Bharatanatyam
Bharatanatyam (also spelled Bharathanatyam, Bharatnatyam or Bharata Natyam) ( Sanskrit: भारतनाट्यम bʰāratanāṭyam, Tamil:பரதநாட்டியம் ) is a classical dance form originating from Tamil Nadu, a state in Southern India. It owes its current name to Krishna Iyer and later, Rukmini Devi Arundale. "The word Bharata, interpreted as the dance form created by sage Bharata, has within it the essence and uniqueness associated with Bharatanatyam:Bha for Bhava or abhinaya and expression, Ra for raga or melody, and Ta for tala or rhythm."
Bharata refers to the author of the Natya Shastra, and natya is Sanskrit for the art of sacred dance-drama brought to the stage at the beginning of the 20th century.
Traditional roots
Bharatanatyam is thought to have been created by Bharata Muni, a Hindu sage, who wrote the Natya Shastra, the most important ancient treatise on classical Indian dance. It is also called the fifth Veda in reference to the foundation of Hindu religion and philosophy, from which sprang the related South Indian musical tradition of Carnatic music. However, there are references to Rishi or Siddhar Agastya teaching his disciples a different form of sacred dance than the one taught by Bharata Muni.
Surviving texts of the golden age of Tamil literature and poetry known during the Sangam Age such as the Tolkappiyam, as well as the later Silappadikaram, testify to a variety of dance traditions which flourished in these times. The latter work is of particular importance, since one of its main characters, the courtesan Madhavi, is a highly accomplished dancer. The Silappadikaram is a mine of information of ancient Tamil culture and society, in which the arts of music and dance were highly developed and played a major role.[1]
In ancient times it was performed as dasiattam by mandir (Hindu temple) Devadasis. In this form, it as also been called "sadir" or "chinna meLam". Many of the ancient sculptures in Hindu temples are based on Bharata Natyam dance postures. In fact, it is the celestial dancers, apsara's, who are depicted in many scriptures dancing the heavenly version of what is known on earth as Bharatanatyam. In the most essential sense, a Hindu deity is a revered royal guest in his temple/abode, to be offerred the "sixteen hospitalities" - among which are music and dance, pleasing to the senses. Thus, many Hindu temples traditionally maintained complements of trained musicians and dancers, as did Indian rulers.
The center of all arts in India is Bhakti (devotion) and therefore, Bharata Natyam as a dance form and carnatic music set to it are deeply grounded in Bhakti. Bharata Natyam, it is said, is the embodiment of music in visual form, a ceremony, and an act of devotion. Dance and music are inseparable forms; only with Sangeetam (words or syllables set to raga or melody) can dance be conceptualized. Bharata Natyam has three distinct elements to it: Nritta (rhythmic dance movements), Natya (mime, or dance with a dramatic aspect), and Nritya (combination of Nritta and Natya).
The symbolism of the dance of Shiva (in the form of Nataraja) is represented by the attitude called "Ananda Tandavam". Shiva has four arms: One right hand holds the "damaru", symbol of creation through the primordial sound, and the other right hand makes a reassuring gesture. In one of the left hands, he holds the purifying fire, a symbol of transformation; with the other left hand, he makes the protecting gesture. His left foot, lifted up, evokes liberation and salvation, while his right foot crushes the demon of ignorance and evil.
Bharatanatyam is a traditional dance-form known for its grace, purity, tenderness, and sculpturesque poses. Today, it is one of the most popular and widely performed dance styles and is practiced by male and female dancers all over India.
Essential ideas
Bharatanatyam is the manifestation of the South Indian idea of the celebration of the eternal universe through the celebration of the beauty of the material body. In Hindu mythology the whole universe is the dance of the Supreme Dancer, Nataraja, a name for Lord Shiva, the Hindu ascetic yogi and divine purveyor of destruction of evil.
Natya Shastra (I.44) reads, "... I have seen the Kaisiki style during the dance of the blue-throated lord (Shiva). It consists of elaborate gestures (Mridu Angaharas, movements of limbs), sentiments (Rasas), emotional states (Bhavas). Actions (Kriyas) are its soul. The costume should be charmingly beautiful and the erotic sentiment (Sringara) is its foundation. It cannot be adequately portrayed by men. Except for women, none can practise it properly".
Bharatanatyam is considered to be a fire-dance — the mystic manifestation of the metaphysical element of fire in the human body. It is one of the five major styles (one for each element) that include Odissi (element of water), and Mohiniattam (element of air). The movements of an authentic Bharatanatyam dancer resemble the movements of a dancing flame.
Contemporary Bharatanatyam is rarely practiced as Natya Yoga, a sacred Hindu meditational tradition, except by a few orthodox schools (see Yoga and Dance).
A professional danseuse (patra), according to Abhinayadarpanam (one of the two most authoritative texts on Bharatanatyam), must possess the following qualities. She has to be youthful, slender, beautiful, with large eyes, with well-rounded breasts, self-confident, witty, pleasing, well aware of when to dance and when to stop, able to follow the flow of songs and music, and to dance to the time (thalam), with splendid costumes, and of a happy disposition.
Medieval decline
Local kings often invited temple dancers devadasis to dance in their courts, the occurrence of which created a new category of dancers, rajanarthaki's and modified the technique and themes of the recitals. A devadasi had to satisfy her own soul while she danced unwatched and offered herself (surrendered) to the Lord, but the rajanarthaki's dance was meant to be an entertainment.
Modern rebirth
Rukmini Devi Arundale was one of those who raised the social status of Bharatanatyam and greatly popularized it. She was also instrumental in modifying mainly the Pandanallur style of Bharatanatyam and bringing it to the attention of the West after being heavily influenced by Anna Pavlova, a Russian ballet dancer.
According to Shri Sankara Menon, Rukmini Devi raised Bharatanatyam to a puritan art form, divorced from its recently controversial past by "removing objectionable elements" (mostly, the Sringar, certain emotional elements evocative of the erotic) from the Pandanallur style, which was publicly criticized by Balasaraswati and other representatives of the traditional devadasi culture. All love was not portrayed, at least outside parameters considered "chaste".
While the Pandanallur style, Tanjore or Thanjavur, Vazhuvoor, Mysore, Kancheepuram were based on the art of rajadasi's and are exoteric in nature, some others, like the Melattur style and Balasaraswati's style grew out of the devadasis distinctly different esoteric art.
The development of the Bharatnatyam dance form has therefore been surrounded by controversy as some including Ashish Khokar the Indian Dance Historian have seen it as means by which many women, often Brahmin women, have appropriated certain Devadasi traditions while disassociating themselves with other aspects of the contemporary devadasis' practices.[1]
Having studied Bharatanatyam for 3 years, in 1936 Rukmini Devi Arundale founded the school Kalakshetra outside the city of Madras to teach it and to promote other studies in Indian music and art. She was one of first teachers to instruct a few men to perform the dance. The dance, until then, was exclusively performed by women, while men, called Nattuvanars, had only been teaching Bharatanatyam without actually performing it. It is worth noticing that most of the contemporary Bharatanatyam dancers do not satisfy the criteria for a professional danceuse stated in the scriptures.
At present, Bharatanatyam recitals are usually not performed inside the temple shrine but outside it, and even outside the temple compounds at various festivals. Most contemporary performances are given on the stage with a live ensemble. In popular culture, the classical dance form of Bharatanatyam has been exposed largely through depiction in popular movies, although most recently a number of commercial Bharatanatyam DVDs and VCDs have been released too. Learning Bharatanatyam normally takes many years before the arangetram (debut). There are commercialized dance-institutes in many countries, including India, the United States, Singapore, and Malaysia. Many people choose to learn Carnatic music along with Bharatanatyam as they go together.
At present, not only the Hindus but many Christians and Muslims learn it, bringing it beyond the rigid forms of religious boundaries.
Technique
Includes
- Abhinaya - dramatic art of story-telling in Bharatanatyam
- Nritta - pure dance movements usually performed as an opening item in Bharatanatyam, reflecting different rhythms of the universe
- Nritya combination of abhinaya and nritta
Elements
Although most of the contemporary Bharatanatyam ballets are popularly viewed as a form of entertainment, the Natya Shastra-based dance styles were sacred Hindu ceremonies originally conceived in order to spiritually elevate the spectators. Bharatanatyam proper is a solo dance, with two aspects, lasya, the graceful feminine lines and movements, and tandava (the dance of Shiva), masculine aspect. Typically a regular performance includes:
- Ganapati Vandana - A traditional opening prayer to the Hindu god Ganesh, who removes obstacles.
- Alarippu - A presentation of the Tala punctuated by simple syllables spoken by the dancer. This really is sort of an invocation to the gods to bless the performance.
- Jatiswaram - An abstract dance where the drums set the beat. Here the dancer displays her versatility in elaborate footwork and graceful movements of the body.
- Shabdam - The dancing is accompanied by a poem or song with a devotional or amorous theme.
- Varnam - The center piece of the performance. It is the longest section of the dance punctuated with the most complex and difficult movements. Positions of the hands and body tell a story, usually of love and the longing for the lover.
- Padam - Probably the most lyrical section where the dancer "speaks" of some aspect of love: devotion to the Supreme Being; or of love of mother for child; or the love of lovers separated and reunited.
- Thillana - The final section is an abstract dance when the virtuosity of the music is reflected in the complex footwork and captivating poses of the dancer.
The performance concludes with the chanting of a few religious verses as a form of benediction. When a dancer has mastered all the elements of dance, as a coming out performance, he or she generally performs an Arangetram (debut), which everyone in his/her institute attends. After that, the dancer may choose to continue to learn Bharatnatyam and to perform in productions or for a school, or to train to become a teacher in his/her school.
Other elements
- Costume - From the ancient texts and sculptures, one can see that the original costume did not cover most of the dancers' bodies. The medieval times, with the puritanistic drive, caused the devadasis to wear a special, heavy saree that severely restricted the dance movements. There are several varieties of Bharatanatyam costumes, some of which do not restrict the dancer's movements, while the others do. The modern costumes are deeply symbolic, as their purpose is to project the dancer's sukshma sharira (cf.aura), in the material world.
- Music - The accompanying music is in the Carnatic style of South India.
- Ensemble - Mostly, South Indian instruments are used in the ensemble. These include, the mridangam (drum), nagaswaram (long pipe horn made from a black wood), the flute, violin and veena (stringed instrument traditionally associated with Saraswati, the Hindu goddess of the arts and learning).
- Languages - Tamil, Sanskrit, Telugu and Kannada are traditionally used in Bharatanatyam.
Dancers
A professional Bharatanatyam dancer must demonstrate a number of qualities. As Sangitaratnakara puts it, the true dance is connected to the beauty of the body, therefore any other dance is simply a parody (VII.1246).
The AbhinayaDarpana has a sloka that describes Patra Prana Dasha Smrutaha - the ten essentials of the dancer: Javaha (Agility), Sthirathvam (Steadiness), Rekhacha (graceful lines), Bhramari(balance in pirouettes), Drishtir (glance), Shramaha (hard work), Medha (intelligence), Shraddha(devotion), Vacho (good speech), and Geetam (singing ability).
Natya Shastra (XXVII.97-98) provides a comprehensive description of a professional Bharathanatyam danseuse patra.
References
External links
- Spectators' e-ratings of Bharata Natyam dancers See other people's votes and add yours
- Bharata natyam Extensive article on Bharatanatyam
- Contemporary Bharatanatyam dancers
- Mudra's Main hand gestures explained. With photographs.
- Bharata Natyam - Classical Dance of the Tamils
Online multimedia resources
- Collection of Bharata Natyam trailers from most video productions.
- Video clips of Mangudi (Melattur) style of Bharata Natyam Archive of free online videos from Sri Devi Nrithyalaya.
- Bharata Natyam 40 free streaming Bharata Natyam video clips of the Vazhuvoor style.
- Smitha Madhav More video clips: Pandanallur style.