Local ordinance
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A local ordinance is a law usually found in a code of laws for a political division smaller than a state or nation, i.e., a local government such as a municipality, county, parish, prefecture, etc.
United States
In the United States, these laws are enforced locally in addition to state law and federal law. In states such as Connecticut, legislative bodies at the local level develop city and town ordinances to govern the public.[1]
However, because of the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, for criminal processing purposes a local ordinance is considered the same as a state law, statute or ordinance, meaning if someone is charged with an offense punishable under a local ordinance and a state law, they can be prosecuted under one or the other, but not both, and a conviction or acquittal under a local ordinance or a state law prohibits a second trial on the same offense under the other one.
In some states, (such as Virginia) a city or county may enact a local ordinance as a criminal law (or traffic offense) which covers the same crime or violation as a state law, but only if the penalty provided by the local ordinance is higher than the state statute, i.e. a local ordinance cannot be used to create a lesser penalty for a crime or traffic offense than state law. For example, if a state's law set a minimum penalty of $30 for driving faster than 25 MPH on residential streets, in such states allowing local ordinance with harsher penalties to duplicate state laws, a local jurisdiction could enact its own local ordinance on the same subject only if the penalty under the local ordinance was at least $31. A local law in such states could also provide for punishment of criminal offenses if a higher penalty was imposed, e.g. if state law punished conviction for manslaughter with 20 years in prison, for a local ordinance to be valid it would have to provide a minimum punishment of at least 20 years and one day.
In some states, local law cannot duplicate state law and some subjects are completely prohibited from being covered by local ordinance. For example, in Maryland, cities, towns and counties are expressly prohibited from passing gun control laws or other local ordinances dealing with the possession, carrying and ownership of firearms or ammunition, and state laws on the subject are exclusively controlling.[2]
Many local codes are maintained by the Municipal Code Corporation (Municode):
Alabama
Alaska
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H |
P |
Arizona
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E |
S |
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
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S |
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
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B |
K |
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
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O |
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
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B |
L |
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
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A |
G |
R |
Nebraska
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L |
O |
Nevada
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R |
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
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K |
North Carolina
North Dakota
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D |
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
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B |
M |
Texas
Utah
Vermont
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B |
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Japan
In Japan, ordinances (条例, jōrei) may be passed by any prefecture or municipality under authority granted by Article 94 of the Constitution.
There must generally be a statutory basis for an ordinance, the ordinance must be in compliance with any overlapping statutes (although it may impose a stricter standard or penalty), and the ordinance must be related to the affairs of the local government in question.
Ordinances must generally be approved by a local assembly and promulgated by the mayor or governor of the local government in question, who may demand a second vote but may not veto the ordinance.
Under the Local Autonomy Law, an ordinance may impose a penalty of up to two years imprisonment and/or 1 million yen in fines, although any penalty under an ordinance must be prescribed in accordance with the Code of Criminal Procedure. There are even some ordinances, such as bans on smoking on the street, for which the police in some districts state that there is no penalty for failure to obey the ordinance.
Germany
The Federal Republic of Germany reacted to the state-sanctioned mass-murder under the Nazi rule with a range of safeguards and structural changes including limiting central police and public order as well as planning laws. The Constitution grants states certain exclusive rights include police and public order powers. States delegate many of their responsibilities and powers to local authorities. Local authorities have powers to pass local ordinances (Satzungen) to determine the use of land, planning questions, local police, emergency and transport issues etc. The ordinance must follow a public disclosure and consultation procedure and then approved by the local assembly as well as the elected representative of the executive (e.g. the mayor). The state authorities or stakeholders including citizens who can show that they have a sufficiently strong interest to establish standing may object to the final implementation. If the conflict cannot be resolved, Courts may be asked to rule on whether or not the ordinance is valid or if may strike if it violates State law or the State Constitution.
British colonies and Crown dependencies
British colonies
All laws enacted by the legislature of British colonies are referred to as Ordinances, which sometimes delegate power to other parties (usually government departments) to make subsidiary legislations that supplement the Ordinances. In Hong Kong, all laws enacted by the territory's Legislative Council remain to be known as Ordinances (Chinese: 條例; Jyutping: tiu4lai6) after the transfer of the territory's sovereignty to the China in 1997.
Crown dependencies
there are three Crown dependencies. In Guernsey, Ordinances (Ordonnances) are used for secondary legislation that does not warrant a Project de Loi which requires Royal assent. Similar secondary legislation exists in Jersey. The Isle of Man also has secondary legislation below the Act of Tynwald.
References
- ^ http://www.jud.ct.gov/lawlib/ordinances.htm
- ^ Maryland Code, § 4-209