Value-based insurance design

Value-Based Insurance Design

Introduction

Value-Based Insurance Design (a.k.a V-BID, VBID, Evidence-Based Benefit Design, or Value-Based Benefit Design) is a demand-side approach to health policy reform. V-BID generally refers to health insurers’ efforts to structure enrollee cost-sharing and other health plan design elements to encourage enrollees to consume high-value clinical services – those that have the greatest potential to positively impact enrollee health.. V-BID also discourages the use of low-value clinical services – when benefits do not justify the cost. V-BID aims to increase health care quality and decrease costs by using financial incentives to promote cost efficient health care services and consumer choices. V-BID health insurance plans are designed with the tenets of “clinical nuance” in mind. These tenets recognize that medical services differ in the amount of health produced, and the clinical benefit derived from a specific service depends on the consumer using it, as well as when and where the service is provided

The basic V-BID premise is to align patients’ out-of-pocket costs, such as copayments and premiums, with the value of health services. By reducing barriers to high-value treatments (through lower costs to patients) and discouraging low-value treatments (through higher costs to patients), V-BID plans may achieve improved health outcomes at any level of health care expenditure. Studies have shown that when barriers are reduced, significant increases in patient compliance with recommended treatments and potential cost savings result..

History

Value-Based Benefit Design

The concept of Value-Based Benefit Design (VBBD) arose in the 1990s. In 1993, Dr. Jack Mahoney and David Hom of Pitney Bowes pushed to move health forward in their workforce by removing barriers to access in mental health services and establishing on-site services and educational programs. The company began reducing drug copays as a means to reducing the cost barrier that is often found with medications to treat chronic conditions. In 1996, Asheville, North Carolina, began a community-based medication management program for self-insured employers to address diabetes in their workforce. The initiative elevated the role of the pharmacists and reimbursed them for the time they spent educating and counseling diabetic patients. This service required no out-of-pocket cost from the health care consumer and resulted in better health outcomes as well as direct and indirect cost savings.

Benefit-Based Copay

In the late 1990s, researchers, physicians, and economists at the University of Michigan (U-M) began studying a concept similar to VBBD, something termed "benefit-based copay". In 2001, the team at U-M published on the concept of benefit-based copays in The American Journal of Managed Care. The benefit-based copayment model aligned a patient's payment for a drug with how much benefit he or she derived from the medication – specifically, it placed consumers with established medical need on the lowest formulary tier. In 2004, the U-M benefit-based copay model was highlighted in an article in The Wall Street Journal.

Value-Based Insurance Design

Building on their work on the benefit-based copay model, the U-M team, led by Dr. A. Mark Fendrick, MD, and Michael Chernew, PhD, coined the term "Value-Based Insurance Design" and in 2005 founded The Center for Value-Based Insurance Design. Much like VBBD and benefit-based copays, V-BID is built on the principle of lowering or removing financial barriers to essential, high-value clinical services. V-BID aims to align patients’ out-of-pocket costs, such as copayments, with the value of services.

The term "Value-Based Insurance Design" was subsequently published for the first time in peer-reviewed literature in a 2006 article in The American Journal of Managed Care. V-BID has since been included in legislation (including the Affordable Care Act) and numerous public and private sector health plans.

Details

Value-based insurance design aims to increase health care quality and decrease costs by using financial incentives to promote cost efficient health care services and consumer choices. Health benefit plans can be designed to reduce barriers to maintaining and improving health. By covering preventive services, wellness visits and treatments such as medications to control blood pressure or diabetes at low to no cost, health plans may save money by reducing future expensive medical procedures. Benefit plans may create disincentives as well, such as high cost-sharing, for health choices that may be unnecessary or repetitive, or when the same outcome can be achieved at a lower cost. To decide what procedures are the most effective and cost efficient, insurance companies may use evidence-based data to design their plans.

V-BID programs lower or eliminate cost sharing for efficient and effective treatments proven to keep people healthy. This includes effective prevention and chronic care therapies, where research shows even modest cost sharing can keep people from getting care they need. Lower cost sharing improves adherence to high-value care, which can help prevent future expensive complications. V-BID programs increase cost sharing for unproven, misused or low-benefit care, like inappropriate emergency department use or imaging for low back pain. This encourages people to consider alternatives and works especially well with “shared decision-making” tools that explain treatment option pros and cons objectively in plain language.

Value-Based Insurance Design advocates that copayment rates be set based on the value of clinical services (benefits and costs)—not exclusively the costs. Recognizing that the value of an intervention varies across patients, more-efficient resource allocation can be achieved when the amount of patient cost sharing is a function of the value that the specific service provides to the specific patient.

Notable Implementation

Federal and State Policy

Affordable Care Act Section 2713 (c)

V-BID principles were incorporated into the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (sometimes known as "Obamacare"). Specifically, V-BID was included in section 2713 (c). Section 2713 of the Act requires that all health plans include certain preventive services without a copayment for the patient. Section 2713 (c) states:

"VALUE-BASED INSURANCE DESIGN.—The Secretary may develop guidelines to permit a group health plan and a health insurance issuer offering group or individual health insurance coverage to utilize value-based insurance designs."

In September of 2010, the Secretary of Health and Human Services (HHS) issued guidelines for implementing health reform in the Affordable Care Act, including guidelines for V-BID implementation.

Connecticut Health Enhancement Program

In 2011 Connecticut implemented the Health Enhancement Program for state employees. This voluntary program followed the principles of value-based insurance design by lowering patient costs for certain high-value primary and chronic disease preventive services, coupled with requirements that enrollees receive these services. Nonparticipants in the program, including those removed for noncompliance with its requirements, were assessed a premium surcharge. The program was created to curb cost growth and improve health through adherence to evidence-based preventive care.

A 2016 evaluation found that in the first two years of the program, utilization of recommended services increased, medication adherence improved, and emergency room utilization decreased, relative to control populations in other states.

Michigan Medicaid Expansion

In September 2013, Michigan became the 25th state in the nation to expand Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act. The expansion created the Healthy Michigan Plan, which relies on V-BID to improve access, control costs, and enhance personal responsibility. Examples of V-BID principles in the expansion legislation include:

• Section 105D(1)(e): Health plans are permitted to waive consumer copayments, “to promote greater access to services that prevent the progression and complications related to chronic diseases.”
• Section 105D(1)(f): The Michigan Department of Community Health (MDCH) is assigned to “design and implement a copay structure that encourages the use of high-value services, while discouraging low-value services such as non-urgent Emergency Department utilization.”
• Section 105D(5): The MDCH is assigned to, “implement a pharmaceutical benefit that utilizes copays at appropriate levels allowable by CMS to encourage the use of high-value, low cost prescriptions.”

Medicare Advantage (2017 demonstration project)

In 2015, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services announced plans to run a V-BID demonstration project in Medicare Advantage. The test will occur in 7 states, is slated to start in 2017, and will run for 5 years. Medicare Advantage plans (sometimes known as Medicare Part C plans) provide Medicare Part A and B benefits but utilize commercial insurance companies, not CMS, for claims. The model will test whether the introduction of clinically nuanced V-BID elements into Medicare Advantage plans’ benefit designs will lead to higher-quality and more cost-efficient care for targeted enrollees.

Private Implementation

Pitney Bowes

One of the earliest implementations of the V-BID concept occurred in the 1990s at Pitney Bowes. The Wall Street Journal ran an article in 2004 detailing the Fortune 500 company's implementation of V-BID principles into their employee health-insurance plans. Pitney Bowes experienced a $1 million savings from reduced complications after lowering copayments for asthma and diabetes medication.

The Center for Value-Based Insurance Design

About

The Center for Value-Based Insurance Design at The University of Michigan (V-BID Center) is the leading advocate for development, implementation and evaluation of clinically nuanced health benefit plans and payment models. Since 2005, the Center has been actively engaged in understanding the impact of V-BID and collaborating with employers, consumer advocates, health plans, policy leaders, and academics to improve clinical outcomes and enhance economic efficiency in the U.S. health care system. The Center is based in Ann Arbor, Michigan and operates collaboratively with the University of Michigan School of Public Health, the University of Michigan Medical School, and the University of Michigan Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation. The V-BID Center was co-founded by Dr. A. Mark Fendrick, MD, and Michael Chernew, PhD in 2005.

People

Dr. A. Mark Fendrick, MD, serves as Director for the Center for Value-Based Insurance Design. Dr. Fendrick was one of the originators of V-BID and is a Professor of Internal Medicine in the U-M School of Medicine and a Professor of Health Management and Policy in the U-M School of Public Health. The Center also receives guidance and assistance from a diverse advisory board, U-M faculty, and U-M students (graduate, doctoral, and medical)

Mission

Since its inception, the goal of the V-BID Center has been to promote the development, implementation, and evaluation of insurance benefit programs that incorporate V-BID principles. The Center uses faculty-conducted research studies to provide evidence to further promote the incorporation of V-BID principles in health insurance benefit designs. In addition to research, the V-BID Center also works to educate private and public sector stakeholders to increase understanding of the V-BID concept, and assist in the creation and improvement of V-BID programs. The Center accomplishes this through local and national conference presentations, as well as academic presentations.

Smarter Health Care Coalition

In 2015, the V-BID Center joined the Smarter HealthCare Coalition (SHCC). The mission of the SHCC is "to enhance the patient experience – encompassing access, convenience, affordability, and quality – by working together towards achieving smarter health care, with a focus on integrating benefit design innovations and consumer/patient engagement within broader delivery system reform in order to better align coverage, quality, and value-based payment goals." The coalition involves significant policy and provider leaders in healthcare, including: Aetna, American Benefits Council, America’s Health Insurance Plans, Blue Cross Blue Shield Association, Blue Shield of California, CAPGm Centene, Evolent Health, Families USA, Institute for Medicaid Innovation, Medicaid Health Plans of America, Merck, National Coalition on Health Care, Pfizer, Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, Public Sector HealthCare Roundtable, and U.S. Chamber of Commerce.

Current Initiatives

The V-BID Center's Current Initiatives target health care reform in:

• HSA-eligible High Deductible Health Plans
• Medicare and Medicare Advantage
• Specialty Pharmaceuticals
• State Employee Health Plans
• State Medicaid Plans