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Portland, Maine

Coordinates: 43°40′N 70°16′W / 43.667°N 70.267°W / 43.667; -70.267
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For other uses, see Portland (disambiguation).

Portland, Maine
City
City of Portland, Maine
Clockwise: Portland waterfront, the Portland Observatory on Munjoy Hill, the corner of Middle and Exchange Street in the Old Port, Congress Street, the Civil War Memorial in Monument Square, and winter light sculptures in Congress Square Plaza.
Clockwise: Portland waterfront, the Portland Observatory on Munjoy Hill, the corner of Middle and Exchange Street in the Old Port, Congress Street, the Civil War Memorial in Monument Square, and winter light sculptures in Congress Square Plaza.
Flag of Portland, Maine
Flag
Official seal of Portland, Maine
Seal
Nickname(s): 
The Forest City, Portland of the East
Motto(s): 
Resurgam (Latin)
"I Will Rise Again"
Location within Cumberland County
Location within Cumberland County
Portland is located in Maine
Portland
Portland
Location within Maine
Portland is located in the United States
Portland
Portland
Location within the United States
Coordinates: 43°40′N 70°16′W / 43.667°N 70.267°W / 43.667; -70.267
Country United States
State Maine
CountyCumberland
Settled1632
IncorporatedJuly 4, 1786
Named forIsle of Portland[1]
Government
 • TypeCity council and city manager
 • City managerJon Jennings
 • MayorKate Snyder (D)
 • BodyPortland, Maine City Council
Area
[2]
 • City
69.44 sq mi (179.85 km2)
 • Land21.31 sq mi (55.19 km2)
 • Water48.13 sq mi (124.66 km2)
 • Urban
135.91 sq mi (352.0 km2)
Elevation
62 ft (19 m)
Population
 (2010)[3]
 • City
66,194
 • Estimate 
(2019)[4]
66,215
 • RankUS: 519th
 • Density3,147.21/sq mi (1,215.2/km2)
 • Urban
243,537 (US: 177th)
 • Urban density1,791/sq mi (692/km2)
 • Metro
514,098 (US: 104th)
Time zoneUTC−5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP Codes
04101–04104, 04108–04109, 04112, 04116, 04122–04124
Area code207
FIPS code23-60545
GNIS feature ID573692
Websitewww.portlandmaine.gov Edit this at Wikidata

Portland is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maine and the seat of Cumberland County. Portland's population was 66,215 as of 2019.[4] The Greater Portland metropolitan area is home to over half a million people, more than one-third of Maine's total population, making it the most populous metropolitan area in northern New England (an area comprising the states of Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont) and the 105th-largest in the United States. Portland's economy relies mostly on the service sector and tourism. The Old Port district is known for its 19th-century architecture and nightlife. Marine industry still plays an important role in the city's economy, with an active waterfront that supports fishing and commercial shipping. The Port of Portland is the largest tonnage seaport in New England.[5]

The city seal depicts a phoenix rising from ashes, which is a reference to the recoveries from four devastating fires.[6] Portland was named after the English Isle of Portland, Dorset. In turn, the city of Portland, Oregon was named after Portland, Maine.[7] Portland itself comes from the Old English word Portlanda, which means "land surrounding a harbor".[8]

History

Main articles: History of Portland, Maine; Timeline of Portland, Maine; and Railroad history of Portland, Maine
Fort Casco, Portland, Maine, built by Wolfgang William Romer; map by Cyprian Southack

Native Americans, originally called the Portland peninsula Machigonne ("Great Neck").[9] Portland was named for the English Isle of Portland, and the city of Portland, Oregon, was in turn named for Portland, Maine.[10] The first European settler was Capt. Christopher Levett, an English naval captain granted 6,000 acres (2,400 ha) in 1623 to found a settlement in Casco Bay. A member of the Council for New England and agent for Ferdinando Gorges, Levett built a stone house where he left a company of ten men, then returned to England to write a book about his voyage to bolster support for the settlement.[11] Ultimately, the settlement was a failure and the fate of Levett's colonists is unknown. The explorer sailed from England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony to meet John Winthrop in 1630, but never returned to Maine. Fort Levett in the harbor is named for him.

The peninsula was settled in 1632 as a fishing and trading village named Casco.[9] When the Massachusetts Bay Colony took over Casco Bay in 1658, the town's name changed again to Falmouth. In 1676, the village was destroyed by the Abenaki during King Philip's War. It was rebuilt. During King William's War, a raiding party of French and their native allies attacked and largely destroyed it again in the Battle of Fort Loyal (1690).

Longfellow Square (c. 1906)

On October 18, 1775, Falmouth was burned in the Revolution by the Royal Navy under command of Captain Henry Mowat.[12] Following the war, a section of Falmouth called The Neck developed as a commercial port and began to grow rapidly as a shipping center. In 1786, the citizens of Falmouth formed a separate town in Falmouth Neck and named it Portland, after the isle off the coast of Dorset, England.[1] Portland's economy was greatly stressed by the Embargo Act of 1807 (prohibition of trade with the British), which ended in 1809, and the War of 1812, which ended in 1815.

In 1820, Maine was established as a state with Portland as its capital. In 1832, the capital was moved north and East to Augusta. In 1851, Maine led the nation by passing the first state law prohibiting the sale of alcohol except for "medicinal, mechanical or manufacturing purposes." The law subsequently became known as the Maine law, as 18 states quickly followed. On June 2, 1855, the Portland Rum Riot occurred.

Gun recovered from USS Maine on Munjoy Hill

In 1853, upon completion of the Grand Trunk Railway to Montreal, Portland became the primary ice-free winter seaport for Canadian exports. The Portland Company manufactured more than 600 19th-century steam locomotives. Portland became a 20th-century rail hub as five additional rail lines merged into Portland Terminal Company in 1911. Following nationalization of the Grand Trunk system in 1923, Canadian export traffic was diverted from Portland to Halifax, Nova Scotia, resulting in marked local economic decline. In the 20th century, icebreakers later enabled ships to reach Montreal in winter, drastically reducing Portland's role as a winter port for Canada.

On June 26, 1863, a Confederate raiding party led by Captain Charles Read entered the harbor at Portland leading to the Battle of Portland Harbor, one of the northernmost battles of the Civil War. The 1866 Great Fire of Portland, Maine, on July 4, 1866, ignited during the Independence Day celebration, destroyed most of the commercial buildings in the city, half the churches and hundreds of homes. More than 10,000 people were left homeless.

By act of the Maine Legislature in 1899, Portland annexed the city of Deering,[13] despite a vote by Deering residents rejecting the annexation, thereby greatly increasing the size of the city and opening areas for development beyond the peninsula.[14]

The construction of The Maine Mall, an indoor shopping center established in the suburb of South Portland, during the 1970s, economically depressed downtown Portland. The trend reversed when tourists and new businesses started revitalizing the old seaport, a part of which is known locally as the Old Port. Since the 1990s, the historically industrial Bayside neighborhood has seen rapid development, including attracting a Whole Foods and Trader Joes supermarkets, as well as Baxter Academy for Technology and Science, an increasingly popular charter school. Other rapidly developing neighborhoods include the India Street neighborhood near the Ocean Gateway and Munjoy Hill, where many modern condos have been built.[15][16][17] The Maine College of Art has been a revitalizing force downtown, attracting students from around the country. The historic Porteous building on Congress Street was restored by the College. Portland is known as a very walkable city, offering many opportunities for walking tours that feature its maritime and architectural history.[18]

Portland waterfront and skyline.

Geography

Aerial view of Portland
Deering Oaks Park with fountain and castle pavilion is located at the point where Interstate 295 meets State Street, Park Avenue, and Deering Avenue

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 69.44 square miles (179.85 km2), of which 21.31 square miles (55.19 km2) is land and 48.13 square miles (124.66 km2) is water.[2] Portland is situated on a peninsula in Casco Bay on the Gulf of Maine and the Atlantic Ocean.

Portland borders South Portland, Westbrook and Falmouth. The city is located at 43.66713 N, 70.20717 W.

Climate

Portland has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb), with cold, snowy, and often prolonged winters, and warm, relatively short summers. The monthly average high temperature ranges from roughly 30 °F (−1 °C) in January to around 80 °F (27 °C) in July. Daily high temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on only 4 days per year on average, while cold-season lows of 0 °F (−18 °C) or below are reached on 10 nights per year on average.[19] The area can be affected by severe nor'easters during winter, with high winds and snowfall totals often measuring over a foot. Annual liquid precipitation (rain) averages 47.2 inches (1,200 mm) and is plentiful year-round, but with a slightly drier summer. Annual frozen precipitation (snow) averages 62 inches (157 cm) in the city. However, neighborhoods away from the immediate coast average slightly more, as the warmer ocean waters and onshore flow can cause snow to transition to sleet or rain along the coast. In Southern Maine, winter-season snowstorms can be intense from November through early April, while warm-season thunderstorms are somewhat less frequent than in the Midwestern, Mid-Atlantic, and Southeastern U.S. Direct strikes by hurricanes or tropical storms are rare, partially due to the normally cooler Atlantic waters off the Maine coast (which usually weaken tropical systems), but primarily because most tropical systems approaching or reaching 40 degrees North latitude recurve (due to the Coriolis force) and track east out to sea well south of the Portland area. Extreme temperatures range from −39 °F (−39 °C) on February 16, 1943, to 103 °F (39 °C) on July 4, 1911, and August 2, 1975.[19]

Climate data for Portland International Jetport, Maine (1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1871–present[b])
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 67
(19) 		68
(20) 		88
(31) 		92
(33) 		96
(36) 		98
(37) 		103
(39) 		103
(39) 		96
(36) 		88
(31) 		79
(26) 		71
(22) 		103
(39)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 51.8
(11.0) 		51.5
(10.8) 		61.2
(16.2) 		74.5
(23.6) 		85.4
(29.7) 		89.2
(31.8) 		91.6
(33.1) 		90.0
(32.2) 		86.6
(30.3) 		75.3
(24.1) 		65.4
(18.6) 		55.6
(13.1) 		93.5
(34.2)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 32.4
(0.2) 		35.0
(1.7) 		42.3
(5.7) 		53.8
(12.1) 		64.2
(17.9) 		73.6
(23.1) 		79.5
(26.4) 		78.7
(25.9) 		71.1
(21.7) 		59.5
(15.3) 		48.4
(9.1) 		38.3
(3.5) 		56.4
(13.6)
Daily mean °F (°C) 24.0
(−4.4) 		26.2
(−3.2) 		34.1
(1.2) 		44.6
(7.0) 		54.9
(12.7) 		64.3
(17.9) 		70.4
(21.3) 		69.2
(20.7) 		61.6
(16.4) 		50.3
(10.2) 		40.0
(4.4) 		30.3
(−0.9) 		47.5
(8.6)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 15.6
(−9.1) 		17.3
(−8.2) 		26.0
(−3.3) 		35.4
(1.9) 		45.5
(7.5) 		55.0
(12.8) 		61.2
(16.2) 		59.7
(15.4) 		52.1
(11.2) 		41.0
(5.0) 		31.7
(−0.2) 		22.4
(−5.3) 		38.6
(3.7)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −6.1
(−21.2) 		−2.2
(−19.0) 		6.4
(−14.2) 		23.7
(−4.6) 		33.1
(0.6) 		43.4
(6.3) 		51.7
(10.9) 		48.6
(9.2) 		37.1
(2.8) 		26.5
(−3.1) 		16.0
(−8.9) 		3.9
(−15.6) 		−9.0
(−22.8)
Record low °F (°C) −26
(−32) 		−39
(−39) 		−21
(−29) 		8
(−13) 		23
(−5) 		33
(1) 		40
(4) 		33
(1) 		23
(−5) 		15
(−9) 		−6
(−21) 		−21
(−29) 		−39
(−39)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.50
(89) 		3.54
(90) 		4.08
(104) 		4.41
(112) 		3.67
(93) 		4.15
(105) 		3.43
(87) 		3.57
(91) 		3.77
(96) 		5.25
(133) 		4.25
(108) 		4.50
(114) 		48.12
(1,222)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 18.6
(47) 		16.6
(42) 		13.6
(35) 		2.8
(7.1) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.2
(0.51) 		2.3
(5.8) 		14.6
(37) 		68.7
(174)
Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) 11.5
(29) 		11.5
(29) 		11.9
(30) 		2.3
(5.8) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		1.3
(3.3) 		8.2
(21) 		17.6
(45)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 11.2 10.2 11.3 11.1 12.5 11.7 10.8 9.4 9.3 10.9 10.7 12.3 131.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 7.6 7.0 5.1 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.5 6.0 28.6
Average relative humidity (%) 66.8 65.2 66.3 66.8 71.1 74.7 75.3 76.3 76.7 73.9 72.6 70.2 71.3
Average dew point °F (°C) 11.5
(−11.4) 		12.9
(−10.6) 		21.7
(−5.7) 		30.9
(−0.6) 		42.6
(5.9) 		53.1
(11.7) 		59.2
(15.1) 		58.5
(14.7) 		50.9
(10.5) 		39.7
(4.3) 		30.0
(−1.1) 		17.4
(−8.1) 		35.7
(2.1)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 164.8 172.8 205.2 213.5 243.2 259.1 282.2 267.6 229.1 195.7 138.7 140.9 2,512.8
Percent possible sunshine 57 59 55 53 53 56 60 62 61 57 48 51 56
Average ultraviolet index 1 2 3 5 7 8 8 7 5 3 2 1 4
Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[19][21][22]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)[23]
Water temperatures
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average sea temperature °F (°C) 41.3
(5.2) 		38.8
(3.8) 		38.0
(3.3) 		41.6
(5.3) 		46.7
(8.1) 		54.6
(12.6) 		61.3
(16.3) 		63.7
(17.7) 		60.5
(15.8) 		54.9
(12.8) 		49.6
(9.8) 		45.3
(7.4) 		49.7
(9.8)
Source: Weather Atlas[23]


Neighborhoods

Main article: Neighborhoods in Portland, Maine

Portland is organized into neighborhoods generally recognized by residents,[24] but they have no legal or political authority. In many cases, city signs identify neighborhoods or intersections (which are often called corners). Most city neighborhoods have a local association[25] which usually maintains ongoing relations of varying degrees with the city government on issues affecting the neighborhood.

On March 8, 1899, Portland annexed the neighboring city of Deering.[26] Deering neighborhoods now comprise the northern and eastern sections of the city before the merger. Portland's Deering High School was formerly the public high school for Deering.

Portland's neighborhoods include the Arts District; Bayside; Bradley's Corner; Cushing's Island; Deering Center; Deering Highlands; Downtown; East Deering; East Bayside; East End; Eastern Cemetery; Great Diamond Island; Highlands; Kennedy Park; Libbytown;[27] Little Diamond Island; Lunt's Corner; Morrill's Corner; Munjoy Hill; Nason's Corner; North Deering; Oakdale; the Old Port; Parkside; Peaks Island; Riverton Park; Rosemont; Stroudwater; West End; and Woodford's Corner.

Starting in the mid-2000s and continuing into the 2010s, many of Portland's neighborhoods have faced gentrification. In 2015, the Portland Press Herald published a series of articles documenting the "super-tight apartment market" and the trauma caused by evictions and steep jumps in monthly rent.[28] Also in that year, city landlords raised rents by an average of 17.4%, which was the second largest jump in the country.[29]

Moulton Street in Old Port

Demographics

Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
17902,240—
18003,70465.4%
18107,16993.5%
18208,58119.7%
183012,59846.8%
184015,21820.8%
185020,81536.8%
186026,34126.5%
187031,41319.3%
188033,8107.6%
189036,4257.7%
190050,14537.7%
191058,57116.8%
192069,27218.3%
193070,8102.2%
194073,6434.0%
195077,6345.4%
196072,566−6.5%
197065,116−10.3%
198061,572−5.4%
199064,3584.5%
200064,249−0.2%
201066,1943.0%
2019 (est.)66,215[4]0.0%
U.S. Decennial Census[30]
Raymond H. Fogler Library[31]

2010 census

As of the census[32] of 2010, there were 66,194 people, 30,725 households, and 13,324 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,106.2 inhabitants per square mile (1,199.3/km2). There were 33,836 housing units at an average density of 1,587.8 per square mile (613.1/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 85.0% White (83.6% non-Hispanic White alone), down from 96.6% in 1990,[33] 7.1% African American, 0.5% Native American, 3.5% Asian, 1.2% from other races, and 2.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.0% of the population. 40.7% of the population had a bachelor's degree or higher. Men's Health ranked Portland the ninth most educated city in America.[34]

There were 30,725 households, of which 20.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 29.7% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 56.6% were non-families. 40.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.07 and the average family size was 2.88.

The median age in the city was 36.7 years. 17.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 33.1% were from 25 to 44; 25.9% were from 45 to 64; and 12.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.8% male and 51.2% female.

Map of Portland's poverty rate and accessibility to public transit and grocery stores.

2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 64,250 people, 29,714 households, and 13,549 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,029.2 people per square mile (1,169.6/km2). There were 31,862 housing units at an average density of 1,502.2 per square mile (580.0/km2).

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Portland's immediate metropolitan area ranked 147th in the nation in 2000 with a population of 243,537, while the Portland/South Portland/Biddeford metropolitan area included 487,568 total inhabitants. This has increased to an estimated 513,102 inhabitants (and the largest metro area in Northern New England) as of 2007.[35] Much of this increase in population has been due to growth in the city's southern and western suburbs.

The racial makeup of the city was 91.27% White, 2.59% African American, 0.47% Native American, 3.08% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.67% from other races, and 1.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.52% of the population.

The largest ancestries include: British (including Scottish, Welsh, and English) (21.2%), Irish (19.2%), French (10.8%), Italian (10.5%), and German (6.9%).[36]

There were 29,714 households, out of which 21.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.1% were married couples living together, 10.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 54.4% were non-families. 40.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.89.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 18.8% under the age of 18, 10.7% from 18 to 24, 36.1% from 25 to 44, 20.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.0 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $35,650, and the median income for a family was $48,763. Males had a median income of $31,828 versus $27,173 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,698. About 9.7% of families and 14.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.5% of those under age 18 and 11.9% of those age 65 or over.

Race/ethnicity composition

Race/ethnicity 2010[37] 2000[38] 1990[39] 1960[39]
White 83.6% 91.27% 96% 99.4%
African Americans 7.1% 2.59% 1.1% 0.5%
Asian 3.5% 3.08% 1.7% 0.1%
Two or more races 2.7% 1.86% 0.2% NA
Hispanic or Latino 3.0% 1.52% 0.8% NA
Native American 0.5% 0.47% 0.4% NA

Economy

Municipal ferries on the Portland waterfront
Lobster boat in Portland Harbor marina.
Cruise Ships
File:Farmers market2.jpg
Farmer's market in Monument Square

Portland has become Maine's economic capital because the city has Maine's largest port, largest population, and is close to Boston (105 miles to the south). Over the years, the local economy has shifted from fishing, oboe manufacturing, manufacturing, and agriculture towards a more service-based economy. Most national financial services organizations such as Bank of America and Key Bank base their Maine operations in Portland. Unum, TruChoice Federal Credit Union, People's United Bank, ImmuCell Corp, and Pioneer Telephone have headquarters here, and Portland's neighboring cities of South Portland, Westbrook and Scarborough, provide homes for other corporations including IDEXX and WEX Inc. Since 1867, Burnham & Morrill Co., maker of B&M Baked Beans, has had its main plant in Portland and is considered a landmark.

The city's port is also undergoing a revival and the first-ever container train departed from the new International Marine Terminal with 15 containers of locally produced bottled water in early 2016.[40]

Americold, a US-based international provider of temperature-controlled storage and distribution, won a bid to develop a state-of-the-art temperature-controlled storage facility adjacent to the port. The facility will support perishable produce, meats, and seafood imports with direct exports but construction has not yet begun.

Portland has a low unemployment rate (3% in June 2017) when compared to national and state averages.[41] The city and its adjacent communities also have higher median incomes than most of the state.

Portland Head Light

In January of 2020 Portland was announced to be the location of a new research institute that will focus on the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning. Northeastern University was selected by technology entrepreneur David Roux to lead the institute that will include programs that will allow graduate student research. [42]

Portland also has a large subsidized housing industry with more than five large real estate companies entirely in the business.

Culture

The Time and Temperature Building
Maine Narrow Gauge Railroad
Casco Bank block in Old Port
Wadsworth-Longfellow House

Sites of interest

The Arts District, centered on Congress Street, is home to the Portland Museum of Art, Portland Stage Company, Maine Historical Society & Museum, Portland Public Library, Maine College of Art, Children's Museum of Maine, Merrill Auditorium, the Kotzschmar Memorial Organ, and Portland Symphony Orchestra, as well as many smaller art galleries and studios.

Baxter Boulevard around Back Cove, Deering Oaks Park, the Eastern Promenade, Western Promenade, Lincoln Park and Riverton Park are all historical parks within the city. Other parks and natural spaces include Payson Park, Post Office Park, Baxter Woods, Evergreen Cemetery, Western Cemetery and the Fore River Sanctuary.

Thompson's Point, in the Libbytown neighborhood, has been a focus of renovation and redevelopment during the 2010s. The location hosts a concert venue, ice rink, hotels, restaurants, wineries, and breweries.[43]

Other sites of interest include:

Public parks

The city of Portland includes more than 700 acres of open space and public parks. The city and surrounding communities are linked by 70 miles of trails, both urban and wooded, maintained by the nonprofit Portland Trails. The city requires organic land care techniques be used on both public and private property.[44] In 2018, the Portland City Council banned the use of synthetic pesticides.[45]

Well-known and historic parks include:

Notable buildings

Custom House, completed 1872

The spire of the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception has been a notable feature of the Portland skyline since its completion in 1854. In 1859, Ammi B. Young designed the Marine Hospital, the first of three local works by Supervising Architects of the U.S. Treasury Department. Although the city lost to redevelopment its 1867 Greek Revival post office, which was designed by Alfred B. Mullett of white Vermont marble and featured a Corinthian portico, Portland retains his equally monumental 1872 granite Second Empire–Renaissance Revival custom house.

A more recent building of note is Franklin Towers, a 16-story residential tower completed in 1969. At 175 feet (53 meters),[46] it is Portland's (as well as Maine's) tallest building. It is next to the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception on the city skyline. During the building boom of the 1980s, several new buildings rose on the peninsula, including the 1983 Charles Shipman Payson Building by Henry N. Cobb of Pei, Cobb, Freed & Partners at the Portland Museum of Art complex (a component of which is the 1801 McLellan-Sweat Mansion), and the Back Bay Tower, a 15-story residential building completed in 1990.[47]

477 Congress Street (known locally as the Time and Temperature Building) is situated near Monument Square in the Arts District and is a major landmark: the 14-story building features a large electronic sign on its roof that flashes time and temperature data, as well as parking ban information in the winter. The sign can be seen from nearly all of downtown Portland. The building is home to several radio stations.

Townhouses, completed 1835
Art museum lobby from above the main entrance

The Westin Portland Harborview, completed in 1927, is a prominent hotel located downtown on High Street. Photographer Todd Webb lived in Portland during his later years and took many pictures of the city.[48] Some of Webb's pictures can be found at the Evans Gallery.[49]

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Portland, Maine

Media

See also: Media of Portland, Maine
WCSH is the city's NBC affiliate, located in the Arts District

Portland is home to a concentration of publishing and broadcast companies, advertising agencies, web designers, commercial photography studios, and film makers.

The city is home to two daily newspapers: The Portland Press Herald/Maine Sunday Telegram (founded in 1862) and The Portland Daily Sun. The Press Herald is published Monday through Saturday and The Maine Sunday Telegram is published on Sundays. Both are published by MaineToday Media Inc., which also operates an entertainment website, MaineToday.com and owns papers in Augusta, Waterville, and Bath. The Daily Sun began operations in 2009 and is owned by the Conway Daily Sun of North Conway, New Hampshire.

Portland is also covered by an alternative weekly newspaper, The Portland Phoenix, published by the Phoenix Media/Communications Group, which also produces a New England-wide news, arts, and entertainment website, thephoenix.com, and a twice-annual LGBT issues magazine, Out in Maine.

Other publications include The Portland Forecaster, a weekly newspaper; Mainer, a monthly alternative magazine formerly known as The Bollard; The West End News, The Munjoy Hill Observer, The Baysider, The Waterfront, Portland Magazine, and The Companion, an LGBT publication. Portland is also the home office of The Exception Magazine, an online newspaper that covers Maine.

The Portland broadcast media market is the largest one in Maine in both radio and television. A whole host of radio stations are located in Portland, including WFNK (Classic Hits), WJJB (Sports), WTHT (Country), WBQW (Classical), WHXR (Rock), WHOM (Adult Contemporary), WJBQ (Top 40), WCLZ (Adult Album Alternative), WBLM (Classic Rock), WYNZ ('60s-'70s Hits), and WCYY (Modern rock). WMPG is a local non-commercial radio station run by community members and the University of Southern Maine. The Maine Public Broadcasting Network's (MPBN) radio news operations are based in Portland.

The area is served by local television stations representing most of the television networks. These stations include WCSH 6 (NBC), WMTW 8 (ABC), WGME 13 (CBS), WPFO 23 (Fox), WIPL 35 (ION), and WPXT 51 (The CW; MyNetworkTV on DT3). There is no PBS affiliate licensed to the city of Portland, but the market is served by MPBN outlets WCBB Channel 10 in Augusta and WMEA-TV Channel 26 Biddeford.

TV Channel Number on Cable Call Sign Network Owner
6 WCSH NBC Tegna Inc.
8 WMTW ABC Hearst Television
10 WCBB PBS Maine Public Broadcasting Network
13 WGME CBS Sinclair Broadcast Group
23 WPFO Fox Cunningham Broadcasting
26 WMEA-TV PBS Maine Public Broadcasting Network
35 WIPL Ion Television Ion Media
51 WPXT The CW
MyNetworkTV (DT3) 		Hearst Television

Movies filmed in Portland

Sports

Club League Venue Established Championships
Portland Sea Dogs Eastern League, Baseball Hadlock Field 1994 1
Maine Mariners ECHL, Ice hockey Cross Insurance Arena 2018 0
Maine Red Claws NBA G League, Basketball Portland Exposition Building 2009 0
GPS Portland Phoenix USL League Two, Soccer Memorial Stadium 2009 0
Portland Rugby Football Club New England Rugby Football Union, Rugby Union Fox Street Field 1969 1
Maine Roller Derby WFTDA, Roller Derby Portland Exposition Building 2006 0
Portland Lumberjacks PBA Tour,

Professional Bowling Team

Bayside Bowl 2016 1
Maine Cats USAFL, Aussie Rules Football Dougherty Field 2018 0
Univ. of Maine women's basketball game at Cross Arena.
Entrance area of Hadlock Field, home of the Portland Sea Dogs
State Soccer Championship, Fitzpatrick Stadium

The city is home to three minor league teams. The Portland Sea Dogs, the Double-A farm team of the Boston Red Sox, play at Hadlock Field. The Maine Red Claws, the NBA G League affiliate of the Boston Celtics, play at the Portland Exposition Building. The GPS Portland Phoenix soccer teams plays in USL League Two.

Previously, Portland was home of several minor league ice hockey teams: the Maine Nordiques (NAHL) from 1973 to 1977, the Maine Mariners (AHL) from 1977 to 1992, and the Portland Pirates (AHL) from 1993 to 2016. The Mariners were three-time Calder Cup winners. In 2018, another Maine Mariners, an ECHL team, returned a minor league hockey team to Portland.

The Maine Mammoths of the National Arena League played in 2018 and were the first indoor football team to call Portland home. The team suspended operations after one season while it negotiated with local ownership groups.

The Portland Sports Complex, located off of Park and Brighton Avenues near I-295 and Deering Oaks park, houses several of the city's stadiums and arenas, including:

  • Hadlock Field – baseball (Capacity 7,368)
  • Fitzpatrick Stadium – football, soccer, lacrosse, field hockey, and outdoor track (Capacity 6,000+ seated)
  • Portland Exposition Building – basketball, indoor track, concerts and trade shows (Capacity 3,000)
  • Portland Ice Arena – hockey and figure skating (Capacity 400)

Cross Insurance Arena has 6,733 permanent seats following renovation in 2014.

The Portland area has eleven professional golf courses, 124 tennis courts, and 95 playgrounds. There are also over 100 miles (160 km) of nature trails.

Portland hosts the Maine Marathon each October.

Bayside Bowl was expanded in 2017 to 20 lanes, including a rooftop deck. It hosted the 2017 PBA League and Elias Cup.

Memorial Stadium is the home of the Deering High School sports teams and is located behind the school.

Food and beverage

A few of the many restaurants in Portland, Maine
A rooftop deck in Portland

Number of restaurants

Downtown Portland, including the Arts District and the Old Port, has a high concentration of eating and drinking establishments, with many more to be found throughout the rest of the peninsula, outlying neighborhoods, and neighboring communities.

Portland ranks among the top U.S. cities in restaurants and bars per capita. According to the TripAdvisor, Portland is currently home to about 389 restaurants in 2017.[50] Notable restaurants include Fore Street, Duckfat, Amato's, Becky's Diner, Marcy's Dinner, Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro, Back Bay Grill,[51] Street & Co., and Công Tū Bôt.[52]

The city is home to numerous food trucks and food carts,[53] which park on the city streets and at festivals, events and breweries. Most operate in the summer; a few operate year round.

Food recognition

Portland has developed a national reputation for the quality of its restaurants, eateries, and food culture. In 2018, Portland was named Restaurant City of the Year by Bon Appétit Magazine, which in 2009 had named Portland the "Foodiest Small Town in America."[54][55] Many local chefs have gained national attention over the past few years.[56][57][58] In 2017, Zagat named Portland one of the "30 Most Exciting Food Cities in America."[59]

In 2015, Portland ranked 14th on Travel + Leisure's end-of-year list, "America's 20 Best Cities for Beer Lovers."[60] In 2016, Portland was ranked "top craft beer city in the world" by Matador Network.[61]

In 2019, Rent.com named Portland #6 on its list of Best Cities in America for Vegans.[62] [63] In 2016, VegNews magazine added the city to its list of the 12 Best Towns for Vegan Living.[64] In 2015, The Daily Meal named Portland, Maine one of 10 Great American Cities for Vegans. [65]

Portland has been visited by many food shows including Rachael Ray's Food Network show $40 a Day, the Travel Channel's Man v. Food, and Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations.[66][67][68]

Beverages

Portland is home to numerous juice bars,[69] coffee shops, coffee roasteries,[70] tea houses, distilleries, microbreweries and brewpubs, including the D. L. Geary Brewing Company, Gritty McDuff's Brewing Company, Shipyard Brewing Company, Casco Bay Brewing Co., Bissell Brothers Brewery, Austin Street Brewery, Lone Pine, Foundation Brewing Company, Oxbow Blending and Bottling, and Allagash Brewing Company.

Portland's spirits industry has also grown in recent years. Distilleries include Three of Strong Spirits, New England Distilling Co., Stroudwater Distillery, Maine Craft Distillery, Hardshore Distilling Company, and Liquid Riot Bottling Company.[71][72]

The city is known for its pure tap water. The water comes from Sebago Lake. It is piped to Portland by the Portland Water District. Sebago Lake is one of 50 surface water supplies among 13,000 in the country that the Environmental Protection Agency says do not need filtration.[73]

Farmers markets

The Portland Farmers Market, which has been in continuous operation since 1768, takes place Wednesdays in Monument Square, Saturdays in Deering Oaks Park (from early May to the end of November), and Saturdays at The Maine Girls Academy (from early December to the end of April). Fresh fish and seafood can be purchased at a number of markets on the wharves along Commercial Street and artisan bread makers bake fresh loaves every day.

Vegetarian food

The city has the state's greatest concentration of vegan and vegetarian restaurants that include the Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro, which opened in 2007, Nura and Copper Branch. Vegetarian-friendly restaurants number more than 200 in 2020 according to the Maine Sunday Telegram.[74] In the 1970s and 1980s, The Hollow Reed was a notable vegetarian restaurant on Fore Street.[75] Celebrity chef Toni Fiore first filmed the PBS cooking show Totally Vegetarian in 2002 at the cable access station in Portland.[76] The Portland Press Herald has featured a vegan column by Avery Yale Kamila in its Food & Dining section since 2009. [77][78] In 2011, the Portland Public Schools added a daily vegetarian cold lunch option to its school menus. In 2019, the district changed to a daily hot vegan school meal option.[79]

Food festivals

Portland hosts a number of food and beverage festivals, including:

  • Festival of Nations, takes place in July in Deering Oaks Park and organized by group of local organizations[80]
  • Greek Festival, three-day event in June at Holy Trinity Greek Orthodox Church[81]
  • Harvest on the Harbor, multi-day event takes place in October[82]
  • Italian Street Festival & Bazaar, three-day event in August outside St. Peter's Parish commemorates the Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary and the Feast of Saint Rocco[83]
  • Maine Brewers Festival, held multiple times a year by the Maine Brewers' Guild[84]
  • Maine VegFest, takes place in October and organized by Maine Animal Coalition since 2005; the event features all vegan food and was originally called Maine Vegetarian Food Festival[85]
  • Taste of the Nation, fundraiser for food insecurity that stopped after 2015 but happened again in 2019[86]
  • Maine Restaurant Week, takes place over 12 days in March[87]
  • Maine Seaweed Week, takes place in the spring[88]

Food history

Portland is where national Prohibition started. Portland mayor and temperance leader Neal Dow led Maine to ban alcohol sales in 1851.[89] The law led to the Portland Rum Riot in 1855. Canned corn was developed in Portland by the N. Winslow company. By 1852 the Winslow's Patent Hermetically Sealed Green Corn was a commercial success and the company became a world leader in the canning industry.[90][91] The city's Amato's Italian delicatessen claims to be the birthplace of the Italian sandwich, called "an Italian" by locals, which Amato's first served in 1903.[92] An historic B&M Baked Beans plant built in 1913 remains in operation on the waterfront.[93]

Government

City Hall (c. 1910)
Closeup of City Hall (2014)

The city has adopted a council-manager style government that is detailed in the city charter. The citizens of Portland are represented by a nine-member city council which makes policy, passes ordinances, approves appropriations, appoints the city manager and oversees the municipal government. The city council of nine members is elected by the citizens of Portland. The city has five voting districts, with each district electing a city councilor to represent their neighborhood interests for a three-year term. There are also four members of the city council who are elected at-large.[94]

From 1923 until 2011, city councilors chose one of themselves each year to serve as Mayor of Portland, a primarily ceremonial position. On November 2, 2010, Portland voters narrowly approved a measure that allowed them to elect the mayor. On November 8, 2011, former State Senator and candidate for U.S. Congress Michael F. Brennan was elected as mayor. On December 5, 2011, he was sworn in as the first citizen-elected mayor in 88 years (see Portland, Maine mayoral election, 2011). The office of mayor is a four-year position that earns a salary of 150% of the city's median income.[95] The current mayor is Kate Snyder, who defeated incumbent mayor Ethan Strimling in the 2019 Portland, Maine mayoral election.

A city manager is appointed by the city council. The city manager oversees the daily operations of the city government, appoints the heads of city departments, and prepares annual budgets. The city manager directs all city agencies and departments, and is responsible for the executing laws and policies passed by the city council.[94] The current city manager is Jon Jennings.

Aside from the main city council, there is also an elected school board for the Portland Public School system. The school board is made up in the same manner of the city council, with five district members, four at-large members and one chairman.[96] There are also three students from the local high schools elected to serve on the board. There are many other boards and committees such as the Planning Committee, Board of Appeals, and Harbor Commission, etc. These committees and boards have limited power in their respective areas of expertise. Members of boards and committees are appointed by city council members.

On November 5, 2013, Portland voters overwhelmingly approved an ordinance to legalize the possession and private use of cannabis for adults, making the city the first municipality in the Eastern United States to do so.[97]

Presidential election results[98]
Year Democratic Republican
2016 75.9% 28,534 18.1% 6,789
2012 76.3% 27,739 20.6% 7,488
2008 76.9% 28,317 21.3% 7,844
2004 72.6% 26,800 25.6% 9,455
2000 63.4% 20,506 27.3% 8,838
1996 64.0% 19,755 23.3% 7,178
1992 55.3% 19,510 24.6% 8,660

Voter registration

#3333FF #DDDDBB #E81B23 #17aa5c
Voter Registration and Party Enrollment as of March 3, 2020[99]
Party Total Voters Percentage
Democratic 34,681 57.38%
Unenrolled 16,205 26.81%
Republican 6,883 11.39%
Green Independent 2,674 4.42%
Total 60,443 100%

Infrastructure

Fire department

The Portland Fire Department (PFD) provides fire protection and emergency medical services to the city of Portland 24/7, 365. Established on March 29, 1768, the PFD is made up of over 230 paid, professional firefighters and operates out of 7 Fire Stations, located throughout the city, in addition to Fire Stations staffed by "on-call" firefighters on Peaks Island; Great Diamond Island; Cushing Island; and Cliff Island. The Portland Fire Department also operates an Airport Division Station at 1001 Westbrook St., at the Portland International Jetport, and a Marine Division Station, located at 54 Commercial St.[100][101] The PFD operates a 4 Platoon shift schedule. Each platoon works for 24 hours followed by one day off. They then work another 24 hour shift followed by 5 days off. The cycle then repeats.

The Portland Fire Department operates a fire apparatus fleet of 5 Engine Companies; 4 Ladder Companies (including 3 Quints); 1 Rescue Company; 1 Hazardous Materials (Haz-Mat.) Unit; 1 Confined-Space Rescue Unit; 5 ARFF Crash Rescue Units; 3 Marine Units (Fireboats); 5 MEDCU Units (Ambulances); and numerous special, support, and reserve units. Island "call" firefighters man a total of 4 Engines, 1 Ladder, 4 Water Tank Units, and 3 MEDCU Units (Ambulances).

Each frontline fire company is staffed by 1 Officer and 2 Firefighters each shift. Each MEDCU Unit (Ambulance) is staffed by 2 Firefighters (1 Paramedic and 1 AEMT) each shift. The Marine Division is staffed by 1 Officer and 2 Firefighters each shift, who also cross-staff Engine 37 in the event of a structural fire in the city not requiring a Marine Unit. Each platoon has an on duty Deputy Chief, Car 32, who is responsible for day-to-day operations of the shift.

The firefighters are members of IAFF Local 740.

Police

The Portland Police Department is the largest municipality in the state of Maine and has a long and proud tradition of service to the city.

Education

MECA during the holidays.
Portland High School.
College of Pharmacy, University of New England.
See also: Portland Public Schools and List of Portland, Maine schools

High schools

Colleges and universities

Hospitals

Maine Medical Center and a jetBlue airliner, viewed from the South Portland side of the Portland International Jetport, 2009.

Maine Medical Center is the state's only Level I trauma center and is the largest hospital in Maine.

Mercy Hospital, a faith-based institution, is the fourth largest in the state. It completed the first phase of its new campus along the Fore River in 2008.[102]

The formerly-independent Brighton Medical Center (once known as the Osteopathic Hospital) is now owned by Maine Medical Center and is operated as a minor care center under the names Brighton First Care and New England Rehab. In 2010, Maine Medical Center's Hannaford Center for Safety, Innovation, and Simulation opened at the Brighton campus.[103] The former Portland General Hospital is now home to the Barron Center nursing facility.

Wastewater management

The city of Portland is strongly linked to the sea and other water sources based on its location and the way the urban environment was mapped out. Therefore, the Water Management of the city has taken great pride in the work they are doing to maintain the cleanliness of the water and the management of storm water.

Currently, Wastewater Management umbrellas several divisions: sewer, environmental, administration, and inspection. These programs manage 200 plus miles of sewer lines and 100 plus miles of storm water lines, all playing a role in maintaining sanitary water throughout the City of Portland. The following image shows the different project locations that are currently happening throughout the city.

One of these projects is named the Bedford Street Sewer Separation, with its goal to "improve the water quality and health of Back Cove by reducing the amount of combined sewer overflows (CSO) that over flow during heavy rain events through the use of sewer separation and water treatment devices."[104]

Combined sewer overflows contain untreated or only partially treated waste, toxic materials and debris from industry and people. CSO’s are a priority across the United States for urban areas that have Combined Sewer Systems.[105] Chicago is another example of a city that is looking for solutions to the extreme CSO that occur during surges of storms which in turn contaminates the Chicago River.[106]

In Portland there are two phases to this project that will essentially remove 54 acres of drainage from the combined sewer that will instead become separate. Additionally this project includes a transition from strictly "gray infrastructure" to include the implementation of six new "green infrastructure" rain garden areas. Green infrastructure is a tool that allows urban planners to approach and facilitate a transition to sustainable urban environments.[107] Green infrastructure supports the creation and maintenance of conditions that humans and nature can exist in productive harmony to support the well-being of both the natural world and the urban world.

Transportation

Roads

See also: Portland Transportation Center and Ocean Gateway International Marine Passenger Terminal
Portland from above, looking north along I-295

Portland is accessible from I-95 (the Maine Turnpike), I-295, and US 1. U.S. Route 302, a major travel route and scenic highway between Maine and Vermont, has its eastern terminus in Portland. State Routes include SR 9, SR 22, SR 25, SR 26, SR 77, and SR 100. SR 25 Business goes through southwestern Portland.

Intercity buses and trains

Amtrak's Downeaster service offers five daily trains connecting the city with eight towns and cities to the south, ending at Boston's North Station. Trains, with the exception of one weekend trip, also go north to Freeport and Brunswick.

Concord Coach Lines bus service connects Portland to 14 other communities in Maine as well as to Boston's South Station and Logan Airport. Both the Downeaster and the Concord Coach Lines can be found at the Portland Transportation Center on Thompsons Point Road, in the Libbytown neighborhood.[27] Greyhound Lines on Saint John Street connects to 17 Maine communities and to more than 3,600 U.S. destinations.

A carsharing service provided by Uhaul Car Share is available. Both Uber and Lyft operate here. The city bus service is provided by Greater Portland Metro.[108]

Airports

The busy waterfront in Portland, Maine.

Commercial air service is available at the Portland International Jetport, located in Stroudwater, west of the city's downtown district. American, Southwest, JetBlue, Delta, and United Airlines service the airport. Direct flights are available to Atlanta, Baltimore, Charlotte, Chicago, Detroit, Philadelphia, New York, Newark, Sarasota, and Washington D.C.[109]

Water transportation

The Port of Portland is the second-largest cruise and passenger destination in the state (next to Bar Harbor) and is served by the Ocean Gateway International Marine Passenger Terminal. Ferry service is available year-round to many destinations in Casco Bay. From 2006 to 2009, Bay Ferries operated a high speed ferry called The Cat featuring a five-hour trip to Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, for summer passengers and cars. In years past the Scotia Prince Cruises trip took eleven hours. A proposal to replace the defunct Nova Scotia ferry service was rejected in 2013 by the province. From May 15, 2014, until October 2015, the cruise ship ferry Nova Star made daily trips to Yarmouth, Nova Scotia.[110] Due to poor passenger numbers and financial problems, Nova Scotia selected Bay Ferries, the prior operator of The Cat, to operate the service starting in 2016, citing the company's experience and industry relationships. Nova Star officials pledged a smooth transition to the new operator.[111] The Nova Star was later ordered seized by federal marshals for nonpayment of bills.[112]

New hotel in the Old Port

Bay Ferries announced on March 24, 2016, the charter of the former Hawaii Superferry boat HST-2 from the US Navy for the Portland-Yarmouth service for two years. Bay Ferries signed a 10-year deal with Nova Scotia to run the ferry route, which will take about five and a half hours each way. They stated that the boat would be renamed The Cat[113] and that service would begin around June 15, after refitting in South Carolina. There is still a dispute as to whether the ferry will be permitted to carry trucks, desired by Nova Scotia businesses but opposed by the City of Portland.[114]

The Casco Bay Lines operate several passenger ferries with dozens of trips every day year-round to the major populated islands of Casco Bay. The service to Peaks Island also provides an auto ferry for most of its schedule.

Honors

Downtown Portland
First Friday Art Walk

Food and drink

  • Winner, 2018 Restaurant City of the Year by Bon Appetit magazine.
  • Ranked as Bon Appétit magazine's "America's Foodiest Small Town" (2009).[115]
  • Ranked fourth on Sperlings Best Places list for America's Foodie Cities.[116]
  • Named "Best American City for Food" by the Daily Meal (April 2015).[117]
  • Named "No. 1 city in U.S. for beer drinkers" by personal finance technology company, SmartAsset (December 2015).[118]
  • Ranked first city in the world (April 2016) for craft beer by the largest independent travel publisher in the world, The Matador Network.[119]
  • Ranked number 10 in the "VegNews" 12 Best Towns for Vegan Living.[120]

Lifestyle and travel

  • Made Foder's 2020 list for top 52 cities in the world for a travel destination.
  • Ranked top city in America to spend the weekend (with population under 90,000) by Thrillist.com (May 2018).
  • Ranked twelfth on Frommer's 2007 "Top Travel Destinations".[121]
  • Named "Best Adventure Town in the East" by Outside Magazine.[122]

Other

  • Ranked as Forbes magazine's "Top City for Empty Nesters" (2012).[123] "Top City for Empty Nesters" (Kiplingers)
  • Ranked first on Forbes.com "America's Most Livable Cities" (2009).[124]
  • Ranked thirteenth on Men's Health Magazine's list of America's 100 most "car crazed" cities.[125]
  • Ranked twentieth on the list of Top 20 Best Small Cities for College Students by the American Institute for Economic Research.[126]
  • Named one of the "Coolest Small Cities in America" by GQ magazine.[127]
  • Ranked as the third gayest city in the nation by UCLA's Williams Institute.[128]
  • Ranked third on Men's Journal's list, "The 10 Best Places to Live Now". (2015)[60]
  • Ranked fifth on Jetsetter's list, "America's Coolest Small Towns". (2015)[60]
  • City with the most men named Bob, 1937-2005.

Sister cities

Portland has four sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International (SCI):

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
  2. ^ Official records for Portland were kept at downtown from March 1871 to 24 November 1940, and at Portland Int'l Jetport (PWM) since 25 November 1940. Temperature records are limited to the period that PWM was the official site (i.e. since 1940) and are based on the Monthly Weather Summary product issued by the NWS office in Gray, Maine.[20] precipitation and snowfall records date to 1871 and 1882, respectively.

References

General
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Further reading

  • John F. Bauman. Gateway to Vacationland: The Making of Portland Maine (University of Massachusetts Press: 2012) 285 pages; Explores the socio-economic, political and cultural history of Portland emphasizing the evolution of the city's built environment after the fire of 1866.
  • Michael C. Connolly. Seated by the Sea: The Maritime History of Portland, Maine, and Its Irish Longshoremen (University Press of Florida; 2010) 280 pages; Focuses on the years 1880 to 1923 in a study of how an influx of Irish immigrant workers transformed the city's waterfront.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Portland, Maine.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Portland, Maine.
Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about Portland, Maine.
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