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Bankers' Toadies incident

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A head and shoulders, black and white photographic portrait of a white man with receding dark hair
Social Credit whip Joseph Unwin was implicated in the affair and ultimately imprisoned for three months.

The Bankers' Toadies incident occurred in 1937 in Alberta, Canada when a pamphlet was discovered advocating the "extermination" of nine men identified as "Bankers' Toadies". The men were opponents of the Social Credit government of Premier William Aberhart, which had been elected on a platform of giving all Albertans monthly dividends; Aberhart blamed the banking system for his failure to follow through on this pledge.

After David Duggan, leader of the Conservative Party and one of the men named, raised his concern over the pamphlet in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta, police raided the Social Credit League's Edmonton headquarters. Social Credit whip Joe Unwin and Social Credit Board advisor George Frederick Powell were arrested and charged with criminal libel and counselling to murder. Both were convicted of the libel charge, and Justice William Carlos Ives sentenced them to hard labour.

Background

William Aberhart's Social Credit League won a substantial victory in the 1935 Alberta provincial election on the strength of its promise to implement social credit, an economic theory proposed by British engineer C. H. Douglas.[1] Social credit held that the poverty of the Great Depression was in part the fault of bankers, who kept the cost of credit, and by extension of production, high.[2] Aberhart's solution involved, among other things, monthly "credit dividends" to Albertans in the amount of C$25.[3]

By 1937, Aberhart's failure to implement these dividends or make other progress towards implementing social credit made many of his backbenchers suspect that he was either unwilling or unable to do so. This belief, combined with a suspicion that he did not properly understand Douglas's theories, led to the 1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt.[4] One outcome of the revolt was Aberhart's ceding a number of the government's powers to the Social Credit Board, made up of five Social Credit backbenchers.[5] Glenville MacLachlan, its chair, travelled to the United Kingdom, where he asked Douglas to come to Alberta and serve as its advisor. Douglas declined, but in his stead sent two of his lieutenants, L. D. Byrne and George Frederick Powell.[6] Part of the Board's mandate was to educate the public about social credit; to this end, Powell and Social Credit whip Joseph Unwin were assigned to write educational materials.[7]

A head-shot of a white-haired man
David Duggan raised the issue of the leaflet, in which he was named, in the legislature.

In response to what they saw as the radically anti-business views of the Aberhart government and the Social Credit Board, Alberta's mainstream opposition parties—chiefly the Liberals and the Conservatives—began to cooperate under the auspices of the newly formed People's League.[8]

Leaflet

In October 1937, Conservative leader David Duggan rose in the Legislative Assembly of Alberta to draw its attention to a pamphlet distributed in and around the legislature building that called for his "extermination".[9] The front of the leaflet read as follows:

My child, you should NEVER say hard or unkind things about Bankers' Toadies. God made snakes, slugs, snails and other creepy-crawly, treacherous, and poisonous things. NEVER, therefore, abuse them—just exterminate them! And to prevent all evasion demand the RESULT you want—$25.00 a month and a lower cost to live.[10]

The back of the pamphlet listed nine men identified as "toadies". Besides Duggan, they were

Below this list of names were the words "Exterminate Them. And to prevent all Evasion, Demand the Result You Want—$25.00 a MONTH and a lower cost to live."[11]

On October 3, the police raided the Social Credit League's Edmonton office and seized 4,000 copies of the pamphlet.[9] Griesbach pressed charges against Powell and Unwin for criminal libel and counselling to murder.[12]

Trial

A middle aged white man in judicial robes holds a book with his left hand, rests his right on a table, and looks towards the camera.
Justice W. C. Ives presided over the trials.

Aberhart, who besides being Premier was Attorney-General, tried to prevent the trial from proceeding by withdrawing the Crown prosecutor assigned to it. Either trial judge William Carlos Ives[13] or a justice of the peace[14] countered by appointing a private prosecutor so the case could go ahead. Both defendants were held on $20,000 bail.[15] Both hired lawyers: Powell was represented by Hugh Calais Macdonald, while Unwin retained one R. Jackson.[7] George Steer acted for the prosecution.[16]

On October 27, both men appeared before police magistrate A. H. Gibson for their preliminary hearings on the criminal libel charge (the counselling to murder charge had been dropped). Unwin opted for a jury trial, while Powell elected to be tried by a judge alone. Unwin's trial proceeded first, on November 12.[11] He testified that he had ordered the pamphlets, which were paid for by the government, and then circulated them as a publication of the "United Democrats", a fictitious organization that listed its address as that of Unwin's home. According to Unwin, the leaflet's text, minus the named individuals, had been provided to him by Powell, he had sent it to the printer's in exactly that form, and he was surprised to see the list of names in the final version.[13] Though his testimony was vague and apparently evasive,[16] he admitted to destroying 4,000 copies of the leaflet on the day of the police raid.[17] He was convicted and Ives, dismissing his role in the affair as that of an "errand boy", sentenced him to three months hard labour.[14]

Powell's trial proceeded immediately after Unwin's, and his testimony contradicted much of what Unwin had said. Powell claimed that Unwin had put the list of names on the pamphlet,[13] and that Powell had expected that it would list organizations rather than individuals.[16] Ives found Unwin's testimony more credible, convicted Powell on November 15, and sentenced him to six months hard labour. He also recommended that he be deported to his native United Kingdom following his sentence. Appeals by both men against conviction and sentence were unsuccessful.[11][13][16]

Aftermath

An older white man in a pinstriped three piece suit sits facing the camera, his right hand resting in front of him on a table.
Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King initially refused to grant clemency to the convicted Social Crediters.

The case attracted considerable media attention and mixed reactions.[17] A Toronto spokesman for the Communist Party of Canada protested the arrests and called for a "united front" against the People's League.[11] Aberhart maintained that the men had been jailed on the basis of some harmless political humour, and encouraged the federal government to grant them clemency; Prime Minister of Canada William Lyon Mackenzie King responded that to do so would be to engage in "direct interference by the federal executive with the free and proper functioning of our courts".[13] Every night, some Social Crediters drove to the Fort Saskatchewan Penitentiary, where the men were being held, to show their support.[18] On February 11, 1938, the legislature passed a resolution calling for the men's release.[19]

Douglas reacted to his deputy's arrest with anger, telling reporters that "whoever is instigating the proceedings is asking for a great deal of trouble, and is likely to get it."[19] On December 10, 1937, he wrote King to tell him that he had been invited to come to Alberta to provide advice, and asked if he would be risking arrest and deportation if he did so. King responded that as long as Douglas, unlike Powell, refrained from running afoul of the Criminal Code, he had nothing to fear.[20]

At the end of Unwin's sentence, the Social Credit members of the legislature celebrated with a snake dance.[18] Powell was released early, on March 21, 1938, in an attempt by King to bolster his Liberals' chances in a by-election in Edmonton East the same day; the by-election was won by Social Crediter Orvis A. Kennedy, and a jubilant celebration followed. Once again, the Communists expressed solidarity with the Social Crediters, with Jan Lakeman thanking the voters for giving "an overwhelming defeat to the forces of reaction".[18] Powell left Canada immediately upon his release, but not before being paid $4,000 by the Alberta government as thanks for his services.[21]

On August 18, 1938, police magistrate A. H. Gibson, who had presided over the prosecution of Unwin and Powell, was dismissed without cause by provincial Order in Council. Gibson believed that his dismissal was due to "the government's resentment over my action in the Powell-Unwin case and the fact that they hold me more or less to blame for the fact that the accused men were sent to jail."[22] Aberhart's Social Crediters were re-elected with a reduced majority in the 1940 provincial election; Aberhart remained premier until his 1943 death. Unwin was defeated in 1940 by Labour candidate Angus James Morrison.[23] Though he lived until January 4, 1987, Unwin remains most remembered for his involvement in the Bankers' Toadies incident.[24]

Notes

  1. ^ Elliott 198
  2. ^ Barr 26–27
  3. ^ Elliott 157
  4. ^ Elliott 249
  5. ^ Elliott 261
  6. ^ Elliott 264
  7. ^ a b "Alberta Online Encyclopedia: Bankers' Toadies (trial)". Archived from the original on 2010-11-22. Retrieved 2012-03-25. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ Elliott 270
  9. ^ a b Barr 109
  10. ^ Barr 109–110
  11. ^ a b c d e Barr 110
  12. ^ "Alberta Online Encyclopedia: Bankers' Toadies". Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2007-07-31. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ a b c d e Elliott 274
  14. ^ a b Brennan 54
  15. ^ "Alberta Online Encyclopedia: Bankers' Toadies (significance)". Archived from the original on 2012-02-27. Retrieved 2009-10-23. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ a b c d "Alberta Online Encyclopedia: Bankers' Toadies (inside the courtroom)". Archived from the original on 2012-02-27. Retrieved 2009-10-23. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ a b "Alberta Online Encyclopedia: Bankers' Toadies (outside the court house)". Archived from the original on 2012-02-27. Retrieved 2009-10-23. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ a b c Elliott 276
  19. ^ a b Mallory 82
  20. ^ Mallory 82–83
  21. ^ Elliott 277
  22. ^ Mallory 83
  23. ^ "Election results for Edson, 1940". Alberta Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved October 22, 2009.
  24. ^ "Alberta Online Encyclopedia: Bankers' Toadies (Joseph Unwin)". Archived from the original on 2012-02-27. Retrieved 2009-10-23. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

References

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