Jump to content

Walmart

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Downfall Guy (talk | contribs) at 06:58, 30 July 2006. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.
Company typeDiscount store/Public (NYSE: WMT)
IndustryRetail
FoundedRogers, Arkansas (1962)
HeadquartersBentonville, Arkansas, USA
Key people
Sam Walton (1918–1992), Founder
H. Lee Scott, CEO
S. Robson Walton, Chairman
ProductsDiscount stores, grocery stores, and hypermarkets
RevenueIncrease$315.654 billion USD (2006)
Increase$18.530 billion USD (2006)
Increase$11.231 billion USD (2006)
Total assets252,496,000,000 United States dollar (2021) Edit this on Wikidata
Number of employees
1.6 Million (2006)
Websitewww.walmartstores.com

Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (NYSE: WMT) is an American public corporation, founded by Sam Walton in 1962 and first incorporated on October 31, 1969, and listed on the New York Stock Exchange in 1972. It is the largest retailer in the world and the second largest corporation in the world based on revenue as of 2006.[1] For the fiscal year ending January 31, 2006, Wal-Mart reported net income of $11.2 billion on $316 billion of sales revenue (3.5% profit margin).[2] It is the largest private employer in the United States, Mexico and Canada.[2]

In the United States, Wal-Mart holds an 8.9 percent retail store market share, with $8.90 out of every $100 spent in U.S. retail stores being spent at Wal-Mart.[2] It is also the largest grocery retailer in the U.S., with an estimated 20 percent of the retail grocery and consumables business,[3] and is also the largest toy seller in the U.S., with an estimated 22 percent of the retail toy business, having surpassed Toys 'R' Us in the late 1990s.[4]

Internationally, Wal-Mart operates in Mexico as Walmex, in the United Kingdom as ASDA and in Japan as The Seiyu Co., Ltd.. In 2006, Wal-Mart's international operations accounted for approximately 20.1% of total sales.[5] Wholly-owned operations are located in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, South Korea, Puerto Rico, and the United Kingdom. Wal-Mart's investments outside of North America have produced mixed results. Recently Wal-Mart sold it's retail operations in some countries including South Korea and Germany.

There is a movement critical of Wal-Mart, which includes community groups, grassroots organizations, trade unions[6], and environmental groups. Specific criticisms concern Wal-Mart's extensive foreign product sourcing, treatment of employees and product suppliers, environmental carelessness, use of public subsidies, product selection, and store impacts on local communities and businesses. [7][8]

History

Main article: History of Wal-Mart

The history of Wal-Mart can be traced back to the 1940s when Sam Walton began his career in retailing. Sam Walton began working at a JC Penney store in Des Moines, Iowa on June 3, 1940 where he remained for eighteen months. In 1945, Sam met with Butler Brothers, a regional retailer that owned a chain of variety stores called Ben Franklin. Butler Brothers offered Sam a Ben Franklin store in Newport, Arkansas.

Walton achieved higher sales volume by selling products with slightly smaller markups than most competitors.[9] And in 1962, the first Wal-Mart store opened in Rogers, Arkansas.[10] By 1967, the company grew to 24 stores across the state of Arkansas, and had reached $12.6 million in sales, and by 1968, the company opened its first stores outside of Arkansas in Sikeston, Missouri and Claremore, Oklahoma.

The company was incorporated as Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. on October 31, 1969, and by 1970, opened its home office in Bentonville, Arkansas, as well as its first distribution center. There were now 38 stores operating with 1,500 employees and sales of $44.2 million. The company began trading stock at this time as a publicly-held company on October 1, 1972, and was listed on the New York Stock Exchange shortly thereafter. The first stock split occured in May, 1971 at a market price of $47. By this time, Wal-Mart was operating in five states: Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, Missouri and Oklahoma, and entered Tennessee in 1973, and Kentucky and Mississippi in 1974. As the company moved into Texas in 1975, there were 125 stores with 7,500 associates, and total sales of $340.3 million.

Wal-Mart grew rapidly during the 1980s and 1990s. In 2005, it was the world's second highest-grossing corporation.

Subsidiaries

See also: List of assets owned by Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.

Wal-Mart's operations are comprised primarily in three retailing subsidiaries: Wal-Mart Stores U.S.A. Division, Sam's Club, and Wal-Mart International.[5] Wal-Mart does business under nine different retail formats: supercenters, food and drugs, general merchandise stores, bodegas (small markets), cash and carry stores, membership warehouse clubs, apparel stores, soft discount stores and restaurants.[5]

Wal-Mart Stores U.S.A. Division

An exterior of a typical Wal-Mart discount department store.
The exterior of a typical Wal-Mart Supercenter in Madison Heights, Virginia, United States. Unlike smaller Wal-Mart stores, Wal-Mart Supercenters feature double entrances.

Wal-Mart Stores U.S.A. Division is Wal-Mart's largest business subsidiary, accounting for 67.2% of fiscal 2006 net sales.[5] This segment consists of three traditional retail formats: discount stores, supercenters, and neighborhood markets, all of which are located in the United States, as well as Wal-Mart's online stores, walmart.com.

Wal-Mart Stores operates retail department stores selling a range of non-grocery products, though emphasis is now focused on the supercenters, which include more grocery items.

Wal-Mart Discount Stores

Wal-Mart Discount Stores are a chain of discount department stores that average between 75,000 and 125,000 square ft. (6,000 and 11,000 m²). They carry an amount of general merchandise products with a limited selection of food items. Many Wal-Mart Discount Stores also feature a tire and oil change shop, optical center, one-hour photo processing lab, and portrait studio. These stores also have a pharmacy and an in-house-branded food court.

As of July 26, 2006, there were 1,156 Wal-Mart Discount Stores in the United States.[11]

Wal-Mart Supercenter

Wal-Mart Supercenter is a chain of hypermarkets that average between 175,000 and 225,000 square ft. (16,000 and 21,000 m²). They carry everything a Wal-Mart Discount Store does in addition to a full-line supermarket. Many Wal-Mart Supercenters also feature a tire and oil change shop, optical center, one-hour photo processing lab, portrait studio, and numerous alcove shops such as a SunTrust personal finance center, a cellular phone store, hair and nail salons, video rental by either Movie Gallery or Hollywood Video, a family fun center, and a branch from a local bank. Most of the food courts in these stores feature full-menu McDonald's, although some locations feature Subway, Dunkin' Donuts and Baskin-Robbins. Some locations also sell gasoline through Murphy USA.

As of July 26, 2006, there were 2,074 Wal-Mart Supercenters in the United States.[11]

Wal-Mart Neighborhood Market

Main article: Wal-Mart Neighborhood Market

Wal-Mart Neighborhood Market is a chain of supermarkets that averages between 75,000 and 125,000 square ft. (6,000 and 11,000 m²). They offer a variety of products including a full-line of groceries, pharmaceuticals, health and beauty aids, photo developing services, and a limited selection of general merchandise. Some locations also sell gasoline through Murphy USA.

As of July 26, 2006, there were 104 Neighborhood Markets in the United States.[11]

Sam's Club

Main article: Sam's Club

Wal-Mart operates Sam's Club, a chain of warehouse clubs that sells merchandise, often in large quantities or volume, to customers who pay an annual fee for the privilege of shopping there. According to Wal-Mart's 2006 Annual Report, Sam's Club accounted for approximately 12.7% of fiscal 2006 sales.

Chief competitors of Wal-Mart's Sam's Club division are Costco, with a slightly higher gross than Sam's Club outlets, as well as the smaller BJ's Wholesale Club chain operating mainly in the eastern United States. [citation needed]

As of July 26, 2006, there were over 566 Sam's Clubs in the United States.[11]

Wal-Mart International

File:Walmartsupercenterpuertovallarta.jpg
A Wal-Mart Supercenter in Puerto Vallarta.

The operations of Wal-Mart International are located in nine countries and Puerto Rico. According to Wal-Mart's 2006 Annual Report, International accounted for approximately 20.1% of fiscal 2006 sales. Wholly-owned operations are located in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, South Korea, Puerto Rico and the United Kingdom.

Fiscal 2006 for Wal-Mart's United Kingdom subsidiary, ASDA, were 42.7% of the International segment sales. In contrast to Wal-Mart's U.S. operations ASDA was originally and remains primarily a grocery chain, but it has a stronger focus on non-foods than most UK supermarket chains. At fiscal 2006, there were 236 ASDA stores, 10 George stores, 5 ASDA Living and 43 ASDA small stores.

In addition to its wholly-owned international operations, Wal-Mart has joint ventures in China and several majority owned subsiduaries. Wal-Mart's majority owned subsidiary in Mexico is Walmex. In Japan, Wal-Mart owns 55.3% of The Seiyu Co., Ltd.[12] Additionally, Wal-Mart owns 51% of the Central American Retail Holding Company (CARHCO) formed from more than 360 supermarkets and other store formats, operating in 5 Central American countries: Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica.[12]

In July 2006, Wal-Mart announced its withdrawal of operations from Germany because of sustained losses. The company blamed Germany's weak economy and employees protection laws as well as difficulty in obtaining scale and results. Commentators blamed competitive prices from national discounters as well as German consumer rejection of signature features such as stores outside of town centers, employees required to smile and heartily greet customers, or baggers at checkouts. Wal-Mart's stores are to be sold to German company METRO AG[13] [14]

Business model

Wal-Mart's business model is based on providing "a broad assortment of quality merchandise at every day low prices".[5] Wal-Mart refers to its employees as "associates," and encourages managers to think of themselves as, "servant leaders," and encourage their associates to take advantage of opportunities and express and share ideas with others.[15]

Competition

In the United States, Wal-Mart's chief competitors in low-end general merchandise include Sears Holdings Corporation's Kmart chain and Target. Many smaller regional chains, such as Meijer in the midwest, are also competitors. Wal-Mart's move into the grocery business has also positioned it against major grocery chains such as HEB, Kroger, Albertsons, Publix, Giant Eagle, Safeway, Winn Dixie and many other regional chains and independents. A niche has been carved out of Wal-Mart's dominance in the United States by several retail corporations.[16] By focusing on a small number of low-cost products, dollar store retailers such as Family Dollar and Dollar General have successfully competed head-to-head with Wal-Mart for home consumer sales. [citation needed] In 2004, Wal-Mart responded by testing their own dollar store concept, a subsection of some stores known as "Pennies-n-Cents."[17]

Outside the United States, Wal-Mart has struggled in some markets. In Germany, Wal-Mart had captured just 2% of German food sales following its entry into the market in 1997 and had remained "a secondary player" compared to competitor Aldi which boasts 19% share of the German market.[18] In July 2006, Wal-Mart announced its withdrawal of operations from Germany because of sustained losses. Wal-Mart's stores are to be sold to German company METRO AG[13] In China, Wal-Mart is "a small fish" as its strategy of "everyday low prices" has not been successful against "Chinese mom-and-pop shops that are used to cutthroat pricing."[19] On May 22, 2006, Wal-Mart withdrew from South Korea market when it agreed to sell all 16 of its South Korean outlets to Shinsegae, a local retailer, for $882 million. Wal-Mart had originally entered the South Korea market in 1998.[20] In the United Kingdom, Wal-Mart's Asda subsidiary is the second largest chain in the UK after Tesco.[21]Specifically, ASDA is a distant second to Tesco in the UK grocery market, and as of 2006 the gap is widening, based on market share figures published by TNS Superpanel.

Some people believe that Wal-Mart has driven smaller businesses out of the market. [citation needed]

Employee and labor relations

See also: Wal-Mart employee and labor relations

All Wal-Mart stores in the United States and Canada have employees referred to as "people greeters". These are associates who take care of the store entrance and welcome shoppers, as well as playing a role in loss prevention and security.

Wal-Mart has been criticized for their policies against labor unions. In North America, the company has largely thwarted unionization by its employees with aggressive anti-union tactics. For example, when meat cutters at the Jacksonville, Texas supercenter voted to unionize in 2000, Wal-Mart closed its meat department and began shipping in pre-packaged meats at all stores.[22] When workers at a Jonquière, Quebec Wal-Mart voted to unionize, Wal-Mart closed the store five months later, citing weak profits.[23] Another store in St Hyacinthe, QC. voted to unionize and Wal-Mart lost a court challenge to the certification process in April, 2006.[24] In Germany, the ver.di union reports that it has organized every local Wal-Mart SuperCenter, but it complains that Wal-Mart ignores German co-determination rules and does not adequately inform ver.di about store closings.[18] Company officials say they comply with labor laws. In July 2003, employees affiliated with the ver.di union staged a brief strike.[21]

30 Wal-Mart employees in the southeast province of Fujian decided to form a local union, affiliated with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU), the country's only legal trade union.[25]

In the United States, Wal-Mart has been criticized on several labor issues including low pay and inadequate health care coverage. Additionally, Wal-Mart is facing several lawsuits including "current and former hourly Associates who allege, among other things, that the Company forced them to work “off the clock,” or failed to provide work breaks, or otherwise claim they were not paid for work performed."[4]

Economic impact studies in the United States

Template:Mergesectionto As Wal-Mart is the second-largest corporation in the world in terms of 2005 revenue [citation needed], it significantly impacts economies wherever it operates. At least two dozen studies have been conducted to determined the nature and extent of this effect, most of which are indexed here or here.

Kenneth E. Stone of Iowa State University has published several studies on Wal-Mart. In 1997, Stone found that small towns "lose up to 47 percent of their retail trade after 10 years of Wal-Mart stores nearby." [26]

In 2003, Stone collaborated with Georgeanne Artz, also of Iowa State University, and Albert Myles of Mississippi State University to show that there "are both positive and negative impacts on existing stores in the area where the new supercenter locates." [27]

A study by Russell S. Sobel and Andrea M. Dean, found that though Wal-Mart openings cause some small businesses to close by offering lower prices, it also creates opportunities for other small businesses and that as a result, "the process of creative destruction unleashed by Wal-Mart has no statistically significant impact on the overall size of the small business sector in the United States." [28]

Studies by Michael Hicks and Kristy Wilburn (then at Marshall University) estimated effects of Wal-Mart on employment, retail structure and wages in West Virginia (see "The Locational Impact of Wal-Mart Entrance: A Panel Study of the Retail Trade Sector in West Virginia"). A later study by Hicks evaluted Medicaid, Foodstamps and TANF costs nationwide (see "Does Wal-Mart Cause an Increase in Anti-Poverty Program Expenditures?"). Two other studies by Hicks of State and Local taxes and expenditures in Ohio's counties and labor market dynamics in Pennsylvania also estimate some perceived benefits and costs of Wal-Mart. All of these studies are available at: http://ideas.repec.org/e/phi52.html

In 2002, the state of Georgia's survey of children in the state's subsidized health care system, PeachCare, found that Wal-Mart employed more of the parents of these children than any other employer. More than 10,000 children who qualified for the program had parents working at Wal-Mart. The next largest employer employed the parents of less than 800 children in the program.

A 2002 study [29] by Emek Basker of the University of Missouri examined the impact of Wal-Mart on local employment. Basker found that Wal-Mart's entry into a county increased net retail employment in that county by 100 jobs in the short term. Half of this increase disappeared as other retail establishments close or reduce employment over a five-year period "leaving a long-run statistically significant net gain of 50 jobs." Basker's Study, which did not distinguish between low-paying and high-paying jobs, did not comment on whether the increase in jobs was a net economic benefit or loss for the county.

In 2004, the University of California, Berkeley published a study which asserted that Wal-Mart's low wages and benefits resulted in an increased burden on the social safety net, costing California taxpayers $86 million. [30]

Another 2004 study,[31] by Stephan J. Goetz and Hema Swaminathan (Pennsylvania State), reported that U.S. counties with more Wal-Mart outlets showed increasing rates of family poverty relative to those with fewer. The authors advanced three possible explanations for this effect:

  • Wal-Mart may displace of workers from higher-paid jobs in the retailers it drives out of business
  • Wal-Mart may provide lower levels local philanthropy than the replaced businesses
  • By reducing the number of independent local businesses, Wal-Mart may shrink the pool of local leadership and reduce social capital, "an essential ingredient for economic growth to occur."

A 2005 study [32] by Jerry Hausman of MIT and Ephraim Leibtag of the USDA found that because the Bureau of Labor Statistics does not take into account lower prices at discount retailers, like Wal-Mart, that food at home inflation was overstated by as much as 15% per year. Another 2005 study [33] the same authors measures the effect on consumer welfare of the presence of discount retailers.

A 2005 study by Global Insight [34] commissioned by Wal-Mart found the company has had a positive net economic impact on the U.S. economy. From 1985-2004, Wal-Mart "can be associated with a cumulative decline of 9.1% in food-at-home prices, a 4.2% decline in commodities (goods) prices, and a 3.1% decline in overall consumer prices," and that this has saved consumers $263 billion in that time frame ($2329 per household). Also in that time period, it is responsible for the creation of 210,000 net jobs for the economy. The study indicates that "nominal wages are 2.2% lower, but given that consumer prices are 3.1% lower, real disposable income is 0.9% higher than it would have been in a world without Wal-Mart." Other papers presented at the conference [35] contradict some of Global Insight's claims.

Criticism

File:Walmart low morals.png
Bumper sticker critical of Wal-Mart.
Main article: Criticism of Wal-Mart

Wal-Mart has many critics, including community groups, grassroots organizations, trade unions[36], and environmental groups. Specific criticisms concern Wal-Mart's extensive foreign product sourcing, treatment of employees and product suppliers, environmental carelessness, use of public subsidies, and store impacts on local communities and businesses. [7] Additionally, Wal-Mart has faced accusations of illegal activities, including predatory pricing, discrimination and violation of labor laws.

In the United States, one common criticism derives from Wal-Mart's use of cheap foreign labor to lower costs. According to the AFL-CIO, "Wal-Mart is the single largest importer of foreign-produced goods in the United States", their biggest trading partner is China, and their trade with China alone constitutes approximately 10 percent of the total US trade deficit with China as of 2004. [37] While Wal-Mart highlights it's US suppliers, 60% of its products are imported from other countries. [5] Other Wal-Mart goods have been manufactured and imported from such places as South Korea, Philippines, Malaysia, Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam. Very few of Wal-Mart's products are made in the United States.

Another United States-specific criticism concerns Wal-Mart's health insurance. According to an October 2005 article in BusinessWeek, Wal-Mart's health insurance covers 44% or approximately 572,000 of its 1.3 million U.S. workers. [38] In comparison, Wal-Mart rival Costco insures approximately 96% of its eligible workers. [39] Further, Wal-Mart spends an average of $3,500 per employee for health care, 27% less than the retail-industry average of $4,800.[40] Wal-Mart CEO Lee Scott acknowledged benefits could improve by claiming Wal-Mart employees can get better value from taxpayer funded health care than from Wal-Mart's own health plans: "In some of our states, the public program may actually be a better value - with relatively high income limits to qualify, and low premiums." [41] On April 17th, 2006, Wal-Mart announced it was making a health care plan available to part-time workers after 1 year of service, instead of the prior 2 year requirement. One criticism of the new plan is that it provides benefit only after a $1,000 deductible is paid ($3,000 for a family). These deductibles may financially be out of reach for eligible part-time workers. Wal-Mart estimates this change can add 150,000 workers to health coverage plans, if all who are eligible take part. [6]

The State of Maryland passed a controversial bill in January of 2006 requiring that all corporations with more than 10,000 employees in the state spend at least 8% of their payroll on employee benefits, or pay into a state fund for the uninsured. Wal-Mart, with about 17,000 employees in Maryland, was the only known company to not meet this requirement before the bill passed. [42] On Wednesday July 7, 2006, the Maryland law was overturned in federal court by U.S. District Judge Frederick Motz who ruled that the law would "hurt Wal-Mart by imposing the administrative burden of tracking benefits in Maryland differently than in other states." [43]

See also

References

  1. ^ Staff Writer. "Fortune Global 500." CNN/Fortune. July 24, 2006. Retrieved on July 25, 2006.
  2. ^ a b c "Wal-Mart Reports Record Fourth Quarter Sales and Earnings." Wal-Mart. February 21, 2006. Retrieved on July 25, 2006.
  3. ^ Ortiz, John. "Can Kroger slow Wal-Mart?" Deseret Morning News. October 26, 2005. Retrieved on July 25, 2006.
  4. ^ Byrnes, Nanette; Eidam, Michael. "Toys 'R' Us: Beaten At Its Own Game." Business Week. March 29, 2004. Retrieved on July 25, 2006.
  5. ^ a b c d e "Wal-Mart 2006 Annual Report." Wal-Mart. 2006. Retrieved on July 26, 2006.
  6. ^ [1] Wal-Mart, Critics Slam Each Other on Web] Washington Post, July 18, 2006. Accessed July 20, 2006.
  7. ^ a b "Research Done on Walmart". Wakeupwalmart.com. Retrieved May 5. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ "What does Wal-Mart really cost you?". Wal-Mart Watch. Retrieved May 5. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Frank, T.A. "A Brief History of Wal-Mart." The Washington Monthly. April 1, 2006. Retrieved on July 24, 2006.
  10. ^ "The Wal-Mart Timeline." Wal-Mart (published on walmartfacts.com). Retrieved on July 24, 2006.
  11. ^ a b c d "Corporate Profile." Wal-Mart. Retrieved on July 26, 2006.
  12. ^ a b "Wal-Mart SEC Form 10-K." United States Securities and Exchange Commission. January 31, 2006. Retrieved on July 26, 2006.
  13. ^ a b Wal-Mart abandons German venture, bbc.co.uk, 28 July, 2006.
  14. ^ Pulling Out of Germany, New York Times, 28 July, 2006.
  15. ^ "The Wal-Mart Way of Life: Our Culture, Our Attitude, Our Commitment (2001 Annual Report)." Wal-Mart. 2001. Retrieved on July 26, 2006.
  16. ^ Stilgoe, John. Wal-Mart giant can be tamed The Boston Globe, November 23, 2003. Accessed January 11, 2006.
  17. ^ Berner, Robert. "Out-Discounting The Discounter." Business Week. May 10, 2004.
  18. ^ a b Ewing, Jack."[2]." BusinessWeek. April 11, 2005. Retrieved on July 27, 2006.
  19. ^ Lee, Don. "Wal-Mart in fight for China's market." Los Angeles Times. July 25, 2006. Retrieved on July 27, 2006.
  20. ^ Sang-Hun, Choe. "Wal-Mart Selling Stores and Leaving South Korea." International Herald Tribune. May 23, 2006. Retrieved on July 27, 2006.
  21. ^ a b Fairlamb, David with Laura Cohn "A Bumpy Ride in Europe." BusinessWeek. October 6, 2003. Retrieved on July 27, 2006.
  22. ^ Dicker, John. "Union Blues at Wal-Mart." The Nation. June 20, 2002. Retrieved on July 26, 2006.
  23. ^ Bianco, Anthony. "No Union Please, We're Wal-Mart ." Business Week. February 13, 2006. Retrieved on July 26, 2006.
  24. ^ Staff Writer. "Wal-Mart faces Canadian labour clash." MSNBC. April 30, 2006. Retrieved on July 26, 2006.
  25. ^ Wal-Mart workers in China form first union AFP July 292006
  26. ^ Stone, Kenneth E. (1997). "Impact of the Wal-Mart Phenomenon on Rural Communities" (PDF). Proceedings of Increasing Understanding of Public Problems and Policies - 1997, Farm Foundation, Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved 2006-05-05. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  27. ^ Stone, Kenneth E., Artz, Georgeanne, and Myles, Albert. (2003). "The Economic Impact of Wal-Mart Supercenters on Existing Businesses in Mississippi" (PDF). publication M1283 (700-12-02). Mississippi State University Extension Service. Retrieved 2006-05-05. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ Sobel, Russell S., and Dean, Andrea M. "Has Wal-Mart Buried Mom and Pop?: The Impact of Wal-Mart on Self Employment and Small Establishments in the United States" (PDF). Retrieved 2006-05-08. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ Basker, Emek (2002). "Job Creation or Destruction? Labor-Market Effects of Wal-Mart Expansion" (PDF). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  30. ^ Dube, Arindrajit, and Ken Jacobs (2004-08-02). "Hidden Cost of Wal-Mart Jobs" (PDF). UC Berkeley Labor Center (Briefing Paper Series). {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  31. ^ Goetz, Stephan J., and Hema Swaminathan (2004-10-18). "Wal-Mart and County-Wide Poverty (AERS Staff Paper No. 371)" (PDF). Revised. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  32. ^ Hausman, Jerry, and Leibtag, Ephraim (2005-06-10). "CPI Bias from Supercenters: Does the BLS Know that Wal-Mart Exists?". Revised. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  33. ^ Hausman, Jerry, and Leibtag, Ephraim (2005-10). "Consumer Benefits from Increased Competition in Shopping Outlets: Measuring the Effect of Wal-Mart". {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  34. ^ Global Insight, Inc. (2005-11-05). "The Economic Impact of Wal-Mart". Global Insight, Inc. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  35. ^ "Papers Presented at Global Insight's Conference on Economic Impacts of Wal-Mart". ReclaimDemocracy.org. 2005. Retrieved May 5. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  36. ^ [3] Wal-Mart, Critics Slam Each Other on Web] Washington Post, July 18, 2006. Accessed July 20, 2006.
  37. ^ "Wal-Mart's Imports Lead to U.S. Jobs Exports". AFL-CIO. 2006. Retrieved June 21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |name= ignored (help)
  38. ^ Bernstein, Aaron (2005-10-20). "A Stepped-Up Assault on Wal-Mart". Business Week. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  39. ^ Abelson, Reed (2004-11-01). "States Are Battling Against Wal-Mart Over Health Care". New York Times. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)(article archived on Global Exchange).
  40. ^ Wysocki, Bernard Jr., and Ann Zimmerman (2003-09-30). "Wal-Mart Cost-Cutting Finds a Big Target in Health Benefits". Wall Street Journal. p. 1. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  41. ^ Fulton, Deirde (2005-10-14). "No sympathy for the devil". Boston Phoenix. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help). Quote taken from April 5, 2005 speech by Wal-Mart CEO Lee Scott.
  42. ^ "Md. forces Wal-Mart to spend more on health". Associated Press. 2006-01-13. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  43. ^ "Md. 'Fair Share' law loses in court". United Press International. 2006-07-19. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

Further reading

  • Bergdahl, Michael (2004). What I Learned from Sam Walton: How to Compete and Thrive in a Wal-Mart World. ISBN 0471679984.
  • Bianco, Anthony (2006). The Bully of Bentonville: How the High Cost of Wal-Mart's Everyday Low Prices Is Hurting America. ISBN 0385513569.
  • Dicker, John (2005). The United States of Wal-Mart. Jeremy P. Tarcher. ISBN 1585424226.
  • Ehrenreich, Barbara (2002). Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America. Owl Books. ISBN 0745318460.
  • Featherstone, Liza (2004). Selling Women Short: The Landmark Battle for Workers' Rights at Wal-Mart. Basic Books. ISBN 0465023169.
  • Fishman, Charles (2005). The Wal-Mart Effect: How the World's Most Powerful Company Really Works--and How It's Transforming the American Economy. Penguin Press. ISBN 1594200769.
  • Joseph, Marc & Fischer, Rusty (2005). The Secrets of Retailing, or: How to Beat Wal-Mart!. Silverback Books. ISBN 1596370378.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Lichtenstein, Nelson (2006). Wal-Mart: A Field Guide to America's Largest Company and the World's Largest Employer. New Press. ISBN 1595580352.
  • Ortega, Bob (1998). In Sam We Trust: The Untold Story of Sam Walton and Wal-Mart, the World's Most Powerful Retailer. ISBN 0812963776.
  • Peacock, Joe (2005). Mentally Incontinent: A Joe The Peacock Book, The Wal-Mart Story. ISBN 0977418405.
  • Porter, David (2003). Megamall on the Hudson: Planning, Wal-Mart, and Grassroots Resistance. Trafford. ISBN 155369855X.
  • Quinn, Bill (2005). How Wal-Mart Is Destroying America and the World: And What You Can Do about It (3rd edition). Ten Speed Press. ISBN 1580086683.
  • Slater, Robert (2003). The Wal-Mart Decade: How a New Generation of Leaders Turned Sam Walton's Legacy into the World's #1 Company. ISBN 1591840066.
  • Slater, Robert (2004). The Wal-Mart Triumph: Inside the World's #1 Company. ISBN 1591840430.
  • Soderquist, Don (2005). The Wal-Mart Way: The Inside Story of the Success of the World's Largest Company. ISBN 0785261192.
  • Spotts, Greg (2005). Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price. Disinformation Company. ISBN 1932857249.
  • Westerman, Paul (2000). Data Warehousing: Using the Wal-Mart Model. ISBN 155860684X.
  • Grist an interview with Wal-Mart CEO H. Lee Scott
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Walmart&oldid=66650153"