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International recognition of Israel

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  Israel
  Countries that have recognised Israel
  Countries that have never recognized Israel
  Countries that have withdrawn recognition

The international recognition of Israel refers to the diplomatic recognition of the State of Israel, which was established by the Israeli Declaration of Independence on 14 May 1948. 160 of the 192 other UN member states (83%) currently recognize Israel.

History

UN General Assembly Resolution 181 (II), Annex A: Plan of Partition with Economic Union

On 29 November 1947, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution recommending a plan to partition Mandatory Palestine into an Arab state and a Jewish state with a common currency, common market and joint coordinating political authorities. Jerusalem was to become an international city. David Ben-Gurion accepted the partition and declared the establishment of a Jewish state in the Land of Israel to be known as the State of Israel.[1] Neighbouring Arab States were opposed to any partition of Palestine. The next day, a coalition of Arab countries declared war on Israel and the 1948 Arab–Israeli War began. In the evening just before the end of the British Mandate for Palestine which was to terminate at midnight on 14/15 May 1948,[2] In a cablegram[3] the Arab League maintained:-

  • the Arab states find themselves compelled to intervene in order restore law and order and to check further bloodshed
  • the Mandate over Palestine has come to an end, leaving no legally constituted authority
  • the only solution of the Palestine problem is the establishment of a unitary Palestinian state.

Over the next few days, the surrounding countries declared war on Israel and the armies of Egypt, Trans-Jordan, Iraq, and Syria attacked the newly created state of Israel.

On the declaration of independence, a Provisional government of Israel was established; and while the 1948 Arab–Israeli War was still in progress, the Provisional government was promptly recognised by the United States as the de facto authority of Israel,[4][5] followed by Iran (which had voted against the UN partition plan), Guatemala, Iceland, Nicaragua, Romania, and Uruguay. The Soviet Union was the first country to recognise Israel de jure on 17 May 1948,[6] followed by Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Ireland, and South Africa.[citation needed] The United States extended de jure recognition after the first Israeli election,[7] on 31 January 1949.[8]

On 15 May 1948, one day after the declaration of its establishment, Israel applied for membership of the United Nations, but the application was not acted on by the Security Council. Israel's second application was rejected by the Security Council on 17 December 1948 by a 5 to 1 vote, with 5 abstentions. Syria was the sole negative vote; the U.S., Argentina, Colombia, the Soviet Union and Ukraine voted in favor; and Belgium, Britain, Canada, China and France abstained. The application was renewed in 1949, after the Israeli elections. The Security Council on 4 March 1949 voted 9 to 1 in favour of membership, with Egypt voting no and Great Britain abstaining.[9]

On 11 May, the General Assembly by the requisite two-thirds majority approved the application to admit Israel to the UN by United Nations General Assembly Resolution 273.[10][11] The vote in the General Assembly was 37 to 12, with 9 abstentions.[13]

From 1948 to the late 1960s, Israel established diplomatic relations with almost all countries of Western Europe, North and South America, as well as much of Africa. Some states recognise Israel as a state, but have no diplomatic relations.[citation needed]

In the wake of the Six-Day War, to put additional diplomatic and military pressure on Israel, Arab oil-producing countries threatened to impose an oil embargo on countries with international relations with Israel. As a result, many African and Asian countries broke ties with Israel. On 1 September 1967, the eight members of the Arab League issued the Khartoum Resolution, which included a pledge not to recognise Israel. Similar pressure was exerted after the Arab-Israeli War of 1973. Several countries once had diplomatic relations with Israel, but have since broken or suspended them (Bolivia, Cuba, Nicaragua and Venezuela in Latin America; Mauritania in the Arab League; Chad, Guinea, Mali and Niger in non-Arab Africa; and Iran until the Islamic revolution).

Following Israel's recognition of and entering into negotiations with the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) many African, Asian and even Arab countries restored diplomatic relations with Israel. The Vatican entered into diplomatic relations with Israel in 1994. Some[which?] countries broke or suspended relations as a result of the 2006 Israeli-Lebanese War and the blockade of the Gaza Strip.[citation needed]

At present, a total of 32 United Nations member states do not recognise the State of Israel: 18 of the 22 members of the Arab League: Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen; a further 11 members of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Brunei, Chad, Guinea, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Mali, Niger, and Pakistan. Other countries which do not recognise Israel include Bhutan, Cuba, and North Korea.[14] in 2002, the Arab League proposed the recognition of Israel by Arab countries as part of the resolution of the Palestine-Israel conflict in the Arab Peace Initiative.

Some[which?] countries that do not recognise Israel have also questioned the legitimacy of Israel.[citation needed] Some do not accept Israeli passports and some also do not accept passports of other countries whose holder has an Israeli visa endorsed in it.[citation needed]

List by country

Legend:[inconsistent][dubious – discuss]

= States that do not formally recognize Israel.
= States that have withdrawn recognition.
= States that recognize Israel

UN member states

State Date of de facto recognition Date of de jure recognition Notes
—  Afghanistan[15] — — Accept Israeli passports. (Un)official Afghan-Israeli Diplomatic relationships exist via the Israeli embassy in Tashkent, Uzbekistan.[citation needed]
1  Albania — 16 April 1949[16] Diplomatic relations established on 20 August 1991.[17]
—  Algeria[18][19] — — Does not accept Israeli passports.[20]
2  Andorra — 13 April 1994[21]
3  Angola — 16 April 1992[22] Date diplomatic relations established
4  Antigua and Barbuda — 22 June 1983[23] Date diplomatic relations established
5  Argentina — 14 February 1949[24]
6  Armenia — 4 April 1992[25] Date diplomatic relations established
7  Australia — 29 January 1949[26]
8  Austria 15 March 1949[27] 8 May 1956 Date diplomatic relations established. Prior to that, the two countries had maintained consular relations since 1950. Delegations were upgraded to embassy status in 1959.[28]
9  Azerbaijan — 7 April 1992[29] Date diplomatic relations established.
10  Bahamas — 24 September 1974[30] Date diplomatic relations established
—  Bahrain[31] — — Israel maintained a representative mission in Manama from 1996 until it was closed in 2000.[32] In October 2009, parliament ruled that any form of relations with Israel or its people (government, business or private) was illegal, and banned the government from establishing diplomatic relations.[33]
—  Bangladesh[34][35] — — Does not accept Israeli passports.[36]
11  Barbados — 29 August 1967[37] Date diplomatic relations established
12  Belarus 11 May 1949[38] 26 May 1992[39] Date diplomatic relations established
13  Belgium — 15 January 1950[40]
14  Belize — 6 September 1984[41] Date diplomatic relations established
15  Benin — 5 December 1961[42] Date diplomatic relations established. Relations severed in October 1973, and resumed in July 1992.[43][44]
—  Bhutan[14] — —
16  Bolivia 22 February 1949[45] 24 February 1949[46] Bolivia cut ties with Israel in January 2009.[47]
17  Bosnia and Herzegovina — 26 September 1997[48] Date diplomatic relations established
18  Botswana [when?] [when?] Broke off relations on November 1973, restored in December 1993.
19  Brazil — 7 February 1949[49]
—  Brunei[14] — — Does not accept Israeli passports and Brunei passports are not valid for travel to Israel[50]
20  Bulgaria — 4 December 1948 Relations severed on 10 June 1967, and restored on 3 May 1990.[51]
21  Burkina Faso — 5 July 1961[42] Date diplomatic relations established. Relations severed in October 1973, and re-established in October 1993.[43][44][52]
22  Burundi [when?] [when?] Relations severed in May 1973,[44] and restored in March 1995.
23  Cambodia — 30 August 1960 Date diplomatic relations established. Cambodia broke off relations in 1975; they were restored on 5 October 1993.[53][54]
24  Cameroon — 15 September 1960[55] Date diplomatic relations established. Relations severed in October 1973 and restored in August 1986.[44][56]
25  Canada — 11 May 1949[38][57]
26  Cape Verde — 17 July 1994[58] Date diplomatic relations established
27  Central African Republic [when?] [when?] Relations were broken in October 1973,[44] were resumed in January 1991.
—  Chad — 10 January 1961 Relations were established in 1961, but severed on 28 November 1972.[44][59] Chad currently does not recognise Israel.[60] In 2005, reports emerged of a mutual intention to renew diplomatic relations.[61]
28  Chile — 5 February 1949[45]
29  People's Republic of China — 24 January 1992 The Republic of China granted de jure recognition to Israel on 1 March 1949.[45] The two states maintained diplomatic relations until Israel's recognition of the People's Republic of China on 8 January 1950. The PRC, however, did not formally reciprocate until the eventual establishment of diplomatic relations in 1992.[62]
30  Colombia — 1 February 1949[45]
—  Comoros[14] — —
31  Republic of the Congo — 9 November 1960 Date diplomatic relations established. Broke relations on 31 December 1972, resumed in August 1991.
32  Democratic Republic of the Congo — 26 June 1960 Date diplomatic relations established. Ties severed on 4 October 1973, and restored on 13 May 1982.[44][63]
33  Costa Rica — 19 June 1948[64]
34  Ivory Coast 15 February 1961 24 May 1961[42] Date diplomatic relations established. Prior to this date, it had maintained trade relations since 15 February 1961. Relations severed in November 1973, and resumed in February 1986.[43][44]
35  Croatia — 4 September 1997[65] Date diplomatic relations established
—  Cuba 14 January 1949 18 April 1949[66] Cuba severed relations in September 1973, and the current government does not recognise it.[14]
36  Cyprus — 21 January 1961 Date diplomatic relations established. They had been agreed to on 17 August 1960, but final establishment was postponed due to pressure from Arab nations.[67]
37  Czech Republic — 18 May 1948[68] Recognition extended under Czechoslovakia. Relations under Czechoslovakia were severed between June 1967 and February 1990. Diplomatic relations with the Czech Republic were established 1 January 1993.[69]
38  Denmark 2 February 1949[45] 12 July 1950[70]
—  Djibouti[14] — —
39  Dominica — January 1978[69] Date diplomatic relations established
40  Dominican Republic — 29 December 1948[71]
41  Ecuador — 2 February 1949[45]
42  Egypt — 26 March 1979[72] Signatory to the Khartoum Declaration.[19] Later became the first Arab state to recognise Israel, with the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty.
43  El Salvador — 11 September 1948[73]
44  Equatorial Guinea [when?] [when?] Relations severed in October 1973,[44] and resumed in January 1994.[74]
45  Eritrea — 6 May 1993[54][75] Date diplomatic relations established
46  Estonia — 9 January 1992[76] Date diplomatic relations established
47  Ethiopia — 24 October 1961[77] Prior to de jure recognition, Ethiopia maintained consular relations with Israel since 1956. Relations were broken in October 1973,[44] and resumed in November 1989.
48  Fiji — August 1970[69] Date diplomatic relations established
49  Finland[78] 11 June 1948[79] 18 March 1949
50  France — 24 January 1949[80]
51  Gabon[53] — 29 September 1993[81] Relations severed in October 1973,[44] and resumed in September 1993.
52  Gambia — [when?] Relations broken in October 1973,[44] and resumed in September 1992
53  Georgia — 1 June 1992[82] Date diplomatic relations established
54  Germany 10 September 1952[83] 12 May 1965[84] Date diplomatic relations established. Prior to this, Germany signed the Reparations agreement with Israel.
55  Ghana — [when?] Relations broken in October 1973,[44] and resumed in August 1994
56  Greece[77] 15 March 1949 21 May 1990[85] Date diplomatic relations established
57  Grenada — January 1975[69] Date diplomatic relations established
58  Guatemala — 19 May 1948[68]
—  Guinea[14] — [when?] Broke relations with Israel on 12 June 1967.[44]
59  Guinea-Bissau — March 1994[69] Date diplomatic relations established
60  Guyana — [when?] Broke off relations in March 1974, restored in March 1992.
61  Haiti 26 February 1949[45] January 1950[69] Date diplomatic relations established
62  Honduras[71][86] 11 September 1948 8 November 1948[81]
63  Hungary[87] 24 May 1948 1 June 1948[79] Relations broken in 1967, and restored on 19 September 1989.[88]
64  Iceland 11 February 1949[45] [when?]
65  India — 17 September 1950[89]
—  Indonesia[35] — — Can only travel to Indonesia with an invitation from the Department of Immigration of Indonesia. Can only enter Indonesia through Denpasar airport, Jakarta airport and Surabaya airport.

[90]

—  Iran[91] 14 March 1950[92] [when?] Voted against UN Partition Plan, recognised Israel, but voted against admission of Israel to membership of UN. Relations severed in late 1979. Does not accept Israeli passports[93] and the holders of Iranian passports are "not entitled to travel to the occupied Palestine"[94]
—  Iraq[95] — — Does not accept Israeli passports.[citation needed]
66  Ireland[96] 12 February 1949 May 1963[96]
67  Italy[45] 8 February 1949 [when?]
68  Jamaica[81] January 1962 —
69  Japan — 15 May 1952[97]
70  Jordan — 26 October 1994[98] Signatory to the Khartoum Declaration.[19] Recognise Israel in the Israel–Jordan peace treaty.
71  Kazakhstan — 10 April 1992[99] Date diplomatic relations established
72  Kenya — December 1963[81][100] Severed relation in November 1973,[44] resumed in December 1988.
73  Kiribati — 21 May 1984[101] Date diplomatic relations established
—  North Korea[102] — —
74  Republic of Korea — 10 April 1962[103] Date diplomatic relations established
—  Kuwait[19] — — Does not accept Israeli passports.[104]
75  Kyrgyzstan — March 1992[81]
76  Laos — February 1957 Date diplomatic relations established. Laos broke off relations in 1973, and restored them on 6 December 1993.[105]
77  Latvia — 6 January 1992[106] Date diplomatic relations established
—  Lebanon[19] — — Does not accept Israeli passports. Holders of passports containing any Israeli visa or stamp will be refused entry.[107]
78  Lesotho — [when?]
79  Liberia 11 February 1949[87] [when?] Relations severed in November 1973, and resumed in August 1983.[43][44]
—  Libya[19] — — Does not accept Israeli passports.[108]
80  Liechtenstein — January 1992[81]
81  Lithuania — 8 January 1992[109] Date diplomatic relations established
82  Luxembourg 11 May 1949[38] 16 January 1950[110]
83  North Macedonia — 7 December 1995[69] Date diplomatic relations established
84  Madagascar — [when?] Relations broken in October 1973,[44] and resumed in January 1994.
85  Malawi — July 1964[69] Date diplomatic relations established
—  Malaysia[35] — — Does not admit Israeli passport holders without written permission from the government.[111]
86  Maldives — 25 September 2009[112] Date diplomatic relations established
—  Mali[14] — [when?] Relations severed on 5 January 1973.[44]
87  Malta January 1965[81] December 1965[69] Date diplomatic relations established
88  Marshall Islands — 16 September 1987[113]
89  Mauritania — 28 October 1999[114] Relations were suspended on 6 March 2009,[115] severed on 21 March 2010[116]
90  Mauritius[53] — [when?] Severed relation in July 1976, restored in September 1993.
91  Mexico 11 May 1949[38] 4 April 1952[117]
92  Federated States of Micronesia[118] — 23 November 1988 Date diplomatic relations established
93  Moldova[119] — 22 June 1992
94  Monaco — January 1964[69]
95  Mongolia[120] — 2 October 1991
96  Montenegro[121] — 12 July 2006
—  Morocco[14][19] 1 September 1994[122] —
97  Mozambique[53][54] — 23 July 1993
98  Myanmar[123] — 13 July 1953 Date full diplomatic relations established
99  Namibia[54][124] — 11 February 1994
100  Nauru[69] — December 1994
101  Nepal[125] — 1 June 1960 Date diplomatic relations established. First South Asian nation to establish diplomatic ties with Israel.
102  Netherlands 11 May 1949[38] 16 January 1950[110]
103  New Zealand 29 January 1949[45] [when?]
104  Nicaragua — 18 May 1948[71] In June 2010, Nicaragua suspended diplomatic ties with Israel.[126]
—  Niger[14] — — Relations severed on 4 January 1973.[42][44]
105  Nigeria[127] 1960 [when?] Relations broken in October 1973,[44] were resumed in May 1992.
106  Norway — 4 February 1949[128]
—  Oman[14] 28 January 1996[129] — Does not accept Israeli passports.[130]
—  Pakistan[131] — — Does not accept Israeli passports and Pakistani passports are not valid for travel to Israel.[132]
107  Palau[53][54] — 2 October 1994
108  Panama — 19 June 1948[64]
109  Papua New Guinea — [when?]
110  Paraguay 6 September 1948[71] 7 September 1948[133]
111  Peru — 9 February 1949[45]
112  Philippines 11 May 1949[38] 13 May 1957[134]
113  Poland — 18 May 1948[68] Relations were broken in 1967, restored in February 1990.[135]
114  Portugal[136] 12 May 1977 [when?]
—  Qatar[14] April 1996[69] — In April 1996, Qatar and Israel agreed to exchange trade representation offices.[137] Trade offices closed in February 2009.[69]
115  Romania[138] 11 June 1948 12 June 1948[79]
116  Russia — 17 May 1948[68][139][140] Recognition extended as the Soviet Union. Relations broken in 1967, restored on 19 October 1991.[141]
117  Rwanda — [when?] Relations severed in October 1973,[44] and restored in October 1994.
118  Saint Kitts and Nevis — January 1984[69] Date diplomatic relations established
119  Saint Lucia — January 1979[69] Date diplomatic relations established
120  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines — January 1981[69] Date diplomatic relations established
121  Samoa — June 1977[69] Date diplomatic relations established
122  San Marino[142] — 1 March 1995
123  São Tomé and Príncipe — November 1993[69] Date diplomatic relations established
—  Saudi Arabia[19] — — Does not accept Israeli passports. Holders of passports containing any Israeli visa or stamp will be refused entry.[143]
124  Senegal 1960[81] — Relations broken in October 1973,[44] and resumed in August 1994.
125  Serbia — 31 January 1992 Date diplomatic relations established[144]
126  Seychelles — September 1992[69] Date diplomatic relations established
127  Sierra Leone — [when?] Relations broken in October 1973,[44] and resumed in May 1992.
128  Singapore[145] — 11 May 1969 Date diplomatic relations established
129  Slovakia — 18 May 1948[68] Recognition extended under Czechoslovakia. Relations under Czechoslovakia were severed between June 1967 and February 1990. Diplomatic relations with Slovakia were established 1 January 1993.[146]
130  Slovenia[147] — 28 April 1992
131  Solomon Islands — January 1989[69]
—  Somalia[148] — — Does not accept Israeli passports.[citation needed]
132  South Africa 24 May 1948[68] 14 May 1949[149][150]
133  South Sudan[151] — 28 July 2011 Date given is the date full diplomatic relations were established.[152]
134  Spain[153] 17 January 1986 [when?]
135  Sri Lanka[154] 16 September 1950 [when?]
—  Sudan[19] — — Does not accept Israeli passports.[155]
136  Suriname — February 1976[69]
137  Eswatini — September 1968[69]
138  Sweden[45] 15 February 1949 13 June 1950[70]
139  Switzerland[156] 28 January 1949 18 March 1949[157]
—  Syria[19] — — Does not accept Israeli passports.[158]
140  Tajikistan — April 1992[69]
141  Tanzania — [when?] Relations broken in October 1973,[44] and resumed in February 1995.
142  Thailand 26 September 1950[159] [when?]
143  East Timor[160] — 29 August 2002
144  Togo — [when?] Relations severed in September 1973,[44] and restored in June 1987.[43]
145  Tonga — June 1977[69] Date diplomatic relations established
146  Trinidad and Tobago[69] August 1962 —
—  Tunisia[19] 3 October 1994[54][161] —[162]
147  Turkey 28 March 1949[163] 12 March 1950[164] In September 2011, Turkey downgraded ties with Israel to second secretary level.[165]
148  Turkmenistan[166] — 6 October 1993 Date diplomatic relations established
149  Tuvalu — July 1984[69] Date diplomatic relations established
150  Uganda — [when?] Broke relations on 30 March 1972,[44] and restored in July 1994.
151  Ukraine 11 May 1949[38] 26 December 1991[167]
—  United Arab Emirates[168] — — Accept Israeli passports for transit only, does not accept for admission.[169]
152  United Kingdom 13 May 1949[170] 28 April 1950[110]
153  United States[171] 14 May 1948 31 January 1949[172]
154  Uruguay — 19 May 1948[68]
155  Uzbekistan[173] — 21 February 1992 Date full diplomatic relations established
156  Vanuatu[53][54] — 16 December 1993 Date diplomatic relations established
157  Venezuela — 27 June 1948[71] Relations severed in January 2009.
158  Vietnam[174] — 12 July 1993 Date diplomatic relations established
—  Yemen[19] — — Does not accept Israeli passports.[175]
159  Zambia — [when?] Relations broken in October 1973,[44] and resumed in December 1991.
160  Zimbabwe[53][54] — 26 November 1993 Date diplomatic relations established

Non-UN member states

State Date of recognition Notes
 Cook Islands[176] 2008
 State of Palestine[177] 1993 Signatory to the Khartoum Declaration.[19] Recognized Israel as part of the Oslo I Accord.
 Taiwan [178] 1 March 1949
 Vatican City[179] 15 June 1994

See also

References

  1. ^ Israel Ministry of Foreign Affirs: Declaration of Establishment of State of Israel: 14 May 1948: Retrieved 15 December 2013
  2. ^ Communication dated 11 May 1948 from J. Fletcher-Cooke of the United Kingdom delegation to the United Nations Commission on Palestine to Dr. Ralph J. Bunche, Principal Secretary to the Commission: Retrieved 15 December 2013
  3. ^ PDF copy of Cablegram from the Secretary-General of the League of Arab States to the Secretary-General of the United Nations: S/745: 15 May 1948: Retrieved 15 December 2013
  4. ^ End of Palestine mandate, The Times, 15 May 1948
  5. ^ Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. "The Recognition of the State of Israel". Retrieved 25 November 2011.
  6. ^ Hashim S. H. Behbehani (1986). The Soviet Union and Arab nationalism, 1917-1966. Routledge. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-7103-0213-7.
  7. ^ Press Release, 31 January 1949. Official File, Truman Papers Truman Library
  8. ^ The Recognition of the State of Israel: Introduction Truman Library
  9. ^ JTA The Global Jewish Resource Global Jewish Resource
  10. ^ Israeli War of Independence
  11. ^ Neff, Donald. "Third Time's a Charm: Israel Admitted as U.N. Member in 1949". Washington Report on Middle East Affairs (July 2011). American Educational Trust: 24. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
  12. ^ Official record of the 207th Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly, 11 May 1949
  13. ^ Those that voted for were: Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, Byelorussia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic,Ecuador, France, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, Liberia, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Ukraine, South Africa, Soviet Union, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela, and Yugoslavia.
    Those that voted against were: Afghanistan, Burma, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Yemen.
    The abstainers were: Belgium, Brazil, Denmark, El Salvador, Greece, Siam, Sweden, Turkey and United Kingdom.[12]
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l United States Congress (5 June 2008). "H. RES. 1249" (PDF). Since the publication of this document, Maldives has recognized Israel.
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  16. ^ Govrin, Yosef (2005). "Annals of Israeli-Albanian Contacts on Establishing Diplomatic". Jewish Political Studies Review. 17 (3–4). Retrieved 24 September 2011.
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  18. ^ Lederer, Edith M. (14 December 2007). "Israel signs condolence book to Algeria bombing victims despite no diplomatic relations". The Associated Press. "Ambassador Dan Gillerman told ... 'Algeria does not recognize Israel and has not even made any steps towards normalizing its relations with Israel'."
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Khartoum Declaration (1 September 1967), League of Arab States.
  20. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
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  27. ^ Af Thomas Albrich; Ronald W. Zweig (2002). Escape through Austria: Jewish refugees and the Austrian route to Palestine. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7146-5213-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ Government of Austria. "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
  29. ^ Government of Israel. "15th anniversary of Israel-Azerbaijan diplomatic relations" (PDF). Retrieved 4 August 2011.
  30. ^ Jewish currents. Vol. 28. Morning Freiheit Association. 1974. p. 13.
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  32. ^ Gedalyahu, Tzvi Ben (27 June 2010). "Bahrain Red-Faced for 'Kissing Camel' Toy with Name 'Israel'". Arutz Sheva. Retrieved 2011-10-16. "Bahrain does not recognize Israel as a state, but Israel maintained a diplomatic mission in Bahrain before it was closed in 2000 at the start of the Second Intifada."
  33. ^ Mohammed al-A'ali (28 October 2009). "Bahrain: MPs ban Israel links". Bilaterals.org. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
  34. ^ Freund, Michael (21 September 2006). "Bangladeshi Muslim editor faces death penalty for moderate views". Retrieved 2011-10-16.
  35. ^ a b c Staff writers (21 August 2006). "Israeli troops shoot Hezbollah militants". Cable News Network. Retrieved 2011-10-16. "Israel has rejected the participation of three nations that have offered troops -- Indonesia, Malaysia and Bangladesh. Israel noted that the three do not recognize the existence of Israel."
  36. ^ International Air Transport Association (IATA), Travel Information Manual
  37. ^ Government of Barbados. "List of countries with which Barbados has established diplomatic relations" (PDF). Retrieved 4 August 2011.
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  39. ^ Embassy of Belarus in Tel Aviv. "Belarus and Israel relations" (in Russian). Retrieved 4 August 2011.
  40. ^ Government of Belgium. "Diplomatic relations between Belgium and Israel". Retrieved 4 August 2011.
  41. ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica year book. 1986. On September 6 the Foreign Ministry announced that Israel and Belize were establishing diplomatic relations.
  42. ^ a b c d Yitzhak Oron (1961). Middle East Record. Vol. 2. Moshe Dayan Center. p. 335.
  43. ^ a b c d e "Bilateral Relations: Historical Overview" (in French). Retrieved 5 August 2011.
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  46. ^ Facts on file yearbook. Facts on File Inc. 1950.
  47. ^ Staff writers (15 January 2009). "Bolivia cuts Israel ties over Gaza". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
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