Calgary
Calgary | |
|---|---|
City | |
| City of Calgary | |
  .jpg)    From top, left to right: Downtown Calgary skyline, Lougheed House, Stephen Avenue, Olympic Plaza, Southern Alberta Institute of Technology, Calgary Stampede Rodeo. | |
 City logo | |
| Nicknames: | |
| Motto: Onward | |
| Coordinates: 51°03′N 114°04′W / 51.050°N 114.067°W | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | Alberta |
| Region | Calgary Metropolitan Region |
| Census division | 6 |
| Adjacent municipal districts | Rocky View County and Foothills County |
| Founded | 1875 |
| Incorporated[3] | |
| • Town | November 7, 1884 |
| • City | January 1, 1894 |
| Named for | Calgary, Mull |
| Government | |
| • Body |
|
| • Mayor | Naheed Nenshi |
| • Manager | David Duckworth[4] |
| • MPs | List of MPs |
| • MLAs | List of MLAs |
| Area | |
| • Land | 825.56 km2 (318.75 sq mi) |
| • Urban | 586.08 km2 (226.29 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 5,110.21 km2 (1,973.06 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 1,045 m (3,428 ft) |
| Population | |
• City | 1,239,220 |
• Estimate (2019) | 1,335,145[10] |
| • Density | 1,501.1/km2 (3,888/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 1,237,656 |
| • Urban density | 2,111/km2 (5,470/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 1,392,609 (4th) |
| • Metro density | 272.5/km2 (706/sq mi) |
| • Municipal census (2019) | 1,285,711[9] |
| Demonym | Calgarian |
| Time zone | UTC−07:00 (MST) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−06:00 (MDT) |
| Forward sortation areas | |
| Area code(s) | 403, 587, 825 |
| NTS Map | 082O01 |
| GNBC Code | IAKID |
| Major airport | Calgary International Airport |
| Highways |          |
| Public transit | Calgary Transit |
| Waterways | Bow River, Elbow River, Glenmore Reservoir |
| GDP | US$ 97.9 billion[11] |
| GDP per capita | US$ 69,826[11] |
| Website | www |
Calgary (/ˈkælɡri/ ) is a city in the western Canadian province of Alberta. It is situated at the confluence of the Bow River and the Elbow River in the south of the province, in an area of foothills and prairie, about 80 km (50 mi) east of the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies, roughly 299 km (186 mi) south of the provincial capital of Edmonton and approximately 240 km (150 mi) north of the Canada–United States border. The city anchors the south end of the Statistics Canada-defined urban area, the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor.[12]
The city had a population of 1,285,711 in 2019, making it Alberta's largest city. It is the third-largest municipality in Canada (after Toronto and Montreal), and the largest in western Canada. Also in 2016, Calgary had a metropolitan population of 1,392,609, making it the fourth-largest census metropolitan area (CMA) in Canada and second-largest in western Canada (after Vancouver).
Calgary's economy includes activity in the energy, financial services, film and television, transportation and logistics, technology, manufacturing, aerospace, health and wellness, retail, and tourism sectors.[13] The Calgary Metropolitan Region is home to Canada's second-highest number of corporate head offices among the country's 800 largest corporations.[14] In 2015 Calgary had the highest number of millionaires per capita of any major Canadian city.[15] In 1988 it became the first Canadian city to host the Winter Olympic Games.
Etymology
Calgary was named after Calgary on the Isle of Mull, Scotland, United Kingdom.[16] In turn, the name originates from a compound of kald and gart, similar Old Norse words, meaning "cold" and "garden", likely used when named by the Vikings who inhabited the Inner Hebrides.[17] Alternatively, the name might be Gaelic Cala ghearraidh, meaning "beach of the meadow (pasture)", or Gaelic for either "clear running water" or "bay farm".[16]
The indigenous peoples of Southern Alberta referred to the Calgary area as "elbow", in reference to the sharp bend made by the Bow River and the Elbow River. In some cases, the area was named after the reeds that grew along the riverbanks, reeds which had been used to fashion bows. In the Blackfoot language (Siksiká), the area was known as Mohkínstsis akápiyoyis, meaning "elbow many houses", reflecting its strong settler presence. The shorter form of the Blackfoot name, Mohkínstsis, simply meaning "elbow",[18][19][20] has been the popular Indigenous term for the Calgary area.[21][22][23][24][25] In the Nakoda (Stoney) language, the area is known as Wincheesh-pah or Wenchi Ispase, both meaning "elbow".[18][20] In the Nehiyaw (Cree) Language, the area was known as Otôskwanihk (ᐅᑑᐢᑲᐧᓂᕁ) meaning "house at the elbow" or Otôskwunee meaning "elbow". In the Tsuut'ina (Sarcee) language, the area is known as Guts’ists’i (older orthography, Kootsisáw) meaning "elbow".[18][20] In the Slavey language, the area was known as Klincho-tinay-indihay meaning "many horse town", referring to the Calgary Stampede[18] and the city's settler heritage.[20]
There have been several attempts to revive the indigenous names of Calgary. In response to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, local post-secondary institutions have adopted "official acknowledgements" of indigenous territory using the Blackfoot name of the City, Mohkínstsis.[23][24][26][27][28] In 2017, the Stoney Nakoda sent an application to the Government of Alberta, to rename Calgary as Wichispa Oyade meaning "elbow town";[29] however, this has been challenged by the Piikani Blackfoot.[30]
History
Early history
The Calgary area was inhabited by pre-Clovis people whose presence has been traced back at least 11,000 years.[31] The area has been inhabited by the Niitsitapi (Blackfoot Confederacy; Siksika, Kainai, Piikani), îyârhe Nakoda, the Tsuut'ina First Nations peoples and Métis Nation, Region 3. As Mayor Naheed Nenshi (A'paistootsiipsii; Iitiya) describes, "There have always been people here. In Biblical times there were people here. For generations beyond number, people have come here to this land, drawn here by the water. They come here to hunt and fish; to trade; to live; to love; to have great victories; to taste bitter disappointment; but above all to engage in that very human act of building community."[32]
In 1787, cartographer David Thompson spent the winter with a band of Peigan encamped along the Bow River. He was a Hudson's Bay Company trader and the first recorded European to visit the area. John Glenn was the first documented European settler in the Calgary area, in 1873.[33]
In 1875, the site became a post of the North-West Mounted Police (now the Royal Canadian Mounted Police or RCMP). The NWMP detachment was assigned to protect the western plains from US whisky traders, and to protect the fur trade. Originally named Fort Brisebois, after NWMP officer Éphrem-A. Brisebois, it was renamed Fort Calgary in 1876 by Colonel James Macleod.
When the Canadian Pacific Railway reached the area in 1883, and a rail station was constructed, Calgary began to grow into an important commercial and agricultural centre. Over a century later, the Canadian Pacific Railway headquarters moved to Calgary from Montreal in 1996.[34] Calgary was officially incorporated as a town in 1884, and elected its first mayor, George Murdoch. In 1894, it was incorporated as "The City of Calgary" in what was then the North-West Territories.[35] The Calgary Police Service was established in 1885 and assumed municipal, local duties from the NWMP.[36]
The Calgary Fire of 1886 occurred on November 7, 1886. Fourteen buildings were destroyed with losses estimated at $103,200. Although no one was killed or injured,[37] city officials drafted a law requiring all large downtown buildings be built with Paskapoo sandstone, to prevent this from happening again.[38]
After the arrival of the railway, the Dominion Government started leasing grazing land at minimal cost (up to 100,000 acres (400 km2) for one cent per acre per year). As a result of this policy, large ranching operations were established in the outlying country near Calgary. Already a transportation and distribution hub, Calgary quickly became the centre of Canada's cattle marketing and meatpacking industries.[citation needed]
By late 19th century, the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) expanded into the interior and established posts along rivers that later developed into the modern cities of Winnipeg, Calgary and Edmonton. In 1884, the HBC established a sales shop in Calgary. HBC also built the first of the grand "original six" department stores in Calgary in 1913; others that followed are Edmonton, Vancouver, Victoria, Saskatoon, and Winnipeg.[39][40]
Modern history (1900–present)
.jpg)
Between 1896 and 1914 settlers from all over the world poured into the area in response to the offer of free "homestead" land.[41] Agriculture and ranching became key components of the local economy, and remain so into the 21st century. The world-famous Calgary Stampede, still held annually in July, was started by four wealthy ranchers as a small agricultural show in 1912.[42] It is now known as the "greatest outdoor show on earth".[43]
Calgary experienced Alberta's first oil boom when Calgary Petroleum Products Co found oil just southwest of the city at Turner Valley in 1914. Western Canada's first commercial oilfield boomed again in 1924 and 1936 and by WWII the Turner Valley oilfield was producing more than 95 per cent of the oil in Canada. As a result, major oil companies searched elsewhere in Alberta and in 1947 Imperial Oil discovered new reserves near Leduc, south of Edmonton. But Calgary was already the centre of Alberta oil and the new discovery caused the city to boom again. Calgary's economy grew when oil prices increased with the Arab Oil Embargo of 1973. The population increased by 272,000 in the eighteen years between 1971 (403,000) and 1989 (675,000) and another 345,000 in the next eighteen years (to 1,020,000 in 2007). During these boom years, skyscrapers were constructed and the relatively low-rise downtown quickly became dense with tall buildings.[44]
Calgary's economy was so closely tied to the oil industry that the city's boom peaked with the average annual price of oil in 1981.[45] The subsequent drops in oil prices were cited by industry as reasons for a collapse in the oil industry and consequently the overall Calgary economy. Low oil prices prevented a full recovery until the 1990s.[46]
With the energy sector employing a huge number of Calgarians, the fallout from the economic slump of the early 1980s was significant, and the unemployment rate soared.[47] By the end of the decade, however, the economy was in recovery. Calgary quickly realized that it could not afford to put so much emphasis on oil and gas, and the city has since become much more diverse, both economically and culturally. The period during this recession marked Calgary's transition from a mid-sized and relatively nondescript prairie city into a thriving Canadian working centre. This transition culminated in the city's hosting Canada's first Winter Olympics in 1988.[48] The success of these Games[49] essentially put the city on the world stage.
Thanks in part to escalating oil prices, the economy in Calgary and Alberta was booming until the end of 2009, and the region of nearly 1.1 million people was home to the fastest growing economy in the country.[50] While the oil and gas industry comprise an important part of the economy, the city has invested a great deal into other areas such as tourism and high-tech manufacturing. Over 3.1 million people now visit the city annually[51] for its many festivals and attractions, especially the Calgary Stampede. The nearby mountain resort towns of Banff, Lake Louise, and Canmore are also becoming increasingly popular with tourists, and are bringing people into Calgary as a result. Other modern industries include light manufacturing, high-tech, film, e-commerce, transportation, and services.
Widespread flooding throughout southern Alberta, including on the Bow and Elbow rivers, forced the evacuation of over 75,000 city residents on June 21, 2013, and left large areas of the city, including downtown, without power.[52][53]
Geography
Calgary is located at the transition zone between the Canadian Rockies foothills and the Canadian Prairies. The city lies within the foothills of the Parkland Natural Region and the Grasslands Natural Region.[54] Downtown Calgary is about 1,042.4 m (3,420 ft) above sea level,[8] and the airport is 1,076 m (3,531 ft).[55] In 2011, the city covered a land area of 825.29 km2 (318.65 sq mi).[56]
Two rivers run through the city and two creeks. The Bow River is the larger and it flows from the west to the south. The Elbow River flows northwards from the south until it converges with the Bow River at the historic site of Fort Calgary near downtown. Nose Creek flows into Calgary from the northwest then south to join the Bow River several kilometres east of the Elbow-Bow confluence. Fish Creek flows into Calgary from the southwest and converges with the Bow River near McKenzie Towne.
The City of Calgary, 848 km2 (327 sq mi) in size,[57] consists of an inner city surrounded by suburban communities of various density.[58] The city is immediately surrounded by two municipal districts – the Municipal District of Foothills No. 31 to the south and Rocky View County to the north, west and east. Proximate urban communities beyond the city within the Calgary Metropolitan Region include: the City of Airdrie to the north; the City of Chestermere, the Town of Strathmore and the Hamlet of Langdon to the east; the towns of Okotoks and High River to the south; and the Town of Cochrane to the northwest.[59] Numerous rural subdivisions are located within the Elbow Valley, Springbank and Bearspaw areas to the west and northwest.[60][61][62] The Tsuu T'ina Nation Indian Reserve No. 145 borders Calgary to the southwest.[59]
Over the years, the city has made many land annexations to facilitate growth. In the most recent annexation of lands from Rocky View County, completed in July 2007, the city annexed Shepard, a former hamlet, and placed its boundaries adjacent to the Hamlet of Balzac and City of Chestermere, and very close to the City of Airdrie.[63]
.jpg)
Flora and fauna
Numerous plant and animal species are found within and around Calgary. The Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) comes near the eastern limit of its range at Calgary.[64] Another conifer of widespread distribution found in the Calgary area is the White Spruce (Picea glauca). [65] Some notable animals that can be found in and around Calgary include: deer, coyote, moose, bat, rabbit, mink, weasel, black bear, raccoon, skunk, and cougar.[66]
Neighbourhoods
.jpg)
The downtown region of the city consists of five neighbourhoods: Eau Claire (including the Festival District), the Downtown West End, the Downtown Commercial Core, Chinatown, and the Downtown East Village (also part of the Rivers District). The commercial core is itself divided into a number of districts including the Stephen Avenue Retail Core, the Entertainment District, the Arts District and the Government District. Distinct from downtown and south of 9th Avenue is Calgary's densest neighbourhood, the Beltline. The area includes a number of communities such as Connaught, Victoria Crossing and a portion of the Rivers District. The Beltline is the focus of major planning and rejuvenation initiatives on the part of the municipal government to increase the density and liveliness of Calgary's centre.[67]
Adjacent to, or directly radiating from the downtown are the first of the inner-city communities. These include Crescent Heights, Hounsfield Heights/Briar Hill, Hillhurst/Sunnyside (including Kensington BRZ), Bridgeland, Renfrew, Mount Royal, Scarboro, Sunalta, Mission, Ramsay and Inglewood and Albert Park/Radisson Heights directly to the east. The inner city is, in turn, surrounded by relatively dense and established neighbourhoods such as Rosedale and Mount Pleasant to the north; Bowness, Parkdale, Shaganappi and Glendale to the west; Park Hill, South Calgary (including Marda Loop), Bankview, Altadore, and Killarney to the south; and Forest Lawn/International Avenue to the east. Lying beyond these, and usually separated from one another by highways, are suburban communities including Evergreen, Somerset, Auburn Bay Country Hills, Sundance, Chaparral, Riverbend, and McKenzie Towne. In all, there are over 180 distinct neighbourhoods within the city limits.[68]
Several of Calgary's neighbourhoods were initially separate municipalities that were annexed by the city as it grew. These include Bowness, Montgomery, and Forest Lawn.
Climate
Calgary experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dwb) within eastern parts of the city and a subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification Dwc) within western parts of the city due to an increase in elevation.[69] The city has warm summers and cold, dry winters. It falls into the NRC Plant Hardiness Zone 4a.[70] According to Environment Canada, average daily temperatures in Calgary range from 16.5 °C (61.7 °F) in July to −6.8 °C (19.8 °F) in December.[71]
Winters are cold and the air temperature can drop to or below −20 °C (−4 °F) on average of 22 days of the year and −30 °C (−22 °F) on average of 3.7 days of the year, and are often broken up by warm, dry Chinook winds that blow into Alberta over the mountains. These winds can raise the winter temperature by 20 °C (36 °F), and as much as 30 °C (54 °F) in just a few hours, and may last several days.[72] As well, Calgary's proximity to the Rocky Mountains affects winter temperature average mean temperature with a mixture of lows and highs, and tends to result in a mild winter for a city in the Prairie Provinces. Temperatures are also affected by the wind chill factor; Calgary's average wind speed is 14.2 km/h (8.8 mph), one of the highest in Canadian cities.[73]
In summer, daytime temperatures range from 10 to 25 °C (50 to 77 °F) and sometimes exceed 30 °C (86 °F) an average of 5.1 days anytime in June, July and August, and occasionally as late as September or as early as May, and in winter drop below or at −30 °C (−22 °F) 3.7 days of the year. As a consequence of Calgary's high elevation and aridity, summer evenings tend to cool off, with monthly average low temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F) throughout the summer months.[71]
Calgary has the most sunny days year round of Canada's 100 largest cities, with just over 332 days of sun;[71] it has on average 2,396 hours of sunshine annually,[71] with an average relative humidity of 55% in the winter and 45% in the summer (15:00 MST).[71]
Calgary International Airport in the northeastern section of the city receives an average of 418.8 mm (16.49 in) of precipitation annually, with 326.4 mm (12.85 in) of that occurring in the form of rain, and 128.8 cm (50.7 in) as snow.[71] The most rainfall occurs in June and the most snowfall in March.[71] Calgary has also recorded snow every month of the year.[74] It last snowed in July on July 15, 1999.[75]
Thunderstorms can be frequent and sometimes severe[76] with most of them occurring in the summer months. Calgary lies within Alberta's Hailstorm Alley and is prone to damaging hailstorms every few years. A hailstorm that struck Calgary on September 7, 1991, was one of the most destructive natural disasters in Canadian history, with over $400 million in damage.[77] Being west of the dry line on most occasions, tornadoes are rare in the region.
The highest temperature ever recorded in Calgary was 36.7 °C (98.1 °F) on August 10, 2018.[78] The coldest temperature ever recorded was −45.0 °C (−49.0 °F) on February 4, 1893.[71]
| Climate data for Calgary International Airport, 1981–2010 normals, extremes 1881–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high humidex | 17.3 | 21.9 | 25.2 | 27.2 | 31.6 | 33.3 | 36.9 | 36.0 | 32.9 | 28.7 | 22.2 | 19.4 | 36.9 |
| Record high °C (°F) | 17.6 (63.7) |
22.6 (72.7) |
25.4 (77.7) |
29.4 (84.9) |
32.4 (90.3) |
35.0 (95.0) |
36.1 (97.0) |
36.7 (98.1) |
33.3 (91.9) |
29.4 (84.9) |
22.8 (73.0) |
19.5 (67.1) |
36.7 (98.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −0.9 (30.4) |
0.7 (33.3) |
4.4 (39.9) |
11.2 (52.2) |
16.3 (61.3) |
19.8 (67.6) |
23.2 (73.8) |
22.8 (73.0) |
17.8 (64.0) |
11.7 (53.1) |
3.4 (38.1) |
−0.8 (30.6) |
10.8 (51.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −7.1 (19.2) |
−5.4 (22.3) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
4.6 (40.3) |
9.7 (49.5) |
13.7 (56.7) |
16.5 (61.7) |
15.8 (60.4) |
11.0 (51.8) |
5.2 (41.4) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
4.4 (39.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −13.2 (8.2) |
−11.4 (11.5) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
3.1 (37.6) |
7.5 (45.5) |
9.8 (49.6) |
8.8 (47.8) |
4.1 (39.4) |
−1.4 (29.5) |
−8.2 (17.2) |
−12.8 (9.0) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −44.4 (−47.9) |
−45.0 (−49.0) |
−37.2 (−35.0) |
−30.0 (−22.0) |
−16.7 (1.9) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
−3.2 (26.2) |
−13.3 (8.1) |
−25.7 (−14.3) |
−35.0 (−31.0) |
−42.8 (−45.0) |
−45.0 (−49.0) |
| Record low wind chill | −52 | −53 | −45 | −37 | −24 | −6 | 0 | −4 | −12 | −34 | −48 | −55 | −55 |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 9.4 (0.37) |
9.4 (0.37) |
17.8 (0.70) |
25.2 (0.99) |
56.8 (2.24) |
94.0 (3.70) |
65.5 (2.58) |
57.0 (2.24) |
45.1 (1.78) |
15.3 (0.60) |
13.1 (0.52) |
10.2 (0.40) |
418.8 (16.49) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.1 (0.00) |
0.1 (0.00) |
2.2 (0.09) |
10.8 (0.43) |
46.1 (1.81) |
93.9 (3.70) |
65.5 (2.58) |
57.0 (2.24) |
41.7 (1.64) |
7.5 (0.30) |
1.5 (0.06) |
0.3 (0.01) |
326.4 (12.85) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 15.3 (6.0) |
14.5 (5.7) |
22.7 (8.9) |
18.8 (7.4) |
11.9 (4.7) |
0.1 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
3.9 (1.5) |
10.0 (3.9) |
16.6 (6.5) |
15.0 (5.9) |
128.8 (50.7) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 7.3 | 6.8 | 9.2 | 9.0 | 11.2 | 13.8 | 13.0 | 10.6 | 9.1 | 7.2 | 7.6 | 6.9 | 111.8 |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.2 mm) | 0.27 | 0.20 | 1.3 | 4.1 | 10.1 | 13.8 | 13.0 | 10.5 | 8.7 | 4.2 | 1.4 | 0.40 | 67.9 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.2 cm) | 7.7 | 7.4 | 9.5 | 6.4 | 2.6 | 0.07 | 0.0 | 0.10 | 1.3 | 4.1 | 7.4 | 7.7 | 54.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 54.5 | 53.2 | 50.3 | 40.7 | 43.5 | 48.6 | 46.8 | 44.6 | 44.3 | 44.3 | 54.0 | 55.3 | 48.3 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 119.5 | 144.6 | 177.2 | 220.2 | 249.4 | 269.9 | 314.1 | 284.0 | 207.0 | 175.4 | 121.1 | 114.0 | 2,396.3 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 45.6 | 51.3 | 48.2 | 53.1 | 51.8 | 54.6 | 63.1 | 62.9 | 54.4 | 52.7 | 45.0 | 46.0 | 52.4 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| Source: Environment Canada[71] and Weather Atlas[79] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Springbank Hill, 1981–2010 normals | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 16.5 (61.7) |
22.1 (71.8) |
23.8 (74.8) |
26.5 (79.7) |
33 (91) |
31 (88) |
33.8 (92.8) |
32.1 (89.8) |
30.6 (87.1) |
27.1 (80.8) |
20.4 (68.7) |
17.9 (64.2) |
33.8 (92.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −1.8 (28.8) |
0 (32) |
3.9 (39.0) |
10.5 (50.9) |
15.3 (59.5) |
18.8 (65.8) |
22.2 (72.0) |
21.2 (70.2) |
17 (63) |
11 (52) |
2.3 (36.1) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
10.0 (50.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −8.2 (17.2) |
−6.7 (19.9) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
3.4 (38.1) |
8.1 (46.6) |
12.1 (53.8) |
14.8 (58.6) |
13.7 (56.7) |
9.5 (49.1) |
3.9 (39.0) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
−7 (19) |
3.1 (37.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −14.5 (5.9) |
−13.4 (7.9) |
−9.2 (15.4) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
0.9 (33.6) |
5.4 (41.7) |
7.4 (45.3) |
6.2 (43.2) |
1.9 (35.4) |
−3.3 (26.1) |
−9.9 (14.2) |
−13.3 (8.1) |
−3.8 (25.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −42.8 (−45.0) |
−41.6 (−42.9) |
−36.3 (−33.3) |
−21.7 (−7.1) |
−14.1 (6.6) |
−6.1 (21.0) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
−5.9 (21.4) |
−9.8 (14.4) |
−29.1 (−20.4) |
−36.5 (−33.7) |
−41.6 (−42.9) |
−42.8 (−45.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 9.9 (0.39) |
11.5 (0.45) |
17.6 (0.69) |
25.4 (1.00) |
61.1 (2.41) |
106.7 (4.20) |
66.9 (2.63) |
78 (3.1) |
50.3 (1.98) |
16.3 (0.64) |
16.3 (0.64) |
9.8 (0.39) |
469.8 (18.52) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.2 (0.01) |
0 (0) |
0.4 (0.02) |
9.3 (0.37) |
49.5 (1.95) |
106.7 (4.20) |
66.9 (2.63) |
78 (3.1) |
45.5 (1.79) |
7 (0.3) |
2.4 (0.09) |
0.3 (0.01) |
366.2 (14.47) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 12.7 (5.0) |
14.7 (5.8) |
21.7 (8.5) |
19 (7.5) |
12.4 (4.9) |
0 (0) |
0.1 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
5.3 (2.1) |
11.6 (4.6) |
17.4 (6.9) |
12.4 (4.9) |
127.3 (50.2) |
| [citation needed] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1891 | 3,876 | — |
| 1901 | 4,091 | +5.5% |
| 1906 | 11,967 | +192.5% |
| 1911 | 43,704 | +265.2% |
| 1916 | 56,514 | +29.3% |
| 1921 | 63,305 | +12.0% |
| 1926 | 65,291 | +3.1% |
| 1931 | 83,761 | +28.3% |
| 1936 | 83,407 | −0.4% |
| 1941 | 88,904 | +6.6% |
| 1946 | 100,044 | +12.5% |
| 1951 | 129,060 | +29.0% |
| 1956 | 181,780 | +40.8% |
| 1961 | 249,641 | +37.3% |
| 1966 | 330,575 | +32.4% |
| 1971 | 403,319 | +22.0% |
| 1976 | 469,917 | +16.5% |
| 1981 | 592,743 | +26.1% |
| 1986 | 636,107 | +7.3% |
| 1991 | 710,795 | +11.7% |
| 1996 | 768,082 | +8.1% |
| 2001 | 878,866 | +14.4% |
| 2006 | 988,193 | +12.4% |
| 2011 | 1,096,833 | +11.0% |
| 2016 | 1,239,220 | +13.0% |
| Source: Statistics Canada [80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90] [56][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][5][100] | ||
The population of the City of Calgary according to its 2019 municipal census is 1,285,711,[9] a change of 1.4% from its 2018 municipal census population of 1,267,344.[101]
In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the City of Calgary recorded a population of 1,239,220 living in 466,725 of its 489,650 total private dwellings, a change of 13% from its 2011 population of 1,096,833. With a land area of 825.56 km2 (318.75 sq mi), it had a population density of 1,501.1/km2 (3,887.7/sq mi) in 2016.[5] Calgary was ranked first among the three cities in Canada that saw their population grow by more than 100,000 people between 2011 and 2016. During this time Calgary saw a population growth of 142,387 people, followed by Edmonton at 120,345 people and Toronto at 116,511 people.[102]
In the 2011 Census, the City of Calgary had a population of 1,096,833 living in 423,417 of its 445,848 total dwellings, a change of 10.9% from its 2006 adjusted population of 988,812. With a land area of 825.29 km2 (318.65 sq mi), it had a population density of 1,329.0/km2 (3,442.2/sq mi) in 2011.[56] According to the 2011 Statistics Canada Census, persons aged 14 years and under made up 17.9% of the population, and those aged 65 and older made up 9.95%. The median age was 36.4 years. In 2011, the city's gender population was 49.9% male and 50.1% female.[103]
The Calgary census metropolitan area (CMA) is the fourth-largest CMA in Canada and largest in Alberta. It had a population of 1,392,609 in the 2016 Census compared to its 2011 population of 1,214,839. Its five-year population change of 14.6 percent was the highest among all CMAs in Canada between 2011 and 2016. With a land area of 5,107.55 km2 (1,972.04 sq mi), the Calgary CMA had a population density of 272.7/km2 (706.2/sq mi) in 2016.[104] Statistics Canada's latest estimate of the Calgary CMA population, as of July 1, 2017, is 1,488,841.[105]
In 2015, the population within an hour commuting distance of the city is 1,511,755.[106]
As a consequence of the large number of corporations, as well as the presence of the energy sector in Alberta, Calgary has a median family income of $104,530.[107]
Christians make up 54.9% of the population, while 32.3% have no religious affiliation. Other religions in the city are Muslims (5.2%), Sikhs (2.6%) and Buddhists (2.1%).[108]
Ethnicity
According to the 2016 Census, 59.5% of Calgary's population was of European origin, 4% was of Aboriginal heritage, and 36.2% of the population belonged to a visible minority (that is, non-white, non-aboriginal) group. Among those of European origin, the most frequently reported ethnic backgrounds were British, German, Irish, French, and Ukrainian. Among visible minorities, South Asians (mainly from India) make up the largest group (9.5%), followed by Chinese (6.8%) and Filipinos (5.5%). 5.4% were of African or Caribbean origin, 3.5% was of West Asian or Middle Eastern origin, while 2.6% of the population was of Latin American origin. Of the largest Canadian cities, Calgary ranked fourth in proportion of visible minorities, behind Toronto, Vancouver, and Winnipeg. 20.7% of the population identified as "Canadian" in ethnic origin.[109]
Economy
| Employment by industry[110] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Industry | Calgary | Alberta |
| Agriculture | 6.1% | 10.9% |
| Manufacturing | 15.8% | 15.8% |
| Trade | 15.9% | 15.8% |
| Finance | 6.4% | 5.0% |
| Health and education | 25.1% | 18.8% |
| Business services | 25.1% | 18.8% |
| Other services | 16.5% | 18.7% |
| Labour force (2016)[111] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Rate | Calgary | Alberta | Canada |
| Employment | 66.9% | 66.3% | 61.2% |
| Unemployment | 10.3% | 9.0% | 6.8% |
| Participation | 74.6% | 72.9% | 65.6% |
Calgary is recognized as a leader in the Canadian oil and gas industry, and its economy expanded at a significantly higher rate than the overall Canadian economy (43% and 25%, respectively) over the ten-year period from 1999 to 2009.[112] Its high personal and family incomes,[14][113] low unemployment and high GDP per capita[114] have all benefited from increased sales and prices due to a resource boom,[112] and increasing economic diversification.
Calgary benefits from a relatively strong job market in Alberta, is part of the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor, one of the fastest growing regions in the country. It is the head office for many major oil and gas related companies, and many financial service business have grown up around them. Small business and self-employment levels also rank amongst the highest in Canada.[113] Calgary is a distribution and transportation hub[115] with high retail sales.[113]
Calgary's economy is decreasingly dominated by the oil and gas industry, although it is still the single largest contributor to the city's GDP. In 2006, Calgary's real GDP (in constant 1997 dollars) was C$52.386 billion, of which oil, gas and mining contributed 12%.[116] The larger oil and gas companies are BP Canada, Canadian Natural Resources Limited, Cenovus Energy, Encana, Imperial Oil, Suncor Energy, Shell Canada, Husky Energy, TransCanada, and Nexen, making the city home to 87% of Canada's oil and natural gas producers and 66% of coal producers.[117]
As of November 2016, the city had a labour force of 901,700 (a 74.6% participation rate) and 10.3% unemployment rate.[118][119][120]
In 2013, Calgary's four largest industries by employee count were "Trade" (with 112,800 employees), "Professional, Scientific and Technical Services" (100,800 employees), "Health Care and Social Assistance" (89,200 employees), and "Construction" (81,500 employees).[121]
In 2006, the top three private sector employers in Calgary were Shaw Communications (7,500 employees), Nova Chemicals (4,945) and Telus (4,517).[122] Companies rounding out the top ten were Mark's Work Wearhouse, the Calgary Co-op, Nexen, Canadian Pacific Railway, CNRL, Shell Canada and Dow Chemical Canada.[122] The top public sector employers in 2006 were the Calgary Zone of the Alberta Health Services (22,000), the City of Calgary (12,296) and the Calgary Board of Education (8,000).[122] Public sector employers rounding out the top five were the University of Calgary and the Calgary Roman Catholic Separate School Division.[122]
In Canada, Calgary has the second-highest concentration of head offices in Canada (behind Toronto), the most head offices per capita, and the highest head office revenue per capita.[14][113] Some large employers with Calgary head offices include Canada Safeway Limited, Westfair Foods Ltd., Suncor Energy, Agrium, Flint Energy Services Ltd., Shaw Communications, and Canadian Pacific Railway.[123] CPR moved its head office from Montreal in 1996 and Imperial Oil moved from Toronto in 2005. Encana's new 58-floor corporate headquarters, the Bow, became the tallest building in Canada outside of Toronto.[124] In 2001, the city became the corporate headquarters of the TSX Venture Exchange.
WestJet is headquartered close to the Calgary International Airport,[125] and Enerjet has its headquarters on the airport grounds.[126] Prior to their dissolution, Canadian Airlines[127] and Air Canada's subsidiary Zip were also headquartered near the city's airport.[128] Although its main office is now based in Yellowknife, Canadian North, purchased from Canadian Airlines in September 1998, still maintains operations and charter offices in Calgary.[129][130]
According to a report by Alexi Olcheski of Avison Young published in August 2015, vacancy rates rose to 11.5 per cent in the second quarter of 2015 from 8.3 per cent in 2014. Oil and gas company office spaces in downtown Calgary are subleasing 40 per cent of their overall vacancies.[131] H&R Real Estate Investment Trust, which owns the 58-storey, 158,000-square-metre Bow Tower, claims the building was fully leased. Tenants such as Suncor "have been letting staff and contractors go in response to the downturn".[131]
Arts and culture
Calgary was designated as one of the cultural capitals of Canada in 2012.[132] While many Calgarians continue to live in the city's suburbs, more central districts such as 17 Avenue, Kensington, Inglewood, Forest Lawn, Marda Loop and the Mission District have become more popular and density in those areas has increased.[133]
Libraries
.jpg)
The Calgary Public Library is the city's public library network, with 21 branches loaning books, e-books, CDs, DVDs, Blu-rays, audio books, and more. Based on borrowing, the library is the second largest in Canada, and sixth-largest municipal library system in North America. The new flagship branch, the 22,000-square-metre (240,000 sq ft) Calgary Central Library in Downtown East Village, opened on November 1, 2018.[135]
Arts Venues
Calgary is the site of the Southern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium performing arts, culture and community facility. The auditorium is one of two "twin" facilities in the province, the other is the Northern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium located in Edmonton, each being locally known as the "Jube." The 2,538-seat auditorium was opened in 1957[136] and has been host to hundreds of Broadway musical, theatrical, stage and local productions. The Calgary Jube is the resident home of the Alberta Ballet Company, the Calgary Opera, and the annual civic Remembrance Day ceremonies. Both auditoriums operate 365 days a year, and are run by the provincial government. Both received major renovations as part of the province's centennial in 2005.[136]
The city is also home to a number of performing arts spaces, such as Arts Commons, which is a 400,000 square foot performing arts complex housing the Jack Singer Concert Hall, Martha Cohen Theatre, Max Bell Theatre, Big Secret Theatre, and Motel Theatre, the Pumphouse Theatre, which houses the Victor Mitchell and Joyce Doolittle theatres, Theatre Junction GRAND, the Bella Concert Hall, the Wright Theatre, Vertigo Theatre, Stage West Theatre, Lunchbox Theatre, and several other smaller venues.
Arts Companies
Some major companies in Calgary include One Yellow Rabbit, which shares the Arts Commons building with the Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra, as well as Theatre Calgary, Alberta Theatre Projects and Theatre Junction GRAND, which is a culture house dedicated to the contemporary live arts. Calgary was also the birthplace of the improvisational theatre games known as Theatresports.
Every three years, Calgary hosts the Honens International Piano Competition (formerly known as the Esther Honens International Piano Competition). The finalists of the competition perform piano concerti with the Calgary Philharmonic Orchestra; the laureate is awarded a cash prize (currently $100,000.00 CDN, the largest cash award of any international piano competition), and a three-year career development program. Honens is an integral component of the classical music scene in Calgary.
Visual and conceptual artists like the art collective United Congress are active in the city. There are a number of art galleries in the downtown along Stephen Avenue; the SoDo (South of Downtown) Design District; the 17 Avenue corridor; the neighbourhood of Inglewood, including the Esker Foundation.[137][138] There are also various arts installations in the +15 system in downtown Calgary.[139]
A number of marching bands are based in Calgary. They include the Calgary Round-Up Band, the Calgary Stetson Show Band, the Bishop Grandin Marching Ghosts, and the six-time World Association for Marching Show Bands champions, the Calgary Stampede Showband, as well as military bands including the Band of HMCS Tecumseh, the King's Own Calgary Regiment Band, and the Regimental Pipes and Drums of The Calgary Highlanders. There are many other civilian pipe bands in the city, notably the Calgary Police Service Pipe Band.[140]
The Alberta Ballet is the third largest dance company in Canada. Under the artistic direction of Jean Grand-Maître, the Alberta Ballet is at the forefront both at home and internationally. Jean Grand-Maître has become well known for his successful portrait series collaborations with pop-artists like Joni Mitchell, Elton John, and Sarah McLachlan. The Alberta Ballet resides in the Nat Christie Centre.[141][142][143] Other dance companies include Springboard Performance, which hosts the annual Fluid Movement Arts Festival,[144] Decidedly Jazz Danceworks, which opened its new $25-million facility in 2016 in collaboration with the Kahanoff Foundation,[145] as well as a host of others, including European folk dance ensembles, Afro-based dance companies, and diasporic dance companies. Calgary is also home to a choral music community, including a variety of amateur, community, and semi-professional groups. Some of the mainstays include the Mount Royal Choirs from the Mount Royal University Conservatory, the Calgary Boys' Choir, the Calgary Girls Choir, the Youth Singers of Calgary, the Cantaré Children's Choir, Luminous Voices Music Society, Spiritus Chamber Choir, and pop-choral group Revv52.[146][147][148]
Calgary is also home to several post-secondary institutions that provide credit or non-credit instruction in the arts, including the Alberta University of the Arts (formerly Alberta College of Art and Design),[149] the School of Creative and Performing Arts at the University of Calgary,[150] the Mount Royal University Conservatory,[151] and Ambrose University.
Festivals
_(35890971326).jpg)
.jpg)
Calgary hosts a number of annual festivals and events. These include the Calgary International Film Festival, the Calgary Folk Music Festival, the Calgary Performing Arts Festival (formerly Kiwanis Music Festival),[154] FunnyFest Calgary Comedy Festival, Sled Island music festival, Beakerhead, the Calgary Folk Music Festival, the Greek festival, Carifest, Wordfest, the Lilac Festival, GlobalFest, Otafest, the Calgary Comic and Entertainment Expo, FallCon, the Calgary Fringe Festival, Summerstock, Expo Latino, Calgary Pride, Calgary International Spoken Word Festival,[155] and many other cultural and ethnic festivals. The Calgary International Film Festival is also held annually as well as the International Festival of Animated Objects.[156]
Calgary's best-known event is the Calgary Stampede, which has occurred each July since 1912. It is one of the largest festivals in Canada, with a 2005 attendance of 1,242,928 at the 10-day rodeo and exhibition.[152]
Museums
Several museums are located in the city. The Glenbow Museum is the largest in western Canada and includes an art gallery and First Nations gallery.[157] Other major museums include the Chinese Cultural Centre (at 6,500 m2 (70,000 sq ft), the largest stand-alone cultural centre in Canada),[158] Canada's Sports Hall of Fame (at Canada Olympic Park), The Military Museums, the National Music Centre and The Hangar Flight Museum.
Film and television
Numerous films have been shot in Calgary and the surrounding area. Notable films shot in and around the city include: The Assassination of Jesse James, Brokeback Mountain, Dances with Wolves, Doctor Zhivago, Inception, Legends of the Fall, Unforgiven, and The Revenant.[159] The Paul Rudd led Ghostbusters: Afterlife was filmed in downtown Calgary and Inglewood in 2019.[160] Television shows include Fargo (TV series),[161] Black Summer (TV series),[162] Wynonna Earp (TV series) [163] and Wild Roses (TV series).[164]
Media
The Calgary Herald and the Calgary Sun are the main newspapers in Calgary. Global, City, CTV and CBC television networks have local studios in the city.
Attractions
.jpg)
.jpg)
Downtown features an eclectic mix of restaurants and bars, cultural venues, public squares (including Olympic Plaza) and shopping. Notable shopping areas include such as The Core Shopping Centre (formerly Calgary Eaton Centre/TD Square), Stephen Avenue and Eau Claire Market. Downtown tourist attractions include the Calgary Zoo, the Telus Spark, the Telus Convention Centre, the Chinatown district, the Glenbow Museum, the Calgary Tower, the Art Gallery of Calgary (AGC), The Military Museums and Arts Commons. At 1.0 hectare (2.5 acres), the Devonian Gardens is one of the largest urban indoor gardens in the world,[165] and it is located on the 4th floor of The Core Shopping Centre (above the shopping). The downtown region is also home to Prince's Island Park, an urban park located just north of the Eau Claire district. Directly to the south of downtown is Midtown and the Beltline. At the district's core is the popular 17 Avenue, known for its many bars and nightclubs, restaurants, and shopping venues. During the Calgary Flames' Stanley Cup run in 2004, 17 Avenue was frequented by over 50,000 fans and supporters per game night. The concentration of red jersey-wearing fans led to the street's playoff moniker, the "Red Mile". Downtown is easily accessed using the city's CTrain light rail (LRT) transit system.
Attractions on the west side of the city include the Heritage Park Historical Village, depicting life in pre-1914 Alberta and featuring working historic vehicles such as a steam train, paddle steamer and electric streetcar. The village itself comprises a mixture of replica buildings and historic structures relocated from southern Alberta. Just west of the city limits is Calaway Park, Western Canada's largest outdoor family amusement park, and just north of the park across the Trans Canada Highway is the Springbank/Calgary Airport where the Wings over Springbank Airshow is held every July 18 & 19. Other major city attractions include Canada Olympic Park, which features Canada's Sports Hall of Fame, and Spruce Meadows. In addition to the many shopping areas in the city centre, there are a number of large suburban shopping complexes in the city. Among the largest are Chinook Centre and Southcentre Mall in the south, Westhills and Signal Hill in the southwest, South Trail Crossing and Deerfoot Meadows in the southeast, Market Mall in the northwest, Sunridge Mall in the northeast, and the newly built CrossIron Mills and New Horizon Mall just north of the Calgary city limits, and south of the City of Airdrie. The Peace Bridge is an iconic bridge and iconic symbol of the city spanning over the Bow River between Sunnyside and Eau Claire near downtown Calgary.
Skyline
Downtown Calgary has a prominent and recognizable skyline that includes Brookfield Place, The Bow, the TELUS Sky, the Suncor Energy Centre, Eighth Avenue Place and the Calgary Tower. It stretches approximately 16 city blocks from east to west and is visible from many of the city's surrounding suburban communities. Office towers are mostly concentrated to the east end of downtown, while many residential and mixed-use towers are located toward the west end of downtown and in the Beltline, south of the city centre.
There are 14 towers that are at least 150 metres (approximately 40 storeys) or taller in downtown Calgary.[166] The city’s skyline is rapidly evolving. As of March 2019, there are 10 skyscrapers over 100 metres (328 ft) under construction, along with another 34 skyscrapers over 100 metres (328 ft) approved or proposed, with another 56 towers over 35 metres (115 ft) under construction or approved for construction.[167] Calgary’s tallest skyscraper is the 247-metre (810 ft) Brookfield Place. In second place, the Bow stands at 236 m (774 ft) with 60 storeys,[168] and 222-metre (728 ft) TELUS Sky is the third tallest.[169][170] Bankers Hall Towers in central downtown are the tallest twin towers in Canada.[171]
Sports and recreation
.jpg)
Within Calgary there are approximately 8,000 ha (20,000 acres) of parkland available for public usage and recreation.[172] These parks include Fish Creek Provincial Park, Inglewood Bird Sanctuary, Bowness Park, Edworthy Park, Confederation Park, Prince's Island Park, Nose Hill Park, and Central Memorial Park. Nose Hill Park is one of the largest municipal parks in Canada at 1,129 ha (2,790 acres). The park has been subject to a revitalization plan that began in 2006. Its trail system is currently undergoing rehabilitation in accordance with this plan.[173][174] The oldest park in Calgary, Central Memorial Park, dates back to 1911. Similar to Nose Hill Park, revitalization also took place in Central Memorial Park in 2008–2009 and reopened to the public in 2010 while still maintaining its Victorian style.[175] An 800 km (500 mi) pathway system connects these parks and various neighbourhoods.[172][176] Calgary also has multiple private sporting clubs including the Glencoe Club and the Calgary Winter Club.
In large part due to its proximity to the Rocky Mountains, Calgary has traditionally been a popular destination for winter sports. Since hosting the 1988 Winter Olympics, the city has also been home to a number of major winter sporting facilities such as Canada Olympic Park (bobsleigh, luge, cross-country skiing, ski jumping, downhill skiing, snowboarding, and some summer sports) and the Olympic Oval (speed skating and hockey). These facilities serve as the primary training venues for a number of competitive athletes. Also, Canada Olympic Park serves as a mountain biking trail in the summer months.
In the summer, the Bow River is very popular among river rafters[177] and fly-fishermen. Golfing is also an extremely popular activity for Calgarians and the region has a large number of courses.[178] The Century Downs Racetrack and Casino is a 5 1/2 furlong horse track located just north of the city.[179]
Calgary hosted the 2009 World Water Ski Championship Festival in August, at the Predator Bay Water Ski Club, approximately 40 km (25 mi) south of the city.[180][181]
As part of the wider Battle of Alberta, the city's sports teams enjoy a popular rivalry with their Edmonton counterparts, most notably the rivalries between the National Hockey League's Calgary Flames and Edmonton Oilers, and the Canadian Football League's Calgary Stampeders and Edmonton Eskimos.[182][183]
Calgary is the hometown of the Hart wrestling family and the location of the Hart family "Dungeon", where the patriarch of the Hart Family, Stu Hart,[184] trained numerous professional wrestlers including Superstar Billy Graham, Brian Pillman, the British Bulldogs, Edge, Christian, Greg Valentine, Chris Jericho, Jushin Thunder Liger and many more. Also among the trainees were the Hart family members themselves, including WWE Hall of Fame member and former WWE champion Bret Hart and his brother, the 1994 WWF King of the Ring, Owen Hart.[184]
In 1997 Calgary hosted The World Police & Fire Games hosting over 16,000 athletes from all over the world.
| Club | League | Venue | Established | Championships |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calgary Stampeders | Canadian Football League | McMahon Stadium | 1945 | 8 |
| Calgary Flames | National Hockey League | Scotiabank Saddledome | 1980 | 1 |
| Calgary Roughnecks | National Lacrosse League | Scotiabank Saddledome | 2001 | 3 |
| Cavalry FC | Canadian Premier League | ATCO Field | 2018 | 0 |
| Club | League | Venue | Established | Championships |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calgary Canucks | Alberta Junior Hockey League | Max Bell Centre | 1971 | 9 |
| Calgary Mustangs | Alberta Junior Hockey League | Father David Bauer Olympic Arena | 1990 | 1 |
| Calgary Hitmen | Western Hockey League | Scotiabank Saddledome | 1995 | 2 |
| Calgary Mavericks | Rugby Canada National Junior Championship | Calgary Rugby Park | 1998 | 1 |
| Prairie Wolf Pack | Canadian Rugby Championship | Calgary Rugby Park | 2009 | 1 |
Government
The city is a corporate power-centre, a high percentage of the workforce is employed in white-collar jobs. The high concentration of oil and gas corporations led to the rise of Peter Lougheed's Progressive Conservative Party in 1971.[185] However, as Calgary's population has increased, so has the diversity of its politics.
Municipal politics
The City of Calgary is a municipal corporation with a council–manager government structure consisting of a fifteen member Council elected every four years. The Council itself consists of an at-large Mayor and fourteen Councillors who represent geographic regions of the city. The legal authority to govern as a "creature of the province" is derived from various regulations and legislation of the Alberta Legislature, of which the Municipal Government Act and the City of Calgary Charter, 2018 Regulation provide many of the powers and responsibilities for the city.[186][187] The current Mayor Naheed Nenshi was first elected in the 2010 municipal election, and subsequently re-elected in 2013 and 2017.
Three school boards operate independently of each other in Calgary, the public, the separate (catholic) and francophone systems. Both the public and separate boards have 7 elected trustees each representing 2 of 14 wards. The School Boards are considered part of municipal politics in Calgary as they are elected at the same time as City Council.[188]
Provincial politics
As a result of the 2019 provincial election, Calgary is represented by twenty-six MLAs, including twenty three United Conservative Party and three New Democratic Party of Alberta.[189]
Federal politics
On October 19, 2015, Calgary elected its first two Liberal federal MPs since 1968, Darshan Kang for Calgary Skyview and Kent Hehr for Calgary Centre.[190] The remaining MPs are members of the Conservative Party of Canada (CPC).[191] Before 2015, the Liberals had only elected three MPs from Calgary ridings in their entire history-- Manley Edwards (1940–1945),[192] Harry Hays (1963–1965)[193] and Pat Mahoney (1968–1972).[194]
The federal riding of Calgary Heritage was held by former Prime Minister and CPC leader Stephen Harper. That seat was also held by Preston Manning, the leader of the Reform Party of Canada; it was known as Calgary Southwest at the time. Harper is the second Prime Minister to represent a Calgary riding; the first was R. B. Bennett from Calgary West, who held that position from 1930 to 1935. Joe Clark, former Prime Minister and former leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada (also a predecessor of the CPC), held the riding of Calgary Centre during his second stint in Parliament from 2000 to 2004.
The Green Party of Canada has also made inroads in Calgary, exemplified by results of the 2011 federal election where they achieved 7.7% of the vote across the city, ranging from 4.7% in Calgary Northeast to 13.1% in Calgary Centre-North.[195]
Crime
.jpg)
The Calgary census metropolitan area (CMA) had a crime severity index of 60.4 in 2013, which is lower than the national average of 68.7.[196] A slight majority of the other CMAs in Canada had crime severity indexes greater than Calgary's 60.4.[196] Calgary had the sixth-most homicides in 2013 at 24.[196]
Military
 |
The presence of the Canadian military has been part of the local economy and culture since the early years of the 20th century, beginning with the assignment of a squadron of Strathcona's Horse. After many failed attempts to create the city's own unit, the 103rd Regiment (Calgary Rifles) was finally authorized on April 1, 1910.[197] Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Calgary was established as Currie Barracks and Harvie Barracks following the Second World War. The base remained the most significant Department of National Defence (DND) institution in the city until it was decommissioned in 1998, when most of the units moved to CFB Edmonton. Despite this closure there is still a number of Canadian Forces Reserve units, and cadet units garrisoned throughout the city. They include HMCS Tecumseh Naval Reserve unit, The King's Own Calgary Regiment, The Calgary Highlanders, both headquartered at the Mewata Armouries, 746 Communication Squadron, 41 Canadian Brigade Group, headquartered at the former location of CFB Calgary, 14 (Calgary) Service Battalion, 15 (Edmonton) Field Ambulance Detachment Calgary, 14 (Edmonton) Military Police Platoon Calgary, 41 Combat Engineer Regiment detachment Calgary (33 Engineer Squadron), along with a small cadre of Regular Force support. As of 2013, 746 Communication Squadron is now known as 41 Signals 3 Squadron. Several units have been granted Freedom of the City.
The Calgary Soldiers' Memorial commemorates those who died during wartime or while serving overseas. Along with those from units currently stationed in Calgary it represents the 10th Battalion, CEF and the 50th Battalion, CEF of the Canadian Expeditionary Force.
Infrastructure
Transportation
Public transit and light-rail
.jpg)
Calgary Transit provides public transportation services throughout the city with buses and light rail. Calgary's light rail system, known as the CTrain, was one of the first such systems in North America (behind Edmonton LRT). It consists of two lines (Red Line and Blue Line), 44 stations and 58.2 km (36.2 mi) of track. The Calgary LRT is one of the continent's busiest carrying 270,000 passengers per weekday and approximately half of Calgary downtown workers take the transit to work. The CTrain is also North America's first and only LRT to run on 100% renewable, wind generated energy.[198] In early 2020, city council approved construction of the Calgary Green Line, the third light-rail line in the city’s rapid transit network. It will be the first rail line in Calgary to operate low-floor trains and is the largest public works project in the history of Calgary, about three-and-a-half times bigger than the second-largest project.[199]
Airports
.png)
Calgary International Airport (YYC), in the city's northeast, is a major transportation and cargo hub for much of central and western Canada. It is Canada's fourth busiest airport, serving 18 million passengers in 2019.[200] The airport serves as the primary gateway into Banff National Park, located 90 minutes west, and the entire Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks system.[201] Non-stop destinations include cities throughout Canada, the United States, Europe, Central America, and Asia. Calgary/Springbank Airport, Canada's eleventh busiest,[202] serves as a reliever for the Calgary International taking the general aviation traffic and is also a base for aerial firefighting aircraft.
Pedestrian and cycling
As an alternative to the over 260 km (160 mi) of shared bikeways on streets, the city has a network of multi-use (bicycle, walking, rollerblading, etc.) paths spanning over 935 km (581 mi).[176] The Peace Bridge provides pedestrians and cyclists, access to the downtown core from the north side of the Bow river. The bridge ranked among the top 10 architectural projects in 2012 and among the top 10 public spaces of 2012.[204]
Skyway
.jpg)
In the 1960s, Calgary started to develop a series of pedestrian bridges connecting many downtown buildings.[205] Today, these bridges connect between most of the city’s downtown office towers and make up the world's most extensive skyway network (elevated indoor pedestrian bridges), officially called the +15. The system shields pedestrians from the city’s extreme cold winter temperatures. The name derives from the fact that the bridges are usually 15 ft (4.6 m) above ground.[206]
Roads and highways
Calgary lies at the crossroads of Highway 2 and the Trans-Canada Highway, making it an important hub for the transit of goods across Canada and along the CANAMEX Corridor. Stoney Trail forms a nearly completed ring road around the city that will be fully finished in 2022 when the final section opens in west Calgary.[207] Freeways and expressways are mostly called "trails". Highway 2, named Deerfoot Trail, is the main north-south route through Calgary and one of the busiest highways in Canada.[208] Much of Calgary's street network is on a grid where roads are numbered with avenues running east—west and streets running north—south. Until 1904 the streets were named; after that date, all streets were given numbers radiating outwards from the city centre.[209] Roads in predominantly residential areas as well as freeways and expressways do not generally conform to the grid and are usually not numbered. However, it is a developer and city convention in Calgary that non-numbered streets within a new community have the same name prefix as the community itself.[210]
Rail
Calgary's presence along the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) mainline (which includes the CPR Alyth Yard) makes the city an important hub of freight rail throughout the province. There is currently no inter-city or regional passenger rail serving the city. In June 2020, the Canada Infrastructure Bank signed a memorandum of understanding with the Government of Alberta to build a 130 kilometre inter-city rail line from downtown Calgary to Banff, and an express line from Calgary International Airport to downtown Calgary.[211]
Between 1955 and 1978, CPR operated a transcontinental passenger rail service called the Canadian, running between Toronto and Vancouver via CPR's right-of-way through Calgary. In 1978, VIA Rail assumed responsibility over CPR's Canadian rail service. In the aftermath of another round of deep budget cuts made to Via Rail on January 15, 1990, VIA permanently discontinued the Super Continental and rerouted the Canadian along the Super Continental's CN route, bypassing Regina and Calgary in favour of Saskatoon and Edmonton. Since then, there has been no intercity rail service to or from Calgary. But two new rail-tour lines have opened along the now open CPR right-of-way: Rocky Mountaineer and Royal Canadian Pacific. The latter still operates rail-tour services to Calgary, while the former has terminated its westbound services at Banff, two hours to the west.
Health care
- Medical centres and hospitals
Calgary has four major adult acute care hospitals and one major pediatric acute care site: the Alberta Children's Hospital, the Foothills Medical Centre, the Peter Lougheed Centre, the Rockyview General Hospital and the South Health Campus. They are all overseen by the Calgary Zone of the Alberta Health Services, formerly the Calgary Health Region. Calgary is also home to the Tom Baker Cancer Centre (located at the Foothills Medical Centre), the Grace Women's Health Centre, which provides a variety of care, and the Libin Cardiovascular Institute. In addition, the Sheldon M. Chumir Centre (a large 24-hour assessment clinic), and the Richmond Road Diagnostic and Treatment Centre (RRDTC), as well as hundreds of smaller medical and dental clinics operate in Calgary. The Faculty of Medicine of the University of Calgary also operates in partnership with Alberta Health Services, by researching cancer, cardiovascular, diabetes, joint injury, arthritis and genetics.[212] The Alberta children's hospital, built in 2006, replaced the old Children's Hospital.
The four largest Calgary hospitals have a combined total of more than 2,100 beds, and employ over 11,500 people.[213]
Education
Primary and secondary
In the 2011–2012 school year, 100,632 K-12 students enrolled in 221 schools in the English language public school system run by the Calgary Board of Education.[214] With other students enrolled in the associated CBe-learn and Chinook Learning Service programs, the school system's total enrolment is 104,182 students.[214] Another 43,000 attend about 95 schools in the separate English language Calgary Catholic School District board.[215] The much smaller Francophone community has their own French language school board (The Southern Francophone Education Region No. 4), which is also based in Calgary, but serves a larger regional district. There are also several public charter schools in the city. Calgary has a number of unique schools, including the country's first high school exclusively designed for Olympic-calibre athletes, the National Sport School.[216] Calgary is also home to many private schools including Mountain View Academy, Rundle College, Rundle Academy, Clear Water Academy, Calgary French and International School, Chinook Winds Adventist Academy, Webber Academy, Delta West Academy, Masters Academy, Calgary Islamic School, Menno Simons Christian School, West Island College, Edge School, Calgary Christian School, Heritage Christian Academy, and Bearspaw Christian School.
Calgary is also home to what was Western Canada's largest public high school, Lord Beaverbrook High School, with 2,241 students enrolled in the 2005–2006 school year.[217] Currently the student population of Lord Beaverbrook is 1,812 students (September 2012) and several other schools are equally as large; Western Canada High School with 2,035 students (2009) and Sir Winston Churchill High School with 1,983 students (2009).
Post-secondary
The publicly funded University of Calgary (U of C) is Calgary's largest degree-granting facility with an enrolment of 28,464 students in 2011.[218] Mount Royal University, with 13,000 students, grants degrees in a number of fields. SAIT Polytechnic, with over 14,000 students, provides polytechnic and apprentice education, granting certificates, diplomas and applied degrees. Athabasca University provides distance education programs. Both SAIT and the University of Calgary have CTrain light-rail stations on their campuses.
Other publicly funded post-secondary institutions based in Calgary include the Alberta University of the Arts, Ambrose University College (associated with the Christian and Missionary Alliance and the Church of the Nazarene), Bow Valley College, St. Mary's University and the U of C.[219] The publicly funded Athabasca University, Northern Alberta Institute of Technology (NAIT), and the University of Lethbridge[219] also have campuses in Calgary.[220][221][222]
Several independent private institutions are located in the city. This includes Reeves College, MaKami College, Robertson College, Columbia College, Alberta Bible College, and CDI College.
Media
Calgary's daily newspapers include the Calgary Herald, Calgary Sun and StarMetro.
Calgary is the sixth largest television market in Canada.[223] Broadcasts stations serving Calgary include CICT 2 (Global), CFCN 4 (CTV), CKAL 5 (City), CBRT 9 (CBC), CKCS 32 (YesTV), and CJCO 38 (Omni). Network affiliate programming from the United States originates from Spokane, Washington.
There are a wide range of radio stations, including a station for First Nations and the Asian Canadian community.
Notable people
International relations
The City of Calgary maintains trade development programs, cultural and educational partnerships in twinning agreements with six cities:[224][225]
| City | Province/State | Country | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Quebec City | Quebec | Canada | 1956 |
| Jaipur | Rajasthan | India | 1973 |
| Naucalpan | Mexico State | Mexico | 1994 |
| Daqing | Heilongjiang | China | 1985 |
| Daejeon | Daejeon | South Korea | 1996 |
| Phoenix[226] | Arizona | US | 1997 |
Calgary is one of nine Canadian cities, out of the total of 98 cities internationally, that is in the New York City Global Partners, Inc. organization,[227] which was formed in 2006 from the former Sister City program of the City of New York, Inc.[228]
See also
References
- ^ Eric Volmers (May 13, 2012). "Alberta's best in TV, film feted at Rosies". Calgary Herald. Postmedia Network. Archived from the original on June 17, 2012. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
- ^ Curtis Stock (July 7, 2009). "Alberta's got plenty of swing". Calgary Herald. Postmedia Network. Archived from the original on January 3, 2015. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
- ^ "Location and History Profile: City of Calgary" (PDF). Alberta Municipal Affairs. June 17, 2016. p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
- ^ "City Manager's Biography". City of Calgary. August 30, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
- ^ a b c d "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2017. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
- ^ a b "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and population centres, 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2017. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
- ^ a b "Population and dwelling counts, for census metropolitan areas, 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2017. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
- ^ a b "Alberta Private Sewage Systems 2009 Standard of Practice Handbook: Appendix A.3 Alberta Design Data (A.3.A. Alberta Climate Design Data by Town)" (PDF) (PDF). Safety Codes Council. January 2012. pp. 212–215 (PDF pages 226–229). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
- ^ a b "2019 Census Results Released". City of Calgary. September 3, 2019. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
- ^ https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710014201&geocode=A00054806016
- ^ a b "Global city GDP 2014". Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on June 5, 2013. Retrieved November 18, 2014.
- ^ "Calgary-Edmonton Corridor". Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on February 23, 2007. Retrieved January 6, 2006.
- ^ "Calgary Industries". Calgary Economic Development. Archived from the original on February 18, 2014. Retrieved January 31, 2014.
- ^ a b c "State of the West 2010: Western Canadian Demographic and Economic Trends" (PDF) (PDF). Canada West Foundation. 2010. pp. 65 & 102. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 14, 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2014.
- ^ "Why Calgary? Our Economy in Depth" (PDF). Calgary Economic Development. 2018. p. 61. Archived from the original on February 16, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
- ^ a b Alberta Place Names : The Fascinating People & Stories Behind the Naming of Alberta. Dragon Hill Publishing Ltd. 2006. p. 34.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ [full citation needed] Mull Museum, Tobermory, Isle of Mull, Scotland. Retrieved July 10, 2007.
- ^ a b c d Fromhold, Joachim (2001). 2001 Indian Place Names of the West - Part 1. Calgary: Lulu. pp. CCC. ISBN 9780557438365.
- ^ Fromhold, Joachim (2001). 2001 INDIAN PLACE NAMES OF THE WEST, Part 2: Listings by Nation. Calgary: Lulu. p. 24. ISBN 9781300389118.
- ^ a b c d "7 names for Calgary before it became Calgary". CBC News. December 3, 2015. Archived from the original on November 16, 2017. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
- ^ Klaszus, Jeremy (October 18, 2017). "How Naheed Nenshi's Tense Re-election Forces Us to Confront Canadian Racism". The Walrus. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
- ^ Nenshi, Naheed. "FINA: Standing Committee on Finance NUMBER 114 ● 1st SESSION ● 42nd PARLIAMENT. EVIDENCE Friday, October 6, 2017" (PDF). Standing Committee on Finance. 114: 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2017 – via ourcommons.ca.
We all know that until the Fort McMurray wildfires last year, the flooding in southern Alberta in 2013 was the costliest natural disaster in Canadian history. While we have done great work in the four years since, within the city of Calgary we continue to need assistance in upstream flood mitigation. Calgary is a city that is built at the confluence of two rivers in a place the Blackfoot called Moh-Kins-Tsis, the elbow. We can't move the city. We can't make room for the river. This is where the rivers are. As a result, it is incredibly important that we do the engineering work on the upstream mitigation.
- ^ a b Wilkes, Rima; Duong, Aaron; Kesler, Linc; Ramos, Howard (February 21, 2017). "Canadian University Acknowledgment of Indigenous Lands, Treaties, and Peoples". Canadian Review of Sociology. 54 (1): 89–102. doi:10.1111/cars.12140. PMID 28220681.
- ^ a b "Guide to Acknowledging First Peoples & Traditional Territory". Canadian Association of University Teachers. November 19, 2017. Archived from the original on November 10, 2017. Retrieved November 19, 2017.
- ^ "Visit Esker Foundation". Esker Foundation. November 20, 2017. Archived from the original on November 22, 2017. Retrieved November 21, 2017.
It is important to acknowledge and reflect upon the fact that Esker Foundation is located on the traditional territories of the Niitsitapi (Blackfoot) and the people of the Treaty 7 region in Southern Alberta, which includes the Siksika, the Piikuni, the Kainai, the Tsuut'ina, and the Stoney Nakoda First Nations. We are also situated on land adjacent to where the Bow River meets the Elbow River; the traditional Blackfoot name of this place is Mohkinstsis, which we now call the City of Calgary. The City of Calgary is also home to Métis Nation of Alberta, Region III.
- ^ "University of Calgary Recommended Acknowledgements of Traditional Indigenous Territories" (PDF). University of Calgary. November 19, 2017.
Welcome to the University of Calgary. I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the traditional territories of the Blackfoot and the people of the Treaty 7 region in Southern Alberta, which includes the Siksika, the Piikuni, the Kainai, the Tsuut'ina, and the Stoney Nakoda First Nations, including Chiniki, Bearspaw, and Wesley First Nation. I would also like to note that the University of Calgary is situated on land adjacent to where the Bow River meets the Elbow River, and that the traditional Blackfoot name of this place is "Mohkinstsis" which we now call the City of Calgary. The City of Calgary is also home to Métis Nation of Alberta, Region III.
[permanent dead link] - ^ "Treaty 7 Territory Acknowledgement". Bow Valley College. November 19, 2017. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017.
We are located in the traditional territories of the Niitsitapi (Blackfoot Confederacy) and the people of the Treaty 7 region in Southern Alberta, which includes the Siksika, the Piikani, the Kainai, the Tsuut'ina and the Iyarhe Nakoda. We are situated on land where the Bow River meets the Elbow River, and the traditional Blackfoot name of this place is 'Mohkinstsis' which we now call the City of Calgary. The City of Calgary is also home to Metis Nation of Alberta, Region 3.
- ^ "Oki (Welcome) to the Iniskim Centre". Mount Royal University. November 19, 2017. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
Mount Royal University is located in the traditional territories of the Niitsitapi (Blackfoot) and the people of the Treaty 7 region in southern Alberta, which includes the Siksika, the Piikuni, the Kainai, the Tsuut'ina and the Iyarhe Nakoda. We are situated on land where the Bow River meets the Elbow River. The traditional Blackfoot name of this place is 'Mohkinstsis', which we now call the city of Calgary. The city of Calgary is also home to the Métis Nation.
- ^ The Canadian Press (November 13, 2017). "What's in a name? For Alberta First Nations seeking heritage recognition, plenty". CBC News. Archived from the original on November 15, 2017. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
- ^ Kaufmann, Bill (November 17, 2017). "Piikani Blackfoot dispute Stoney Nakoda push on name changes for Calgary, other locales". The Calgary Herald. Archived from the original on November 20, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2017.
- ^ "Archaeology Timeline of Alberta". University of Calgary. Archived from the original on February 12, 2012. Retrieved May 10, 2007.
- ^ WDS, CoC (July 18, 2018). "Naming Reconciliation Bridge - Mayor Nenshi's speech". calgarymayor.ca. Archived from the original on July 23, 2018. Retrieved July 22, 2018.
- ^ "The Glenns". Alberta Tourism Parks, Recreation and Culture. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved August 24, 2007.
- ^ "CP Rail moving headquarters from glass tower in Calgary to nearby rail yard: union source". Financial Post. Postmedia Network Inc. November 23, 2012. Archived from the original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ City of Calgary. "Historical Information". Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved September 23, 2007.
- ^ Ward, Tom (1975). Cowtown : an album of early Calgary. Calgary: City of Calgary Electric System, McClelland and Stewart West. p. 274. ISBN 978-0-7712-1012-9. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
- ^ "The Great Fire of 1886". Archived from the original on August 23, 2013. Retrieved January 26, 2012.
- ^ "The Sandstone City". Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved December 17, 2008.
- ^ "Hudson's Bay Company – Our History". hbc.com. Archived from the original on May 31, 2015. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
- ^ "HBC Heritage – Early Stores". hbcheritage.ca. Archived from the original on September 27, 2015.
- ^ Byfield, Ted (1992). The Birth of the province. Edmonton: United Western Communications. p. 156. ISBN 978-0969571810.
- ^ "Stampede History - Calgary Stampede". corporate.calgarystampede.com. Archived from the original on March 13, 2017. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
- ^ "Yahoo! Stampede parade kicks off 'greatest outdoor show on earth'". Archived from the original on June 3, 2015. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
- ^ Calgary architecture : the boom years, 1972–1982, Pierre S Guimond; Brian R Sinclair, Detselig Enterprises, 1984, ISBN 0-920490-38-7.
- ^ Inflation Data. "Historical oil prices". Archived from the original on December 31, 2005. Retrieved January 6, 2006.
- ^ Debra J. Davidson; Mike Gismondi (2011). Challenging Legitimacy at the Precipice of Energy Calamity. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 81. ISBN 978-1-4614-0287-9. Archived from the original on December 3, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
- ^ "Calgary's History 1971–1991". University of Calgary. 1998. Archived from the original on June 1, 2007. Retrieved June 28, 2007.
- ^ Calgary Public Library. "Calgary Timeline". Archived from the original on August 20, 2007. Retrieved June 28, 2007.
- ^ "The Winter of '88: Calgary's Olympic Games". CBC Sports. Archived from the original on June 14, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2011.
- ^ The Conference Board of Canada (2005). "Western cities enjoy fastest growing economies". Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved March 7, 2007.
- ^ Alberta Tourism (2004). "Tourism in Calgary and Area; Summary of Visitor Numbers and Revenue" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 25, 2006. Retrieved January 6, 2006.
- ^ "LIVE: Stampede confirms 101st edition will go ahead". calgaryherald.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 27, 2019.
- ^ "Alberta flooding claims at least 3 lives". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. June 22, 2013. Archived from the original on June 24, 2013. Retrieved June 21, 2013.
- ^ Government of Alberta. "Alberta Natural Regions". Archived from the original on January 22, 2012. Retrieved April 6, 2012.
- ^ "Calgary International Airport Zoning Regulations". Justice Laws Website. Government of Canada. August 4, 2015. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
- ^ a b c "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2011 and 2006 censuses (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2012. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2012.
- ^ "Statistics Profile" (PDF). Alberta Municipal Affairs. March 24, 2015. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
- ^ Services, Community & Neighbourhood (April 1, 2011). "Community Profiles". calgary.ca. Archived from the original on March 17, 2017. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
- ^ a b Your Official Road Map of Alberta (Map) (2015 ed.). Travel Alberta. 2015. ISBN 9781460120767.
- ^ "Elbow Valley Area Map" (PDF) (PDF). Rocky View County. May 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
- ^ "Springbank Area Map" (PDF) (PDF). Rocky View County. May 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
- ^ "Bearspaw Area Map" (PDF) (PDF). Rocky View County. May 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 24, 2015.
- ^ "Annexation Information". City of Calgary. Archived from the original on September 28, 2009. Retrieved August 28, 2009.
- ^ Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca distribution map Archived September 21, 2011, at the Wayback Machine at Flora of North America
- ^ "Sunday, December 4, 2011 - Got Spruce? Plenty of 'em...Thats Fir Sure". Calgary Herald. December 4, 2011. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
- ^ "Calgary's critters: A hinterland who's who on wildlife in the city". CBC. CBC News. Archived from the original on July 27, 2018. Retrieved January 19, 2019.
- ^ City of Calgary. "Beltline—Area Redevelopment Plan" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 24, 2009. Retrieved September 28, 2007.
- ^ "The City of Calgary: Community%20Profiles". June 15, 2010. Archived from the original on June 15, 2010. Retrieved April 2, 2018.
- ^ Canada, Environment and Climate Change (September 25, 2013). "Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data - Climate - Environment and Climate Change Canada". climate.weather.gc.ca. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
- ^ "Plant Hardiness Zone by Municipality". Natural Resources Canada. Government of Canada. Archived from the original on July 1, 2016. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Calgary International Airport". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. September 25, 2013. Archived from the original on May 8, 2014. Retrieved May 8, 2014.
- ^ Ward Cameron. "Learn about the Famous Chinook Winds". mountainnature.com. Archived from the original on February 14, 2014. Retrieved February 28, 2014.
- ^ "Average Annual Wind Speed at Canadian Cities". Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. Retrieved February 2, 2017.
- ^ "Canadian Climate Normals 1971–2000 Station Data". Environment Canada. Environment Canada. January 19, 2011. Archived from the original on December 23, 2016. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
- ^ "Hourly Data Report for July 15, 1999". climate.weather.gc.ca. Government of Canada. October 31, 2011. Archived from the original on August 10, 2018. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
06:00 Rain, Snow, Fog
- ^ "Stormiest Canadian Cities - Current Results". currentresults.com. Archived from the original on March 17, 2017. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
- ^ The Atlas of Canada (April 2004). "Major Hailstorms". Archived from the original on February 2, 2007. Retrieved February 14, 2007.
- ^ "Daily Data Report for August 2018". Canadian Climate Data. Environment Canada. October 31, 2011. Archived from the original on August 12, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2018.
- ^ d.o.o, Yu Media Group. "Calgary, Canada - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Archived from the original on July 6, 2019. Retrieved July 6, 2019.
- ^ "Table IX: Population of cities, towns and incorporated villages in 1906 and 1901 as classed in 1906". Census of the Northwest Provinces, 1906. Vol. Sessional Paper No. 17a. Ottawa: Government of Canada. 1907. p. 100.
- ^ "Table I: Area and Population of Canada by Provinces, Districts and Subdistricts in 1911 and Population in 1901". Census of Canada, 1911. Vol. Volume I. Ottawa: Government of Canada. 1912. pp. 2–39.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - ^ "Table I: Population of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta by Districts, Townships, Cities, Towns, and Incorporated Villages in 1916, 1911, 1906, and 1901". Census of Prairie Provinces, 1916. Vol. Population and Agriculture. Ottawa: Government of Canada. 1918. pp. 77–140.
- ^ "Table 8: Population by districts and sub-districts according to the Redistribution Act of 1914 and the amending act of 1915, compared for the census years 1921, 1911 and 1901". Census of Canada, 1921. Ottawa: Government of Canada. 1922. pp. 169–215.
- ^ "Table 7: Population of cities, towns and villages for the province of Alberta in census years 1901–26, as classed in 1926". Census of Prairie Provinces, 1926. Vol. Census of Alberta, 1926. Ottawa: Government of Canada. 1927. pp. 565–567.
- ^ "Table 12: Population of Canada by provinces, counties or census divisions and subdivisions, 1871–1931". Census of Canada, 1931. Ottawa: Government of Canada. 1932. pp. 98–102.
- ^ "Table 4: Population in incorporated cities, towns and villages, 1901–1936". Census of the Prairie Provinces, 1936. Vol. Volume I: Population and Agriculture. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1938. pp. 833–836.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - ^ "Table 10: Population by census subdivisions, 1871–1941". Eighth Census of Canada, 1941. Vol. Volume II: Population by Local Subdivisions. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1944. pp. 134–141.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - ^ "Table 6: Population by census subdivisions, 1926–1946". Census of the Prairie Provinces, 1946. Vol. Volume I: Population. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1949. pp. 401–414.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - ^ "Table 6: Population by census subdivisions, 1871–1951". Ninth Census of Canada, 1951. Vol. Volume I: Population, General Characteristics. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1953. p. 6.73–6.83.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - ^ "Table 6: Population by sex, for census subdivisions, 1956 and 1951". Census of Canada, 1956. Vol. Population, Counties and Subdivisions. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1957. p. 6.50–6.53.
- ^ "Table 6: Population by census subdivisions, 1901–1961". 1961 Census of Canada. Series 1.1: Historical, 1901–1961. Vol. Volume I: Population. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1963. p. 6.77–6.83.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - ^ "Population by specified age groups and sex, for census subdivisions, 1966". Census of Canada, 1966. Vol. Population, Specified Age Groups and Sex for Counties and Census Subdivisions, 1966. Ottawa: Dominion Bureau of Statistics. 1968. p. 6.50–6.53.
- ^ "Table 2: Population of Census Subdivisions, 1921–1971". 1971 Census of Canada. Vol. Volume I: Population, Census Subdivisions (Historical). Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1973. p. 2.102–2.111.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - ^ "Table 3: Population for census divisions and subdivisions, 1971 and 1976". 1976 Census of Canada. Census Divisions and Subdivisions, Western Provinces and the Territories. Vol. Volume I: Population, Geographic Distributions. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1977. p. 3.40–3.43.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - ^ "Table 4: Population and Total Occupied Dwellings, for Census Divisions and Subdivisions, 1976 and 1981". 1981 Census of Canada. Vol. Volume II: Provincial series, Population, Geographic distributions (Alberta). Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1982. p. 4.1–4.10. ISBN 978-0-660-51095-8.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - ^ "Table 2: Census Divisions and Subdivisions – Population and Occupied Private Dwellings, 1981 and 1986". Census Canada 1986. Vol. Population and Dwelling Counts – Provinces and Territories (Alberta). Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1987. p. 2.1–2.10. ISBN 978-0-660-53463-3.
- ^ "Table 2: Population and Dwelling Counts, for Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 1986 and 1991 – 100% Data". 91 Census. Vol. Population and Dwelling Counts – Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1992. pp. 100–108. ISBN 978-0-660-57115-7.
- ^ "Table 10: Population and Dwelling Counts, for Census Divisions, Census Subdivisions (Municipalities) and Designated Places, 1991 and 1996 Censuses – 100% Data". 96 Census. Vol. A National Overview – Population and Dwelling Counts. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. 1997. pp. 136–146. ISBN 978-0-660-59283-1.
- ^ "Population and Dwelling Counts, for Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Census Divisions, 2001 and 1996 Censuses – 100% Data (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on August 21, 2013. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
- ^ "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2006 and 2001 censuses – 100% data (Alberta)". Statistics Canada. January 6, 2010. Archived from the original on May 28, 2012. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
- ^ "Civic Census 2018". City of Calgary. March 10, 2011. Archived from the original on October 15, 2018. Retrieved October 20, 2018.
- ^ "2016 Census: Population and Dwelling Counts" (PDF). toronto.ca. February 9, 2017. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
• Toronto's population grew by 116,511 residents between 2011 and 2016
- ^ "Statistics Canada. 2012. Calgary, Alberta (Code 4806016) and Alberta (Code 48) (table). Census Profile. 2011 Census. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-XWE. Ottawa. Released October 24, 2012". February 8, 2012. Archived from the original on February 8, 2013. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
- ^ "Population and Dwelling Count Highlight Tables, 2016 Census". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2017. Archived from the original on September 23, 2018. Retrieved October 20, 2018.
- ^ "Annual population estimates by census metropolitan area, Canada – Population at July 1". Statistics Canada. Retrieved October 20, 2018.
- ^ "Profit Guide Directory of Municipalities 2015". Profit Guide. Archived from the original on November 17, 2015. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
- ^ "Statistics Canada". Archived from the original on March 31, 2017. Retrieved April 15, 2017.
- ^ "National Household Survey – 2011". Statistics Canada. May 8, 2013. Archived from the original on March 8, 2014. Retrieved March 7, 2014.
- ^ "National Household Survey – Reference products, 2011" (PDF). statcan.ca. May 8, 2013. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 25, 2009. Retrieved January 29, 2013.
- ^ "Calgary Community Profile" Archived January 21, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Statistics Canada. 2002. 2001 Community Profiles. Released June 27, 2002. Last modified: November 30, 2005. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 93F0053XIE
- ^ "2006 Community Profiles Census Subdivision". Statistics Canada. March 13, 2007. Archived from the original on January 21, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
- ^ a b "Calgary's Economic Performance: 1999-2009". City of Calgary. 2010. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
- ^ a b c d "Calgary Economy". Calgary Herald. Archived from the original on September 3, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
- ^ "GDP per capita". Tableaudebordmontreal.com. Archived from the original on November 28, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
- ^ "Transportation & Logistics". Calgary Regional Partnership. Archived from the original on March 6, 2014. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
- ^ Calgary Economic Development (2006). "Real GDP by Industry: Calgary Economic Region, 2006". Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2007.
- ^ Alberta First (2007). "Calgary". Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved March 12, 2007.
- ^ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics. "Labour force characteristics, seasonally adjusted, by census metropolitan area (3 month moving average) (Calgary (Alta.), Edmonton (Alta.), Kelowna (B.C.))". Archived from the original on December 6, 2016. Retrieved December 4, 2016.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics. "Labour force characteristics, seasonally adjusted, by province (monthly) (Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia)". Archived from the original on November 28, 2016. Retrieved December 5, 2016.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ "Calgary Economic Development 2013 Annual Report" (PDF). calgaryeconomicdevelopment.com. Calgary Economic Development. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 22, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
- ^ a b c d "Top Calgary Employers". Calgary Economic Development. April 2006. Archived from the original on August 21, 2013. Retrieved March 6, 2014.
- ^ "Largest Employers 2010 | Western Business Insight". Alberta Venture. September 1, 2010. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
- ^ CBC Article. "EnCana Unveils Plans for Downtown Calgary Office Tower". CBC News. Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved January 6, 2006.
- ^ Contact Us Archived February 2, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. WestJet. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
- ^ "Customer Service Archived March 24, 2010, at the Wayback Machine." Enerjet. Retrieved March 31, 2010.
- ^ Investor & Financial Information. Canadian Airlines. March 3, 2000. Retrieved May 20, 2009.
- ^ Pigg, Susan. "Zip, WestJet in fare war that could hurt them both; Move follows competition bureau ruling Battle could intensify when Zip flies eastward Archived February 7, 2013, at the Wayback Machine." Toronto Star. January 22, 2003. Business C01. Retrieved September 30, 2009.
- ^ "Administration". canadiannorth.com. Archived from the original on August 23, 2013.
- ^ "Charters". canadiannorth.com. Archived from the original on August 23, 2013. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
- ^ a b Morgan, Geoffrey (August 12, 2015). "'Ghost vacancies' haunt downtown Calgary as oil patch layoffs empty office buildings". Financial Post. Calgary. Archived from the original on October 2, 2015. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
- ^ "Calgary 2012: Federal Government Cancels Cultural Capital Program - Avenue Calgary - July 2012". Avenue Calgary. July 6, 2012. Archived from the original on April 12, 2016. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
- ^ "Past census results". City of Calgary. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
- ^ "Awards Won by Central Library".
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ^ McGregor, Lisa (January 2, 2015). "Calgary Public Library reinvents itself". Global News. Archived from the original on January 7, 2015. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
- ^ a b Southern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium. "Auditoria History". Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved September 25, 2007.
- ^ 17 Avenue Business Revitalisation Zone. "Hip to Haute". Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved May 22, 2007.
{{cite web}}:|author=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Calgary's Design District". Design Quarterly. Archived from the original on May 26, 2013. Retrieved April 18, 2013.
- ^ Recreation (May 16, 2011). "Public Art Collection". www.calgary.ca. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ Calgary Marching Bands: Round-Up Band Archived January 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Stetson Show Band Archived January 3, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, Calgary Stampede Showband Archived December 6, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, World Association for Marching Show Bands Archived December 5, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Alberta Ballet Company
- ^ "Grand-Maître: the king of pop ballet". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. August 23, 2012. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
- ^ DeMello, Jessica. "Ballet Review: The Alberta Ballet's Fumbling Towards Ecstacy". Archived from the original on May 6, 2013. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
- ^ Louis, Hobson (October 18, 2018). "Contemporary Art and Dance at Forefront of Fluid Fest". Calgary Herald. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ Hunt, Stephen. "Decidedly Jazz Danceworks breaks ground on $25 million art space". www.calgaryherald.com. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ "Feature/Review: Tim Shantz, Spiritus and Luminous Voices bring a special resonance to Calgary's choral scene". calgaryherald.com. April 17, 2014. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ Jarvie, Michele (January 14, 2020). "Calgary pop choir revving up for first show with new artistic director". calgaryherald.com. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ Jarvie, Michele (January 13, 2017). "City choir helps boys find their voice for forty-three years". calgaryherald.com. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ Ferguson, Ava (January 18, 2019). "New name, new direction: ACAD becomes Alberta University of the Arts". calgaryherald.com. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ "First combined Dance and Kinesiology Degree in Canada". www.cda-acd.ca. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ "Mount Royal University Conservatory | l'Encyclopédie Canadienne". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ a b Calgary Stampede (2006). "History of the Stampede". Archived from the original on June 13, 2006. Retrieved May 8, 2006.
- ^ "Our History - Calgary Pride - 30 Years of Pride in Calgary". Calgary Pride 2020 Reimagined. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
- ^ Hunt, Stephen. "Kiwanis Music Festival gets a name change". www.calgaryherald.com. Retrieved April 16, 2020.
- ^ "Calgary Spoken Word Festival". calgaryspokenwordfestival.com. Archived from the original on August 31, 2011. Retrieved August 29, 2011.
- ^ "About Us | Festival of Animated Objects". www.puppetfestival.ca. Archived from the original on March 18, 2017. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
- ^ Calgary Kiosk (2006). "Glenbow Museum". Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved June 28, 2007.
- ^ "Calgary Chinese Cultural Centre". Where. 2007. Archived from the original on October 6, 2006. Retrieved June 28, 2007.
- ^ "Calgary's Film Industry". Calgary Economic Development. Archived from the original on September 7, 2014. Retrieved September 6, 2014.
- ^ "Paul Rudd was just spotted at this downtown Calgary pub (PHOTOS) | Dished". dailyhive.com. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
- ^ Volmers, Eric. "Find Calgary's buildings while watching the Fargo TV series". www.calgaryherald.com. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
- ^ "Netflix's new 'Black Summer' series was filmed in the Calgary area | Etcetera". dailyhive.com. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
- ^ July 2, Eric Volmers Updated:; 2019 (July 2, 2019). "Calgary-based Wynonna Earp overcomes financial woes, shooting to begin on Season 4 | Calgary Herald". Retrieved January 16, 2020.
{{cite web}}:|last2=has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "PressReader.com - Your favorite newspapers and magazines". www.pressreader.com. Retrieved January 16, 2020.
- ^ City of Calgary. "Devonian Gardens". Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved September 25, 2007.
- ^ "Calgary Skyscraper Map - SkyscraperPage.com". skyscraperpage.com. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ "Calgary Skyscraper Map - SkyscraperPage.com". skyscraperpage.com. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ "The Bow". Emporis GMBH. 2012. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved March 29, 2012.
- ^ "Eighth Avenue Place I". Skyscraperpage. Retrieved February 12, 2011.
- ^ "Telus Sky". Bjarke Ingels Group. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
- ^ "Canada's tallest buildings - Top 20". Emporis. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
- ^ a b Parks (March 7, 2011). "Calgary Parks". calgary.ca. Archived from the original on November 14, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
- ^ Parks (January 11, 2011). "Nose Hill Park". calgary.ca. Archived from the original on November 14, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
- ^ Parks (November 15, 2010). "Nose Hill Park Trail and Pathway improvement plan". calgary.ca. Archived from the original on November 14, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
- ^ Parks (November 3, 2010). "Parks history". calgary.ca. Archived from the original on November 14, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
- ^ a b City of Calgary. "Calgary Pathways & Bikeways Map" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on November 11, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
- ^ "Planning on Rafting Down the Bow River This Summer? Here's How to Stay Safe". Archived from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
- ^ "Calgary, Alberta Golf Courses". GolfLink. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
- ^ "Century Downs Racetrack and Casino". Archived from the original on March 26, 2019. Retrieved June 3, 2019.
- ^ "2009 WATERSKI WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS". IWWF. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
- ^ "Predatory Bay" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
- ^ Campbell, Dave (July 30, 2019). "Edmonton Eskimos prepare for Round 1 of 2019 Battle of Alberta in Calgary". Global News. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
- ^ Johnson, George (October 14, 2005). "Bile back in Battle of Alberta". ESPN. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
- ^ a b "Stu Hart". WWE. Archived from the original on October 31, 2011. Retrieved November 2, 2011.
- ^ "Calgary's Politics 1971–1991". University of Calgary. 1997. Archived from the original on June 1, 2007. Retrieved June 28, 2007.
- ^ "Municipal Government Act, R.S.A. 2000" (PDF). alberta.ca. Alberta Queen's Printer. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
- ^ "City of Calgary Charter, 2018 Regulation AR 40/2018" (PDF). alberta.ca. Alberta Queen’s Printer. Retrieved March 21, 2020.
- ^ "Election and Information Services". City of Calgary. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2011.
- ^ "Legislative Assembly of Alberta". www.assembly.ab.ca. Legislative Assembly of Alberta.
- ^ "Two new Liberal MPs in Calgary are the first carrying the red banner in cowtown since 1968". National Post. October 20, 2015. Archived from the original on October 23, 2015. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
- ^ "Election Night Results - Major Centres". enr.elections.ca. Archived from the original on October 21, 2015. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
- ^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Federal Experience – EDWARDS, Manley Justin, LL.B." parl.gc.ca. Archived from the original on December 20, 2013.
- ^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Complete File – HAYS, The Hon. Harry William, P.C." parl.gc.ca. Archived from the original on April 24, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
- ^ "PARLINFO – Parliamentarian File – Complete File – MAHONEY, The Hon. Patrick Morgan, P.C., Q.C., B.A., LL.B." parl.gc.ca. Archived from the original on April 24, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2016.
- ^ Event results Archived February 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine from Elections Canada
- ^ a b c "Police-reported crime statistics in Canada, 2013" (PDF). Statistics Canada, Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. July 23, 2014. pp. 13 & 30. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 23, 2015. Retrieved May 3, 2015.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ Carsted, Douglas. "103rd Regiment 1910-21". The Calgary Highlanders. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ "Eco-conscious commuting (page 2) – Canadian Geographic". canadiangeographic.ca. Archived from the original on September 3, 2014.
- ^ "Green Line LRT: Calgary councillors approve alternative Stage 1 route". Global News. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
- ^ "YYC > Media > Facts & Figures > Passenger Statistics". yyc.com. Archived from the original on June 22, 2018. Retrieved February 7, 2020.
- ^ "Getting to Banff". Town of Banff. Archived from the original on March 31, 2010. Retrieved September 22, 2011.
- ^ "Aircraft movement Statistics: NAV CANADA Towers and Flight Service Stations: Annual Report (TP 577): Table 2-1 – Total aircraft movements by class of operation – NAV CANADA towers". statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on September 7, 2011. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
- ^ Parks, Calgary. "Pathways and bikeways". www.calgary.ca. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
- ^ "designboom 2012 top ten: public spaces". designboom – architecture & design magazine. December 28, 2012. Archived from the original on January 9, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2014.
- ^ "Calgary's +15 Skywalk". City of Calgary. 2013. Archived from the original on December 25, 2014. Retrieved November 28, 2013.
The first +15 bridge was installed on January 21, 1970, connecting Calgary Place to the Calgary Inn (now the Westin Hotel). By 1984, Calgary's +15 Skywalk consisted of 38 bridges, 8 km (5 mi) of walkways and numerous public spaces. Today there are more than 62 bridges and 18 km (11 mi) of walkways.
- ^ The City of Calgary (February 2007). "Plus 15". Archived from the original on August 21, 2007. Retrieved September 25, 2007.
- ^ Gibson, John (July 5, 2018). "Work on Calgary ring road's $1B final leg to start in 2019". CBC News. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
- ^ Klaszus, Jeremy (June 7, 2012). "Deerfoot's Revenge". Calgary Herald. Archived from the original on January 2, 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
- ^ "The Odd History of Calgary's City Streets". SmartCalgaryHomes.com. Archived from the original on June 18, 2010. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
- ^ "Calgary" (Map). Google Maps. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
- ^ "Calgary-Banff Rail". Canada Infrastructure Bank - Banque de l'infrastructure du Canada. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
- ^ Faculty of Medicine of the University of Calgary (2011). "Faculty of Medicine Quick Facts". Archived from the original on June 22, 2014. Retrieved January 26, 2007.
- ^ Calgary Economic Development (2006). "Calgary Hospitals". Archived from the original on February 8, 2009. Retrieved March 13, 2007.
- ^ a b "Quick Facts". Calgary Board of Education. January 11, 2012. Archived from the original on January 31, 2012. Retrieved March 10, 2012.
- ^ Calgary Catholic District School Board. "Calgary Schools". Archived from the original on January 11, 2006. Retrieved January 7, 2006.
- ^ "National Sport School". nationalsportschool.ca. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2012.
- ^ Calgary Board of Education (2007). "Lord Beaverbrook High School". Archived from the original on April 17, 2007. Retrieved May 10, 2007.
- ^ "U of C fact book—page 8" (PDF). University of Calgary. 2011–2012. Retrieved November 19, 2012.[dead link]
- ^ a b "Publicly Funded Institutions". Alberta Enterprise and Advanced Education. Archived from the original on December 6, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2012.
- ^ "UA Locations". Athabasca University. Archived from the original on November 25, 2012. Retrieved November 21, 2012.
- ^ "NAIT Calgary". Northern Alberta Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on December 4, 2012. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
- ^ "Faculty of Management Edmonton Campus". University of Lethbridge. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2012.
- ^ "Television Bureau of Canada: TV Basics 2014–2015" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 10, 2015.
- ^ Calgary Economic Development. "Sister Cities". Archived from the original on July 22, 2011. Retrieved January 6, 2007.
- ^ City of Calgary. "Welcome to Calgary". Archived from the original on June 1, 2008. Retrieved July 4, 2009.
- ^ "Phoenix Sister Cities". Phoenix Sister Cities. Archived from the original on July 24, 2013. Retrieved August 6, 2013.
- ^ "NYC's Partner Cities". Government of New York City. Archived from the original on February 1, 2013. Retrieved March 14, 2013.
- ^ "New York City Global Partners". Government of New York City. Archived from the original on March 9, 2013. Retrieved March 14, 2013.
Further reading
- Janz, Darrel (2001). Calgary – Heart of the New West. Memphis, Tennessee: Towery Pub. ISBN 978-1-881096-93-1.
- Kozub, Mark; Kozub, Janice (2001). A Calgary Album: Glimpses of the Way We Were. Dundurn Press. ISBN 978-0-88882-224-6. Retrieved April 6, 2011.
- Martin, James (2002). Calgary – The Unknown City (revised ed.). Arsenal Pulp Press. ISBN 978-1-55152-111-4. Retrieved April 6, 2011.
- McMorran, Jennifer; Brodeur, François (1999). Calgary. Éditions Ulysse. ISBN 978-2-89464-171-2. Retrieved April 6, 2011.
External links
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Resources from Wikiversity
Travel information from Wikivoyage
Places adjacent to Calgary | |
|---|---|
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Geographic | |
| Other | |