15 years until the release of the film Sholay in 1975. It still ranks second in the list of all time box-office hits of Indian cinema. Despite performing alongside the most respected acting talent of the industry, Prithviraj Kapoor, Durga Khote, and Dilip Kumar. She received some recognition as a serious actress when she was nominated for a Filmfare Award.

In 1960 Madhubala was at the peak of her career and popularity with the release of back-to-back blockbusters Mughal-e-Azam and Barsaat Ki Raat. She did have intermittent releases in the early 1960s. Some of these, like Jhumroo (1961), Half Ticket (1962) and Sharabi (1964), performed above average at the box-office. However, most of her other films released during this time were marred by her absence and subsequent lack of completion due to her prolonged illness. These films suffer from compromised editing, and in some cases the use of "doubles" in an attempt to patch-in scenes that Madhubala was unable to shoot[21]. Her last released film Jwala, although filmed in the late 1950s, was not issued until 1971.

Personal life and controversies

In their 1962 book Self-Portrait, Harish Booch and Karing Doyle commented that "(u)nlike other stars, Madhubala prefers a veiled secrecy around her and is seldom seen in social gatherings or public functions" (p. 76), and went on to say that "(c)ontrary to general belief, Madhubala is rather simple and unassuming" (p. 78).[22] This is echoed in Madhubala's sister's interview with the Filmfare: "(Madhubala) became a craze because she was never seen in public. She wasn’t allowed to attend any function, any premiere. She had no friends. But she never resisted, she was obedient. Being protective, my father earned the reputation of being domineering".[23] Dilip Kumar added, "She was extremely popular ... and I think the only star for whom people thronged outside the gates. Very often when shooting was over, there’d be a vast crowd standing at the gates just to have a look at Madhu ... It wasn’t so for anyone else. That was her personal effect on fans. Her personality was vivacious."[24] But, "she was aware of her beauty," reminisces B.K. Karanjia, former Filmfare editor and a close friend of both Madhubala and her father, "and because there were so many in love with her, she used to play one against the other. But it was out of innocence rather than shrewd calculation."[25] Dev Anand recalled in a similar way: "(s)he liked to flirt innocently and was great fun."[26] However, with Dilip Kumar she had a long association.

Dilip Kumar and Madhubala first met on the set of Jwar Bhata (1944), and worked together again on the film Har Singaar (1949), which was shelved. Their relationship began two years later during the filming of Tarana (1951). They became a romantic pair appearing in a total of four films together. Actor Shammi Kapoor recalled that "Dilip Kumar would drive down from Bombay to meet Madhubala ... she was committed to Dilip ... he even flew to Bombay to spend Eid with her, taking time off from his shooting stint ..."[27] "They even got engaged", said Madhubala's sister.[23] But, Madhubala's father Ataullah Khan did not give them permission to marry.[28] Dilip Kumar said, "She was a very, very obedient daughter",[29] and who, in spite of the success, fame and wealth, submitted to the domination of her father and more often than not paid for his mistakes[30] "This inability to leave her family was her greatest drawback", believed Shammi Kapoor, "for it had to be done at some time."[31] The Naya Daur (1957 film) court case happened in 1956 when Dilip Kumar testified against Madhubala and Ataullah Khan in favor of the director B.R. Chopra in open court.This struck a fatal blow to the Dilip-Madhubala relationship as it ended any chance of reconciliation between Dilip Kumar and Madhubala'a father.[32] Reflecting on this, while Dilip Kumar said he was "trapped",[33] Shammi Kapoor felt "this was something which went beyond him (Dilip) and he couldn’t control the whole situation ..." [34] However, Madhubals's sister Madhur Bhushan claimed that "(Madhubala) said she would marry him (Dilip), provided he apologised to her father. He refused, so Madhubala left him. That one 'sorry' could have changed her life."[35]

Madhubala married Kishore Kumar in 1960, and according to Leena Chandavarkar (Kishore's fourth wife): "When she realized Dilip was not going to marry her, on the rebound and just to prove to him that she could get whomsoever she wanted, she went and married a man she did not even know properly."[36] B. K. Karanjia assumed that "Madhubala may have felt that perhaps this was her best chance" because by this time she became seriously ill, and was about to stop working completely; however, he added that "it was a most unlikely union, and not a happy one either." [37] Madhubala’s illness was known to Kishore but like all the others, he did not realize its gravity; Ataullah Khan did not approve of his son-in-law at all but he had lost the courage to disapprove[38] Ashok Kumar reminisced in a Filmfare interview: "She suffered a lot and her illness made her very bad-tempered. She often fought with Kishore, and would take off to her father's house where she spent most of her time."[39] Madhubala's sister echoes this view albeit in a slightly different tone:"After marriage they flew to London where the doctor told her she had only two years to live. After that Kishore left her at our house saying, ‘I can’t look after her. I’m on outdoors often’. But she wanted to be with him. He’d visit her once in two months though. Maybe he wanted to detach himself from her so that the final separation wouldn’t hurt. But he never abused her as was reported. He bore her medical expenses. They remained married for nine years."[23]

However, Madhubala's love-life continues to be the subject of media speculation. Mohan Deep authored an unofficial biography of Madhubala titled Mystery and Mystique of Madhubala (1996) where he states the following: "While it was easy for many to consider the fact that Madhubala was a trollop, a strumpet and a Harlot, many did not understand how tragic her life was in reality. Shakti Samanta who was producer of the film Howrah Bridge revealed the stark secret of Madhubala's life that she was regularly whipped by Kishore Kumar. Madhubala even showed her lashes to noted music maestro Naushad. But that was the tragedy of Madhubala who many believe was a merely concubine of Kishore Kumar. Even Kishore Kumar in many of his interviews has revealed that their relationship was merely carnal impulses, a fact strongly refuted by both the families of Kishore Kumar and Madhubala."[40] Mohan Deep further mentions: "Although it is widely claimed by the family of Madhubala and a cross section of film journalists that Madhubala was ailing there is no conclusive evidence of this fact and all the talk of Madhubala's ailment more likely looks too fictitious to be true".[41] However, rubbishing these claims made in this "so-called" biography, Shammi Kapoor, a long-term colleague of Madhubala, lamented that, "Mohan Deep is a swine. You can't cash in on the dead—it is in bad taste. It is a pity that while in America you could be sued for misrepresentation, in India sleaze only gives a shot to sales. That's the reason I believe one should let lying dogs lie. Madhubala, a wonderful person and a dedicated artiste, doesn't deserve this"; Paidi Jairaj, and Shakti Samanta, both of whom worked with Madhubala, rejected Deep's biography emphasizing the glaring difference between the fact and the fiction; Film journalist M.S.M. Desai, one of the privileged film journalists allowed in Madhubala's sets, questioned Deep's method of research saying, "Mohan Deep was not around at the time of Madhubala, so how is he capable of writing about her without resorting to hearsay?"[42]

Final years and death

File:Prithviraj Kapoor visiting the grave of Madhubala.jpg
Prithviraj Kapoor visiting the grave of Madhubala in 1969

Madhubala had ventricular septal defect (hole in her heart) which was detected while she was shooting for Bahut Din Huwe in Madras in 1954.[43] By 1960, her condition aggravated, and her sister explains that "due to her ailment, her body would produce extra blood. So it would spill out from the nose and mouth. The doctor would come home and extract bottles of blood. She also suffered from pulmonary pressure of the lungs. She coughed all the time. Every four to five hours she had to be given oxygen or else would get breathless. She was confined to bed for nine years and was reduced to just bones and skin".[23] In 1966, with a slight improvement in her health, she made a valiant attempt to complete her work in Chalak opposite Raj Kapoor, which needed only a short spell of shooting, but she could not even survive that strain.[44] When acting was no longer an option Madhubala turned her attention to film direction. In 1969 she was set to make her directorial debut with the film Farz aur Ishq. However the film was never made as during pre-production, she breathed her last on February 23, 1969, shortly after her 36th birthday. She was buried with her personal diary at the Santa Cruz Muslim cemetery by her family and husband Kishore Kumar.[45] Her tomb was marble with added aayats from the Quran and verse dedications. Controversially, her tomb was demolished in 2010 to make space for new graves.[46]

Madhubala's strong presence in the public memory has been evidenced by all recent polls about top actresses or beauties of the Indian cinema.[47][48][49] Every year, on her birthday, numerous articles are printed and TV programmes aired to commemorate her, to the present day. Her posters are still in demand and sold alongside contemporary actresses, and modern magazines continue to publish stories on her personal life and career, often promoting her name heavily on the covers to attract sales.[50] Many believe, however, Madhubala remains one of the most underrated actresses as "her beauty attracted more attention than her talent."[51]

In 2004, a digitally-colorized version of the original Mughal-e-Azam was released, 35 years after her death. In 2012, her 1962 release Half Ticket was also remastered, digitally coloured and re-released.

On March 18, 2008, a commemorative postage stamp featuring Madhubala was issued.[52] The stamp was produced by India Post in a limited edition presentation pack. It was launched by veteran actors Nimmi and Manoj Kumar in a ceremony attended by colleagues, friends and surviving members of Madhubala's family. The only other Indian film actress that was honoured in this manner was Nargis Dutt, at that point of time.[53]

Filmography

Year Film Role Notes
1942 Basant Manju credited as Baby Mumtaz
1944 Mumtaz Mahal
1945 Dhanna Bhagat
1945 Neelkamal
1946 Rajputani
1946 Pujari
1946 Phoolwari
1947 Saat Samundaron Ki Mallika
1947 Mere Bhagwan
1947 Khubsoorat Duniya
1947 Dil-Ki-Rani Raj Kumari Singh
1947 Chittor Vijay
1948 Parai Aag
1948 Lal Dupatta
1948 Desh Sewa
1948 Amar Prem
1949 Sipahiya
1949 Singaar
1949 Paras Priya
1949 Neki Aur Badi
1949 Mahal Kamini
1949 Imtihaan
1949 Dulari Shobha/Dulari
1949 Daulat
1949 Apradhi Sheela Rani
1950 Pardes Chanda
1950 Nishana Greta
1950 Nirala Poonam
1950 Madhubala
1950 Hanste Aansoo
1950 Beqasoor Usha
1951 Tarana Tarana
1951 Saiyan Saiyan
1951 Nazneen
1951 Nadaan
1951 Khazana
1951 Badal Ratna
1951 Aaram Leela
1952 Saqi Rukhsana
1952 Sangdil
1953 Rail Ka Dibba Chanda
1953 Armaan
1954 Bahut Din Huye Chandrakanta
1954 Amar Anju
1955 Teerandaz
1955 Naqab
1955 Naata Tara
1955 Mr. & Mrs. '55 Anita Verma
1956 Shirin Farhad Shirin
1956 Raj Hath Raja Beti/Rajkumari
1956 Dhake Ki Malmal
1957 Yahudi Ki Ladki
1957 Gateway of India Anju
1957 Ek Saal Usha Sinha
1958 Police
1958 Phagun Banani
1958 Kala Pani Asha
1958 Howrah Bridge Edna
1958 Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi Renu
1958 Baghi Sipahi
1959 Kal Hamara Hai Madhu/Bela
1959 Insaan Jaag Utha Gauri
1959 Do Ustad (1959) Madhu Sharma
1960 Mehlon Ke Khwab Asha
1960 Jaali Note Renu/Beena
1960 Barsaat Ki Raat Shabnam
1960 Mughal-e-Azam Anarkali Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actress
1961 Passport Rita Bhagwandas
1961 Jhumroo Anjana
1961 Boy Friend Sangeeta
1962 Half Ticket Rajnidevi/Asha
1964 Sharabi Kamala
1971 Jwala Jwala

References

  1. ^ Booch, Harish and Doyle, Karing.(1962). Self-Portrait. Bombay: Jai Gujerat Press. pp.75-78.
  2. ^ Lanba, Urmila. (2012). Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema (Patel, B, ed.). pp.114-128.
  3. ^ Gangadhar, V. (17 August 2007). "They now save for the rainy day". The Hindu. Retrieved 5 October 2011.
  4. ^ Akbar, Khatija (2011). I Want to Live: The Story of Madhubala (Kindle Locations 432-433). Hay House. Kindle Edition.
  5. ^ Lanba, Urmila. (2012). Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema (Patel, B, ed.). p.115.
  6. ^ Patel, B. (1952). Stars of the Indian Screen. Bombay: Parker & Sons.
  7. ^ "Why Dilip Kumar never married Madhubala", Rediff News. Retrieved 19 April 2013
  8. ^ a b Cert, David: "The Biggest Star in the World - and she's not in Beverly Hills", Theatre Arts (August 1952)
  9. ^ Lanba, Urmila. (2012). Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema (Patel, B, ed.). p.115.
  10. ^ a b "Madhubala", Upperstall.com. Retrieved 19 April 2013
  11. ^ Patel, B. (1952). Stars of the Indian Screen. Bombay: Parker & Sons.
  12. ^ Karanjia, B.K. (2005). Counting My Blessings. New Delhi: Penguin. p. 246-47
  13. ^ "Madhubala: A sweet seduction". Rediff.com. October 2002. Retrieved 2 June 2012. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  14. ^ "Maine sapna jo dekha hai raat", Atulsongaday.me (31 March 2013)
  15. ^ Lanba, Urmila. (2012). Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema (Patel, B, ed.). p.116.
  16. ^ Akbar, Khatija (2011). I Want to Live: The Story of Madhubala (Kindle Locations 1478-1479). Hay House. Kindle Edition.
  17. ^ Akbar, Khatija (2011). I Want to Live: The Story of Madhubala (Kindle Locations 1472-1473). Hay House. Kindle Edition.
  18. ^ Reuben, Bunny (2004). Dilip Kumar: Star Legend of Indian Cinema. Delhi: Harper Collins
  19. ^ Akbar, Khatija (2011). I Want to Live: The Story of Madhubala (Kindle Locations 1811-1812). Hay House. Kindle Edition.
  20. ^ Akbar, Khatija (2011). I Want to Live: The Story of Madhubala (Kindle Locations 2200-2202). Hay House. Kindle Edition.
  21. ^ Filmfare, May 13-26, 1977, p. 41.
  22. ^ Booch, H. & Doyle, K. (1962). Star Portrait. Bombay:Jai Gujerat Press
  23. ^ a b c d http://www.filmfare.com/interviews/madhubala-was-sad-when-dilip-kumar-got-married--madhur-bhushan-3309.html
  24. ^ Akbar, Khatija (2011). I Want to Live: The Story of Madhubala (Kindle Locations 804-806). Hay House. Kindle Edition.
  25. ^ http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?201689
  26. ^ Akbar, Khatija (2011). I Want to Live: The Story of Madhubala (Kindle Locations 1370-1371). Hay House. Kindle Edition.
  27. ^ Akbar, Khatija (2011). I Want to Live: The Story of Madhubala (Kindle Locations 2506-2510)
  28. ^ Karanjia, B. K. (2005). Counting My Blessings. New Delhi: Harper Collins. pp. 246
  29. ^ Akbar, Khatija (2011). I Want to Live: The Story of Madhubala (Kindle Locations 2551-2552). Hay House. Kindle Edition.
  30. ^ Akbar, Khatija (2011). I Want to Live: The Story of Madhubala (Kindle Locations 721-722). Hay House. Kindle Edition.
  31. ^ Akbar, Khatija (2011). I Want to Live: The Story of Madhubala (Kindle Location 2555). Hay House. Kindle Edition.
  32. ^ Akbar, Khatija (2011). I Want to Live: The Story of Madhubala (Kindle Location 1164-1178). Hay House. Kindle Edition.
  33. ^ Akbar, Khatija (2011). I Want to Live: The Story of Madhubala (Kindle Location 1157). Hay House. Kindle Edition.
  34. ^ Akbar, Khatija (2011). I Want to Live: The Story of Madhubala (Kindle Locations 2764-2765). Hay House. Kindle Edition.
  35. ^ http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/mar/25sd1.htm
  36. ^ Akbar, Khatija (2011). I Want to Live: The Story of Madhubala (Kindle Locations 2692-2696). Hay House. Kindle Edition.
  37. ^ Karanjia, B.K. (2005). Counting My Blessings. New Delhi: Penguin. p. 246
  38. ^ Akbar, Khatija (2011). I Want to Live: The Story of Madhubala (Kindle Locations 2706-2708). Hay House. Kindle Edition.
  39. ^ Filmfare, November, 1992. p.71
  40. ^ Deep, Mohan (1996)The mystery and mystique of Madhubala, p. 109.
  41. ^ Deep, Mohan (1996)The mystery and mystique of Madhubala.
  42. ^ "It's in Bad Taste", Outlookindia.com. Retrieved 14 April 2012
  43. ^ Filmfare, August 30, 1957, p. 7
  44. ^ Akbar, Khatija (2011). I Want to Live: The Story of Madhubala (Kindle Locations 2754-2755). Hay House. Kindle Edition.
  45. ^ "Last days", Madhubalano1.20m.com. Retrieved 19 April 2013
  46. ^ Jaisinghani, Bella (11 February 2010). "Rafi, Madhubala don't rest in peace here". The Times of India. Retrieved 14 February 2010. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  47. ^ http://www.filmfare.com/features/poll-most-popular-actress-3003-5.html#descArticle
  48. ^ "Bollywood's best actresses. Ever. (Wet, wild and on the run, honey)". Rediff.com. Retrieved 2 June 2012. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  49. ^ Lanba, Urmila. (2012). Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema (Patel, B, ed.). p. 126.
  50. ^ http://www.indianexpress.com/news/happy-birthday-madhubala/911991/
  51. ^ Lanba, Urmila. (2012). Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema (Patel, B, ed.). p.118.
  52. ^ Bhagria, Anupam (18 May 2008). "Postal stamp released on the legendary Madhubala". The Indian Express. Retrieved 2 June 2012. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  53. ^ Mihir, Trivedi (19 March 2008). "Postal Dept. stamps yesteryear star Madhubala". IBN Live. Retrieved 2 June 2012. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

Further reading

  • Akbar, Khatija (1997). Madhubala: her life, her films. UBS Publishers Distributors. ISBN 978-81-7476-153-8.
  • Akbar, M. J. Sunday Magazine, 5 Aug 1996
  • Bajaj, Rajiv K. (ed.). The Daily, 26 May 1996
  • Deep, Mohan. Madhubala: The Mystery and Mystique, Magna Publishing Co. Ltd.
  • Joshi, Meera. Madhubala: Tears in Heaven Filmfare, 14 May 2008
  • Karanjia, B.K. Dates with Diva, Deccan Chronicle, 17 December 2006
  • Raheja, Dinesh. The Hundred Luminaries of Hindi Cinema, India Book House Publishers
  • Reuben, Bunny. Follywood Flashback, Indus publishers
  • Singh, Khushwant. Sunday Observer 23–29 June 1996
  • Bhattacharya, Rinki. Bimal Roy: A man of silence, South Asia Books
  • Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul. The Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers
  • Sawhney, Clifford. Debonair', June 1996
  • Cort, David. Theatre Arts magazine, Issue Date: August 1952; Vol. XXXVI No. 8
  • Kamath M.V. The Daily, June 1996

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