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1592–1593 London plague

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London Plague of 1592-1593
Map of London in 1576
DateAugust 1592 – December 1593, with cases until 1595
DurationSeveral years
LocationLondon, Kingdom of England
TypeOutbreak part of the ongoing second plague pandemic since the 14th century
CauseYersinia pestis
Deaths19,900+ [1]

From 1592 to 1593, London experienced its last major plague outbreak of the 16th century. During this period, at least 15,000 people died of plague within the City of London and another 4,900 died of plague in the surrounding parishes.[1]

London in 1592

London in 1592 was a partially-walled city of 150,000 people made of the City of London and its surrounding parishes, called liberties, just outside the walls. Queen Elizabeth I had ruled for 34 years and her government struggled with London's quickly growing population. Due to increasing economic and food shortages, disorder had grown among the underclasses in the city and beyond, whom moralist authorities increasingly struggled to govern.[2] A large and impoverished population made up the surrounding liberties, which became the first communities to be hit severely by the plague.[3]

Plague activity in England

Plague had been present in England since the Black Death, infecting various fauna in the countryside, and known as plague since the 15th century.[4] Occasionally Yersinia pestis was transmitted to human society by infectious contact with the fleas of wild animals, with disastrous results for trade, farming, and social life.[5][6] Increasing plague activity along England's southern and eastern coasts appeared during the late 1580s to early 90s. An outbreak at Newcastle in 1589 killed 1727 residents by January 1590, while from 1590 to 1592 Plymouth and Devon were affected with 997 plague deaths at Totnes and Tiverton.[7] Plague spread south and north in England's countryside in the early 1590s, contaminating reservoirs of rodents around farms and towns until eventually reaching London in the summer of 1592.[citation needed]

The plague in London

John Stow copied and preserved records of the outbreak.

1592

London's first cases of plague were noticed in August. On 7 September, soldiers marching from England's north to embark on foreign campaigns were rerouted around the city due to concerns about infection,[1][6] and by the 21st at least 35 parishes were infected with the plague.[8] A group transporting the spoils of a Spanish carrack from Dartmouth couldn't get further than Greenwich due to the outbreak in London and news of the plague had spread regionally.[1] London's theaters, which had been temporarily closed by city authorities since a riot in June, had their shutdown orders extended to 29 December by the government.[9][10] Members of the aristocratic class sensed danger as the disease continued to spread and fled the city: "The plague is so sore that none of worth stay about these places" remarked one contemporary.[11] In November, London's College of Physicians convened a meeting to discuss the "insolent and illicit practice" of London's unlicensed medical physicians with the intention to "summon them all" before the college for quackery.[12] Queen Elizabeth's royal court also decided not to host the annual Accession Day tilt celebrations for the month due to the possibility of contagion at the royal court.[13]

Some records of the plague were copied by John Stow during his own research in the 17th century and have survived time despite the original documents being lost.[14] Around 2,000 Londoners died of plague between August 1592 and January 1593. The Company of Parish Clerks began regularly keeping and publishing records of plague mortality on 21 December 1592. Government orders forbidding performances at theaters were again extended, into 1593.[15]

1593

[[File: Castell de Windsor.JPG|thumb|left|304x304px|Queen Elizabeth's royal court evacuated to Windsor Castle such as they did during the [[1563 London.

References

  1. ^ a b c d Creighton, Charles (November 1891). A History of Epidemics in Britain: From A.D 664 to the Extinction of Plague. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 353–354.
  2. ^ "RIOTS AND LIBERTIES". Wesleyan University. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
  3. ^ Kohn, George (2008). Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present. Infobase Publisher. p. 228.
  4. ^ Benedictow, Ole (2004). The Black Death 1345-1353: The Complete History. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. p. 5. ISBN 9781843832140.
  5. ^ Fowler, Catherine (May 2015). "Moving the Plague: the Movement of People and the Spread of Bubonic Plague in Fourteenth Century through Eighteenth Century Europe" (Document). University of Mississippi, The Aquila Digital Community. p. 17. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |s2cid= ignored (help)
  6. ^ a b Scott, Susan; Duncan, Christopher (2004). Biology of Plagues: Evidence from Historical Populations. Cambridge University Press. p. 165.
  7. ^ Creighton, Charles (1891). A History of Epidemics in Britain: From AD 644 to the Extinction of Plague. Cambridge University Press. p. 351.
  8. ^ Berry, Herbert (Winter 1995). "A London Plague Bill for 1592, Crich, and Goodwyffe Hurde". English Literary Renaissance. 25. The University of Chicago Press: 12. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6757.1995.tb01425.x. S2CID 145156545 – via JSTOR.
  9. ^ Berry, Herbert (Winter 1995). "A London Plague Bill for 1592, Crich, and Goodwyffe Hurde". English Literary Renaissance. 25: 5. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6757.1995.tb01425.x. S2CID 145156545.
  10. ^ Cheney, Patrick; Cheney, Patrick Gerard; Patrick, Cheney (2004-11-25). Shakespeare, National Poet-Playwright. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-521-83923-5.
  11. ^ Mary Anne Everett Green, ed. (1867). "Queen Elizabeth – Volume 244: February 1593". Calendar of State Papers:Elizabeth 1591-1594. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. p. 360.
  12. ^ Kassell, Lauren (2005). Medicine and Magic in Elizabethan London: Simon Forman : Astrologer, Alchemist, and Physician. London: Clarendon. p. 75. ISBN 978-0-19-927905-0.
  13. ^ Strong, Roy C. (1977). The Cult of Elizabeth: Elizabethan Portraiture and Pageantry. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-520-05841-5.
  14. ^ Creighton, Charles (1891). A History of Epidemics in Britain from AD 644 to the Extinction of Plague. Cambridge University Press. pp. 352–353.
  15. ^ Acheson, Arthur (1920). Shakespeare's Lost Years in London 1586-1592, Giving New Light on the Pre-sonnet Period: Showing the Inception of Relations Between Shakespeare and the Earl of Southampton and Displaying John Florio as Sir John Falstaff. New York: Brentano's. pp. 85.


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