Andrew Carnegie Mansion
Andrew Carnegie Mansion | |
New York City Landmark No. 0674
| |
Location | 2 East 91st Street, Manhattan, New York |
---|---|
Coordinates | 40°47′4″N 73°57′29″W / 40.78444°N 73.95806°W |
Area | 1.2 acres (0.49 ha) |
Built | 1899–1902[2] |
Architect | Babb, Cook & Willard |
Architectural style | Colonial Revival, Georgian Revival |
NRHP reference No. | 66000536[1] |
NYSRHP No. | 06101.000266 |
NYCL No. | 0674 |
Significant dates | |
Added to NRHP | November 13, 1966 |
Designated NHL | November 13, 1966 [4] |
Designated NYSRHP | June 23, 1980[3] |
Designated NYCL | February 17, 1974 |
The Andrew Carnegie Mansion is a historic house at 2 East 91st Street at Fifth Avenue in the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City, New York, U.S. The three-and-a-half story, brick and stone mansion was designed by Babb, Cook & Willard in the Georgian Revival style. Completed in 1902 for the industrialist Andrew Carnegie, his wife Louise, and their only child Margaret, it served as the family's residence for nearly half a century. Since 1976, the house has been occupied by the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, part of the Smithsonian Institution. The mansion is internally connected to two townhouses at 9 East 90th Street (which became part of the building in the 1920s) and 11 East 90th Street, both of which are part of the Cooper-Hewitt.
The mansion occupies the northern portion of a 1.2-acre (0.49 ha) site, providing space for a garden to the south and west. Although the mansion has a mostly symmetrical design, there is a service wing and a metal-and-glass conservatory protruding off the eastern facade. The mansion was built with numerous mechanical features, including dedicated heating and cooling systems, a steel superstructure, and elevators. It contains at least 64 rooms across three basements and four above-ground stories, including the attic. The first-floor rooms include a stair hall, the conservatory, a picture gallery, a library, and various other family rooms. On the upper floors were the Carnegies' bedrooms, guest bedrooms, and staff quarters. These rooms have been modified over the years; since 1976, the interiors have hosted the museum's exhibition spaces and research facilities.
Carnegie purchased land in a then-remote corner of the Upper East Side in 1898 and hired Babb, Cook & Willard following an architectural design competition, The Carnegies moved into the mansion on December 12, 1902, spending their time between there and Skibo Castle in Scotland. Carnegie lived in his New York City mansion until his death in 1919, and Louise continued to live there until her own death in 1946. In the early 1920s, the mansion was connected with 9 East 90th Street, where Margaret lived from 1920 to 1948. Following a renovation, the Columbia University School of Social Work occupied the house from 1949 to 1971. The Carnegie Corporation gave the house and property to the Smithsonian in 1972, and the Cooper-Hewitt Museum opened there in 1976 following renovations by Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer Associates. The house underwent further renovations in the late 1990s and the early 2010s.
The mansion is a New York City designated landmark and a National Historic Landmark. The Carnegie Mansion has received architectural commentary over the years. The construction of the mansion spurred other wealthy New Yorkers to build their homes nearby, and its presence also influenced the name of the surrounding area, which has come to be called Carnegie Hill. In addition, over the years, the mansion has been depicted in several films and TV series.
Site
The Andrew Carnegie Mansion is at 2 East 91st Street[5][6] in the Carnegie Hill section of the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City.[7] It stands on 1.2 acres (0.49 ha) of land[8] on the eastern side of Fifth Avenue, between 90th Street to the south and 91st Street to the north, just east of Central Park.[9] The rectangular land lot covers 46,415 square feet (4,312 m2), with a frontage of around 200 feet (61 m) on Fifth Avenue and 230 feet (70 m) on the side streets.[9][10] Prior to the acquisition of additional property in the early 20th century, the site measured just over 200 feet on Fifth Avenue and 90th Street, and 230 feet on 91st Street.[11] Built for the industrialist Andrew Carnegie and later converted into the Cooper-Hewitt Museum,[12] the mansion was near the north end of Fifth Avenue's Millionaires' Row when it was finished.[13]
The grounds are enclosed by a metal fence with stone posts.[14][15] A garden, designed by Guy Lowell and Richard Schermerhorn Jr.,[16] occupies the southern half of the site and wraps around to the western frontage.[14] During the garden's construction, workers excavated the bedrock around the house to a depth of 5 feet (1.5 m)[17] or 10 feet (3.0 m).[18] Workers used loam from the old Fleetwood Park Racetrack in the Bronx to fill and grade the pit.[17] The plantings included ivy, rhododendrons, azaleas, roses, and wisterias.[19] The garden originally had around 30 mature trees,[a] which were clustered around the eastern boundary of the site; these included cherry, oak, chestnut, and beech trees,[19] which remained intact in the late 20th century.[23][24] There were also flower beds and pathways, and, on the eastern side, a rock garden.[14] The garden, which has since become part of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum,[25][26] was renamed the Arthur Ross Terrace and Garden in 1991.[26][27] Following a 2015 renovation, the Arthur Ross Terrace and Garden retained its rock garden and pathways, and a seating area and a southern entrance to the mansion were added.[28]
At the southeast corner of the main mansion is the McAlpin–Miller House at 9 East 90th Street, formerly owned by George L. McAlpin and then by Carnegie's daughter Margaret Miller.[29] The mansion is connected with 9 East 90th Street,[14] and the two buildings share a land lot.[30] The mansion is also internally connected to 11 East 90th Street,[31] and it abuts 15 and 17 East 90th Street and the Spence School to the east.[32] The Church of the Heavenly Rest is directly across 90th Street to the south,[29] while the Otto H. Kahn House, James A. Burden House, John Henry Hammond House, and John and Caroline Trevor House (from west to east) are across 91st Street to the north.[33][34] The mansion is also part of Fifth Avenue's Museum Mile;[35][36] the Jewish Museum is in the Felix M. Warburg House one block north,[37][38] while the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum is one block south.[37][39]
Architecture
The Carnegie Mansion was designed by Babb, Cook & Willard[7][12] in the Georgian Revival style.[14] The Chicago Daily Tribune wrote that, during the mansion's construction, the structure was variously described as Dutch Colonial Revival and French Renaissance, although it incorporated elements of several architectural styles.[40] The site includes 9 East 90th Street, which was completed in 1903[10][29][30] or 1905.[14] The latter house was designed by George Keister in the Georgian Revival style and includes Beaux-Arts design elements.[30][41]
Form and facade
Main mansion
The mansion is a 3+1⁄2-story structure, finished in brick and stone.[14] All four elevations of the facade are visible from the street.[10] To maximize the size of the garden, the Carnegie Mansion is placed along the extreme northern boundary of the site, along 91st Street.[42] The architects intended for the house's symmetrical design, as well as its use of relatively simple architectural details, to de-emphasize its large size.[10] The northern and southern elevations are both divided vertically into eleven bays.[43] The western and eastern elevations have similar decorations to the northern and southern elevations, except that they are five bays wide.[10] A brick-and-stone service wing (originally the art gallery) protrudes off the northern portion of the eastern elevation.[43] Just south of this wing is a metal-and-glass conservatory with a base of rusticated stone blocks and an east-facing pergola.[10] At the rear of the mansion is a passageway made of brick, cedar wood, and granite, which connects with the houses at 9 and 11 East 90th Street.[44]
The first story of the facade is clad with rusticated stone blocks.[43] As built, there is a curved sidewalk on 91st Street, which leads to the main entrance. A short flight of steps leads up from the sidewalk to a raised terrace. The entrance itself consists of double doors within a semicircular arch.[10] There is a glass canopy above the main entrance,[43][45] which was designed by Louis Comfort Tiffany.[46] Early plans for the house called for the terrace to surround the entire mansion, but Carnegie ordered that the terrace be removed when the mansion was nearly completed.[47] When the mansion was renovated in the mid-1990s, the steps in front of the main entrance were extended outward, and a ramp was installed behind a balustrade.[31][44] On the rest of the first story, there are arched openings topped by ornate keystones. There is an areaway between the house and 91st Street.[10] There is a secondary entrance on 90th Street, which was added as part of a 2014 renovation of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum.[48][49]
The upper stories are clad with brick and have stone quoins at their corners.[43] On the northern and southern elevations, the nine center bays are clustered in three sets of three, and quoins separate each group of bays from each other and from the bay at either end.[10] On the second floor of the northern and southern elevations, there are protruding balconies within the central group of bays, as well as in the end bays. The center three bays on the western elevation also have a balcony at the second floor.[43] The center bay of the eastern elevation has an oriel window at that story.[10] Each window is surrounded by a stone frame; these surrounds are all topped by cornices, and there are triangular pediments above some windows.[14]
Atop the facade is a stone cornice, which in turn is topped by a stone balustrade and urns.[14][42] The cornice is ornamented with modillions.[10] There are arched dormer windows with copper sheathing above the third floor. In addition, the roof is topped by brick-and-limestone chimneys.[50]
9 East 90th Street
9 East 90th Street (also known as the McAlpin–Miller House, McAlpin House, or Miller House) is a five-story structure.[51] The southern elevation of the house is largely built of brick with stone trim, except the first story, which is made of rusticated blocks of white marble.[30][51] On the upper stories, there are marble quoins at either corner of the facade. The window openings consist of both double-hung windows and casement windows. The western elevation is clad in red brick. There is also a brick annex in the rear, with stone quoins and various windows.[51]
At the left side of the ground story, Ionic columns flank the entryway and support a triangular pediment above. The second and third stories curve outward, and there is a marble balcony in front of the second story. The balcony is accessed by French doors on the second story, which are topped by arched stone voussoirs. The third story has rectangular windows with splayed lintels above. There is a balustrade atop the curved third story, which is made of marble and iron. Above the fourth story is a marble cornice with modillions. The sloped roof contains projecting dormer windows. The side walls of the house protrude from either side of the roof, and there is a space surrounded by a chain-link fence above the roof.[51]
Mechanical features
The Carnegie Mansion was among the first residences in New York City with a steel superstructure and private Otis elevator.[52][53] The mansion was equipped with at least four automatic elevators from the outset,[54][55] which by the mid-20th century had been expanded to five.[56] One elevator ran only between the first and third floors, while another was used by servants and traveled between the attic and the lowest basement.[18] Yet another elevator, between the third basement and first floor, was used specifically for dumping ashes.[56] One of the original elevators is preserved at the National Museum of American History.[52]
The Carnegie Mansion was equipped with extensive mechanical systems and a large amount of equipment.[57] There was a central-heating plant, generators, air conditioning, and an artesian well.[58] The heating plant was large enough to meet the needs of an ocean liner,[46] while the air-conditioning system was among the first in a private residence.[56][59] Edward F. Caldwell & Co. installed an electric lighting system throughout the mansion.[60] Electricity, sewage, and water intakes could all be regulated by a master switchboard.[56] The mansion's mechanical equipment was managed by a master engineer, three assistant engineers, and three helpers for each assistant.[18]
The third and lowest basement level had three water filters, a large furnace, and a coal bin that could store 200 short tons (180 long tons; 180 t) of coal. A miniature railroad ran between the furnace and coal bin, carrying up to 500 pounds (230 kg) of coal at once;[18] it transported 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg) of coal daily.[59] There was an Italian-tile turntable for this miniature railroad.[61] The second basement had a wine cellar with terracotta walls; a laundry, ironing room, and drying room; and pipes connecting the furnace to radiators on the upper floors.[18] The first basement (also known as the ground floor) included two kitchens, a linen closet, storage rooms, the servants' quarters.[18][62] There was a wine closet next to the kitchen,[56] with space for 1,500 bottles.[63] Also in the first basement was a central telephone switchboard that served 20 phones in the house.[18] The basement spaces were clad with glazed brick to prevent dust from accumulating.[63]
Interior
The mansion has four above-ground stories including the attic.[64] There are three basements, which accommodated the house's heating system.[18][64] Although several sources state that the Carnegie Mansion was built with 64 rooms,[46][64][65] other sources state that there were 66[66] or 80 rooms.[18] These spaces included thirty bedrooms, several drawing rooms, and an art-gallery room.[67] Later subdivisions increased the number of rooms in the mansion to 88[68] or 99.[66][69] The mansion was built with a total floor area of 55,315 square feet (5,138.9 m2).[70] On each floor, a west–east hall spans the entire house.[14] Most of the house has parquet wood floors; the conservatory was the only room in the house with a tiled floor.[71] Various portraits of Andrew Carnegie were placed around the house when he lived there.[56] There are also plasterwork ceilings throughout the mansion.[72] The house was built with a grand staircase made of imported Scottish oak.[14][73] The stairway originally led from the first floor to the third; one flight was removed in the 1940s[14] and restored in the 1970s.[74] Another, curved stairway was installed prior to the 1940s.[56]
A two-story passageway, completed in the 1990s, links the mansion to the townhouses at 9 and 11 East 90th Street[75][76] and houses the Agnes Bourne Bridge Gallery.[77][78] Originally, 9 East 90th Street had either 39,[66] 45,[79] or 47 rooms.[72] After the townhouses were converted to the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Library in 2011, the Fred & Rae S. Friedman Rare Book Room was housed at 9 East 90th Street, while 11 East 90th Street contains the reception room, the Arthur Ross Reading Room, and another reading room for quiet study.[80]
First floor
The layout of the first floor was dictated by the dimensions of the dining room, on the southern side of the house, which was the first room to be designed.[81] The entrance on 91st Street leads to a marble entrance vestibule.[45] To the left or east of the entrance vestibule is the staircase hall[62] and a split-level space that was converted to a coat room at some point.[71] To the right or west was the formal waiting room,[18][62] which became a cloak room in 1976.[82] One visitor described the waiting room as a space with dark woodwork, accessed by a small flight of stairs.[83] Originally, the Carnegies' business visitors were directed to the waiting room, while friends and family went straight, into the main hall.[84]
The main hall runs from west to east.[62] The walls and coffered ceiling are made of oak; when the house was being built, Carnegie rejected proposals to clad the walls with marble or to hang tapestries on them. On the hall's south wall is a tympanum made of stained glass, as well as a doorway to the reception room, which is decorated with roundels.[85] Lincrusta friezes topped the walls.[61] At the eastern end of the main hall was an organ.[62][86] The organ was composed of 3,000 pipes,[86][87] which were arranged in 44 ranks[88][89] and ranged from 0.5 inches (13 mm) to 15 feet (4.6 m) in length.[87] The organ had three manuals with about 180 keys total, in addition to 42[88] or 43 stops.[86][87] The organ was played regularly until 1946 and was moved to the Nassau Center for the Fine Arts in Roslyn Harbor, New York, in 1974.[90] A decorative fireplace was on the western end of the hall, opposite the organ.[91] The main hall also had various pieces of furniture, in addition to a statue of Mercury, the god of commerce.[92] Following a 2014 renovation, there is a visitor desk on the west side of the main hall, which can be hidden behind a 2,000-pound (910 kg) door during major events.[93]
The southern edge of the house contains the drawing room, reception room, dining room, breakfast room, and a conservatory extending off the breakfast room.[56][62] The reception room was directly across the main hall from the entry hall and was originally painted in pale yellow and cream colors, with five crystal chandeliers.[94] The dining room, to the left or east of the reception room, measures 36 by 25 feet (11.0 by 7.6 m) and had a serpentine marble fireplace, damask wall coverings, and walnut paneling.[81] The conservatory, known as the Barbara Riley Levin Conservatory,[75] could accommodate 600 guests.[56]
There is a butler's pantry and steward's cabinet on the eastern side of the first floor, behind the organ machinery room. A rear hall, at the house's northeast corner, includes a servant's stair and a service elevator. The rear hall leads to the picture gallery,[62] which originally had a leaded glass skylight that was removed by the 1970s.[72] When the Columbia University School of Social Work renovated the house in 1949, the drawing room became a reading room,[95] while the picture gallery became an auditorium.[96]
On the west side of the first floor are Carnegie's private office, library room, and den.[18][97] The library room, designed by the artist Lockwood de Forest,[49][98] is the only interior space that he designed that remains in its original location.[99] Because Carnegie had requested that his office face Central Park, the library room occupies most of the western frontage, while Carnegie's former office occupies the southwestern corner.[100] The doorway to the office was only 6 feet (1.8 m) high; this was done to draw attention away from Carnegie's short stature,[72] as he was 5 ft 2 in (1.57 m) tall.[100][101] Both rooms have oak wainscoting and inscriptions in gold letters atop the walls.[102][103] Reflecting Carnegie's heritage, many of the inscriptions were quotations from Scottish poets. When Carnegie was alive, both rooms were dedicated with awards that Carnegie had received, as well as objects relating to him, including a certificate of Carnegie's first-ever stock purchase.[103]
Upper stories
The Carnegie family's private rooms were on the second floor. These spaces included dressing rooms, bedrooms, a family library, and a billiard room.[71] The family library and billiard room occupy the northern side of the second floor, next to the staircase hall. Andrew, his wife Louise, and their only child Margaret each had their own bedrooms at the northwest, southwest, and southeast corners of the second floor, respectively.[62] Both parents had their own bathrooms; Louise Carnegie also had her own dressing room and sitting room, while Margaret had her own sitting room or day nursery. In addition, there was a nurse's room, a bathroom, and a nursery pantry clustered around the eastern part of the house, next to Margaret's bedroom.[18][62] De Forest decorated one dressing room with carved wood from India.[73] The Carnegie family and the servants had separate clinic rooms.[55] The bedrooms were converted to classrooms in 1949,[59][104] and some of the walls were knocked down in the 1970s when the second story was converted to galleries.[72][74] As of 2014, the second story hosts the Cooper-Hewitt Museum's permanent exhibits.[49] These exhibits include an interactive "immersion room"[105][106] in Margaret's former bedroom.[107]
On the third story were bedrooms for the Carnegies' visitors.[18][104] Andrew and his daughter had their own gymnasiums on the third floor,[46] which were converted to exhibition space during 1949.[59] Louise's sister had a small suite of rooms on the third story,[18] and there were also a guest bedroom, a trunk room, multiple bathrooms, and bedrooms for guests' servants.[62] The third floor was subdivided into offices after the Carnegies died.[71] In 1976, the third floor became the Cooper Hewitt Museum's library,[108][109] known as the Doris and Henry Dreyfuss Study Center.[110][111] The Barbara and Morton Mandel Design Gallery,[49] measuring 6,000 square feet (560 m2), was added to the third floor during a 2010s renovation.[112]
The house's servants originally stayed on the fourth story,[18][71] where numerous bedrooms and two storage rooms were arranged around a central hallway with a lightwell in the middle.[62] The fourth floor was also subdivided after the Carnegies died.[71] Since the 1990s, the Design Resource Center has occupied the fourth story, extending into 9 and 11 East 90th Street.[79] The fourth story includes the Henry Luce Study Room for American Art and the Drue Heinz Study Center for Drawings and Prints.[77]
History
Andrew Carnegie, born in Scotland in 1835, immigrated to the U.S. as a child. During the late 19th century, he founded the Carnegie Steel Company, which became one of the largest American steel companies.[113][114] Carnegie had shared a hotel suite with his mother until he married Louise Whitfield at the age of 51;[115] they then lived near Fifth Avenue and 51st Street in Midtown Manhattan.[116][117] The family stayed at their house in Scotland, the Skibo Castle, during the summer.[118][119] Carnegie had been happy with the 51st Street house, which had been a wedding gift for Louise, and their daughter Margaret was born there in 1897.[117] After Margaret was born, Carnegie asked painter Howard Russell Butler to devise plans for a renovation of the 51st Street house. Louise, who wanted to build a completely new house, discussed with Butler the possibility of designing a completely new house in New York City.[118]
Development
As late as the end of the 19th century, few of the city's wealthy residents lived on Fifth Avenue north of the 70s streets.[116][118] Many of Fifth Avenue's wealthy residents, including the Carnegies, lived around the 50s streets in Midtown Manhattan.[118] Louise wanted a residence that took up "a square of four lots", which would provide a large amount of space for Margaret.[118] Before deciding to move to the neighborhood that became Carnegie Hill, Carnegie had considered relocating to Fifth Avenue, albeit further south.[120] Carnegie Hill had retained a somewhat rural character until the 1880s, when brownstone row houses were built there,[121] and one source had called the area "only one remove from goatville".[122] Real-estate agent Lawrence B. Elliman obtained options for land on both Fifth Avenue and Riverside Drive;[123] at the time, many of the city's wealthiest people lived on Riverside Drive.[116]
Land acquisition
In December 1898, Carnegie bought all of the lots on Fifth Avenue between 90th and 92nd streets for about $900,000,[120][124] a rate of about $11 to $14 per square foot ($120 to $150/m2).[125] The acquisition, which Butler and an associate had arranged in secrecy,[122] included 17 land lots on one block and 13 lots on the other.[126] At the time, the site was about 20 blocks away from any other mansion on Fifth Avenue.[64] Contemporary newspapers reported that he had bought these plots because his friend Charles A. Gould was developing his own house nearby.[120][127] Carnegie and Gould had planned to erect their houses on the northern plot, between 91st and 92nd streets, and a "public building of some kind" on the southern plot.[127] Carnegie purchased a plot on the north side of 90th Street in January 1899, increasing the size of the southern plot.[128] He ultimately decided to erect his mansion on the southern plot.[129][130] Carnegie also acquired several houses on the south side of 91st Street, which he rented exclusively to his friends, such as Carl Schurz.[131]
Carnegie retained ownership of several lots to protect his home's value.[132] He did sell off parcels over the years,[133] but only to people who were willing to build similarly ornate mansions.[134][135][136] Carnegie sold four land lots on 91st Street to the businessman William Douglas Sloane in December 1900,[137] After Sloane and Carnegie swapped additional land in 1901,[138] Sloane's sons-in-law James A. Burden and John Henry Hammond built their own mansions at 7 and 9 East 91st Street, respectively.[134][138] Another industrialist, James Burden's uncle I. Townsend Burden,[139] bought the site at the southwest corner of 92nd Street and Fifth Avenue in December 1902.[140][b] Carnegie sold a parcel east of Hammond's house in 1909,[141] which became the home of the lawyer John B. Trevor,[142] and he sold the corner of Fifth Avenue and 91st Street to the banker Otto H. Kahn in 1913.[143][144] Carnegie sold off the last of his holdings on the northern block in 1916.[145]
Although Carnegie was wealthy enough to buy almost all the other lots directly surrounding the house, he never bought the lots at 14–18 East 90th Street to the south; the reason for this is not known.[146] Carnegie was also initially unable to buy the sites at 9 and 11 East 90th Street,[147] although these lots were both later connected to the mansion;[136] these lots had been owned since 1888 by the family of tobacco magnate David Hunter McAlpin.[30] David's son George L. McAlpin built his house at 9 East 90th Street,[30][51] and the McAlpin family retained that land lot until June 1919, when it was sold to the Title Guarantee and Trust Company.[148] The adjacent building at 11 East 90th Street housed George's brother William W. McAlpin.[149]
Design and construction
During 1898, Carnegie's private secretary visited houses in other countries to determine what features to include in Carnegie's proposed mansion.[124] The size was large enough for a garden.[150] Carnegie stated that he did not want "a grand palace",[12][151] but rather "the most modest, plainest and most roomy house in New York".[12][135] At the beginning of 1899, Carnegie devised blueprints for the first and second floors; he dictated some of the design details and insisted that the mansion not include a ballroom.[122] After the initial blueprints were complete, Carnegie invited Henry J. Hardenbergh; Howard, Cauldwell & Morgan; and Babb, Cook & Willard to prepare plans for the mansion.[122][152] Although none of the three architects specialized in mansion design, Butler knew all of the architects, and Carnegie said "they were the only architects in the city who had not begged for a job".[153] In contrast to Babb, Cook & Willard's Georgian design, Hardenbergh had drawn up a Châteauesque design, while Howard, Cauldwell & Morgan had devised an American colonial design.[42]
Carnegie hired Babb, Cook & Willard as architects in March 1899.[152] Carnegie was about to construct his mansion and garden by June 1899,[151] and plans for the house were published in the Architectural Record the next month.[129][154] The plans called for a four-story Dutch Colonial-style structure on 91st Street with an eastern wing and a terraced garden.[154] Babb, Cook & Willard filed plans for the house that November.[155] Several contractors submitted bids to build the house,[156] and Charles T. Wills received the general contract in January 1900.[157] A model of the mansion was displayed at the Architectural League of New York the same year.[40] Louise Carnegie influenced many aspects of the mansion's design,[158] having added a "winter garden", playroom, and nursery for her only child.[159] He also contemplated erecting a 40-foot-tall (12 m) marble wall to the east, blocking views from Madison Avenue.[160] Carnegie requested numerous revisions to the design, causing disputes between him and the architects, which Butler had to mediate.[42] Carnegie hired Frederic Archer in May 1900 to design the mansion's organ.[89] The organ was initially supposed to cost $16,000,[18][161] but this price increased after Carnegie requested several alterations to the organ, including changes to its bass register.[162]
In April 1901, the New York Large Tree Company began delivering around 30 mature trees to the site,[22] some measuring up to 60 feet (18 m) tall and 17 inches (430 mm) in diameter.[20][163] By then, the house was nearly completed and was surrounded by a wooden construction fence.[164] Trees were delivered from Westchester County, New York, via a custom-made wagon pulled by six horses. One newspaper wrote that the trees were intended to block views of a nearby tavern from the house.[20] The New York Large Tree Company placed a $161.40 lien on the property in September 1901 after Carnegie did not pay them.[165] When the mansion was nearing completion in mid-1902, two hundred and fifty workers went on strike to protest low wages;[166] the strike was resolved after less than a week.[167] The mansion's cost was estimated at $1.5 million (equivalent to $52,823,000 in 2023)[63][70] or $2.5 million (equivalent to $88,038,000 in 2023).[21]
Carnegie use
1900s and 1910s
The Carnegies moved into the house on December 12, 1902, having arrived on an ocean liner from the Skibo Castle.[158][168] Despite media reports that the house would be turned over to five-year-old Margaret,[169] these reports were erroneous.[170] The Carnegies hosted their first event at the mansion, a housewarming party, the week after they moved in.[171] Carnegie initially referred to the area around his home as "the Highlands of Fifth Avenue".[164] Shortly after the family began occupying the house, Carnegie sought to reduce the house's tax assessment from $550,000 to $400,000.[172] The Carnegies may have employed up to 42 servants,[64][101] and Louise also involved herself in the general operations of the house.[173] Carnegie hired organist Walter C. Gale to play the mansion's organ at breakfast every morning.[162][174][175] The mansion did not include a garage, so Carnegie built a five-story, brick-and-marble parking garage nearby in 1905;[176] the garage could fit five cars.[177]
In general, the Carnegie family lived in the mansion from October to May. Carnegie typically spent his mornings working in the library and exercising; after an afternoon nap and a walk around Central Park, he hosted business visitors.[178] Unlike other wealthy New Yorkers, Carnegie did not mingle with high society;[161] instead, he preferred to invite politicians and intellectuals for dinner.[81] The Carnegies hosted events such as their niece Nancy's wedding in 1905,[179] their own 25th anniversary in 1912,[180] Margaret's debutante ball in 1916,[181][182] and annual reunions of Carnegie's business partners.[174] Carnegie also invited journalists to the mansion every year for his birthday.[57] The dining room entertained visitors such as the orator Booker T. Washington and the pianist Ignacy Jan Paderewski.[183] Musical performances often took place in the main hall.[91]
The mansion also served as the headquarters of Carnegie's philanthropic ventures.[184][178] The Buffalo News wrote that, despite the large number of libraries that Carnegie had funded worldwide, he seldom used his personal library in the mansion.[185] Carnegie began allowing local children to play in the mansion's garden in 1911,[186] and an Italian anarchist unsuccessfully tried to bomb the mansion in 1915.[187] Carnegie bought a wooden shack on the southeast corner of Fifth Avenue and 90th Street in 1917 to prevent an apartment building from being erected there.[144][188] The same year, he stopped traveling to the Skibo Castle during the summers, instead obtaining a summer house in Massachusetts; he continued to use the New York City mansion during the winter.[189] Margaret Carnegie married Roswell Miller at the mansion in 1919,[91][190] and Andrew Carnegie died the same year.[191]
1920s to 1940s
Following Carnegie's death, the mansion was valued at $977,833 (equivalent to $14,872,000 in 2023).[192] Louise Carnegie bought George McAlpin's house at 9 East 90th Street for her daughter and son-in-law for $250,000 in May 1920,[193] and the house was renovated for the Millers at the end of 1920.[194] The Millers furnished their house with some of the furniture from the Carnegies' Massachusetts home.[195] The Carnegie and Miller houses were internally connected so Louise Carnegie could visit her daughter and son-in-law every day.[119] The New York state government attempted to charge Louise a $55,000 inheritance tax after her husband's death, but the New York Court of Appeals ruled in 1922 that the tax did not need to be paid, as the Carnegies had co-owned the mansion.[196] Later the same year, the Appellate Division of the New York Supreme Court found that the legislation creating the inheritance tax violated the Constitution of New York,[197] a decision upheld by the Court of Appeals.[198] Louise Carnegie took an option on 11 houses across the street from the mansion in 1923.[199] The next year, she sold the lot on the southeast corner of Fifth Avenue and 90th Street to the Church of the Heavenly Rest,[200] subject to several restrictions.[136][c]
Almus Pratt Evans designed a "garden entrance", connecting the Carnegie Mansion and the Miller House, in 1928.[51][30] Between the 1920s and the 1940s, Louise Carnegie continued to host various events such as benefits and organ recitals, and her grandchildren also came to the house.[201] These events included the 1927 marriage of the Carnegies' niece Louise Whitfield,[202] as well as sewing classes,[203] student club meetings,[204] parties in the mansion's garden,[205] and concerts.[206] Meanwhile, development in the area had increased in the years following Andrew Carnegie's death.[207] The Carnegie Mansion and the houses across 91st Street had been subject to a covenant mandating that these buildings remain in residential use, but the covenant was lifted in 1934 when the Kahn House across the street was sold to the Convent of the Sacred Heart, a girls' school.[208] The mansion remained Louise Carnegie's residence in the 1940s, when The New York Times wrote that her continued occupancy of the house "may come as something of a surprise to many persons".[209] The conservatory's roof, which was blacked out during World War II, was not restored until the 1970s.[72]
Louise died in June 1946 and bequeathed the mansion to the Carnegie Corporation of New York.[210] Following Louise Carnegie's death, the mansion remained largely intact, and it was maintained by the family steward Alexander Morrison and a skeleton crew.[56][211] In late 1946, the Carnegie Corporation offered to lease the building to the United Nations as a clubhouse and office space.[67][212] The proposal called for the house to contain the United Nations Secretariat's offices in addition to clubrooms.[212] The Personal Parcel Service, which sent food around the world, occupied the first-floor art gallery room in the late 1940s.[56] As late as 1948, the Carnegie Corporation was still offering to lease the house to the UN.[213]
Columbia use
In January 1949, the Carnegie Corporation agreed to lease both the Carnegie Mansion and the Miller home to the New York School of Social Work for 21 years, with an option to renew the lease.[211][214] Edgar I. Williams designed a $140,000 renovation of the building. The Carnegie Corporation submitted alteration plans to the New York City Department of Buildings on February 11,[215] and the building was closed for renovations two weeks later.[102][216] The kitchen became a cafeteria, the gallery became a lecture hall, and the house was updated to meet modern fire codes.[59][211] The original walnut staircase was placed in storage and replaced by an enclosed stairway.[102] The second floor was turned into classrooms, the third floor became administrative offices, and the fourth floor became faculty offices.[104] The school added partition walls[68] and brighter lighting.[96] The Carnegie Corporation requested that the organ on the first floor remain in place,[56][59] and the study, library, and one portrait of Carnegie also remained as-is.[56] The Community Service Society of New York funded the work.[95]
The School of Social Work officially moved into the mansion on October 5, 1949.[68][104] A plaque, commemorating the mansion as Carnegie's former residence, was installed outside the house the same month.[217] The New York School for Nursery Years, an institution affiliated with the School of Social Work, moved into 9 East 90th Street in October 1954.[218] Although the School of Social Work did not pay rent, by the mid-1950s it was spending $50,000 annually just on the house's operation.[101] The school also paid $5,000 per year to maintain the mansion's garden,[219] as the plants had to be replaced frequently due to neighborhood pollution.[220] The School of Social Work found that it could not reduce the garden's annual budget to less than $4,000;[219][220] to defray costs, it began selling keys to the garden for an annual fee in 1955.[219]
The School of Social Work became part of Columbia University in 1959 and announced that it would move from the mansion to Columbia's main campus in Morningside Heights "as soon as possible".[221] The School of Social Work's relocation plans prompted concerns about the mansion's future,[222] especially as other mansions on Fifth Avenue's "Millionaires' Row" were being demolished.[184] The School of Social Work also declined to renew the New York School for Nursery Years' lease of 9 East 90th Street, which was set to expire in 1964;[223] the School of Nursery Years moved to the Carnegies' old garage.[224] The Carnegie Corporation notified the School of Social Work in January 1967 that the school would have to leave the mansion within two years.[66] At the time, Columbia was still raising $5 million to erect a new building for the School of Social Work in Morningside Heights.[225]
Smithsonian use
As early as October 1967, the Smithsonian Institution was negotiating to lease the mansion from the Carnegie Corporation. Although several other entities had expressed interest in the building, the Carnegie Corporation's secretary said it was almost certain the Smithsonian would get the lease.[66] The Smithsonian's secretary Sidney Dillon Ripley leased the mansion in September 1969, with plans to move its Cooper-Hewitt Museum there.[63][226] The museum was to pay $1 annually for 16 years,[82] and the Smithsonian received an option to buy the house after 1981.[63][73]
Conversion into museum
The Cooper-Hewitt's director Lisa Taylor predicted that the museum's 85,000-item collection could be moved to the mansion by 1971,[63] but the School of Social Work did not move out of the mansion until that year.[201] The Cooper-Hewitt moved its offices to the Miller House,[227] and it hosted some events at the building before its official reopening, such as a wine-tasting in 1971[228] and a design show in 1974.[229] Taylor initially had difficulties raising money for renovations because the Smithsonian rented, rather than owned, the mansion.[82] The Carnegie Corporation gifted the Carnegie and Miller houses to the Smithsonian Institution in 1972; at the time, the mansion was valued at $8 million.[82][227] This gift allowed the Cooper-Hewitt to begin raising money.[110] By the beginning of 1973, the museum's collection had been relocated into the mansion's ancillary spaces, and local residents were using the house's garden.[230]
Architectural firm Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer Associates (HHPA) designed a renovation of the house,[230][231] while construction firm New Again was the general contractor.[72] The renovation cost $2.5 million,[232][110] which was partially funded by donations[65][227] and auctions of jewelry and artwork.[233] Although Hugh Hardy of HHPA did not want to restore the house to its exact appearance in the 1900s, he hired Italian craftsmen to restore the old architectural details.[231] The conservatory was renovated,[234] the grand stairs were reopened, and an elevator was installed.[74][231] Fixtures such as smoke detectors and lights were integrated into the existing design, while other features were covered up, repainted, or repurposed.[74] Bedrooms were combined to create a single large gallery and several smaller ones.[235] In addition to the interior work, the museum planted 30,000 tulips in the mansion's garden.[82] Carnegie's old desk (which was so large that part of the mansion's wall had to be removed) was placed into storage,[236] and the organ in the main hall was removed to Roslyn Harbor.[90] The museum, anticipating a half-million annual visitors, initially planned a new entrance and additional stairways or elevators, but these plans were scrapped.[231]
Following delays,[108] the Cooper-Hewitt Museum soft opened within the mansion in March 1976,[82] and the museum opened to the public on October 7, 1976.[232] Some of the permanent exhibitions were still being moved into the house at the time.[72][110] The exhibition spaces initially occupied the first and second floors,[108][235] while the third floor contained the museum's library.[108][109] Museum officials planned to host contemporary exhibitions and other events at 9 East 90th Street.[110][231] Because of monetary constraints, some features, such as a missing Tiffany chandelier and a broken skylight, could not be restored in advance of the museum's opening.[74] In addition, Taylor and renovation architect Hugh Hardy planned to convert the mansion's basements into exhibit space once the museum had raised more money.[82] There was also to be a basement auditorium, and 9 East 90th Street was to have received new galleries, classrooms, and screening rooms.[72][237]
1980s and 1990s
The Cooper-Hewitt Museum saw 250,000 visitors within a year of its reopening at the Carnegie Mansion.[238] In 1979, the Arthur Ross Foundation offered a $100,000 grant to the Cooper-Hewitt to restore the mansion's garden.[24] Lisa Taylor described the Carnegie Mansion as ideal for the museum's exhibitions because the museum's objects could be "shown here in a human scale" instead of in a massive gallery.[239] The Cooper-Hewitt celebrated the tenth anniversary of its occupancy of the mansion in 1987.[240][241] The museum had still not raised enough money for the second phase of renovations.[240][242] HHPA devised plans for a new structure to replace the museum's staff parking lot. This plan would cost $23 million, of which half would be provided by Congress and half raised through private sources, although Congress had not agreed to provide funding.[242] The mansion was too small, and its space too constrained, to accommodate some of the museum's exhibitions in full.[243] There was not enough space for the gift shop, which occupied one of the mansion's halls.[244] The museum also had no loading dock, and workers had to walk around the block every time they wanted to transport objects between the main mansion and 9 East 90th Street.[79]
The Smithsonian bought the McAlpin-Minot House at 11 East 90th Street in 1989 for $3.6 million,[31] and it connected that house to the Carnegie Mansion and 9 East 90th Street.[136] By 1991, the roof was leaking heavily, prompting the museum to begin repairing it for $2 million;[116] the old roof dormers were restored and given to other museums.[245] The Cooper-Hewitt also said it would create a master plan for the garden and the staff parking lot.[116] Dianne H. Pilgrim, who had succeeded Taylor as the Cooper-Hewitt's director, hired James Stewart Polshek Partners to devise plans for a further renovation of the Cooper-Hewitt buildings.[31][76] At the time, the mansion was not fully accessible to people with disabilities; Pilgrim, who used a wheelchair, had to use a service entrance.[246] The project was initially planned to cost $10 million,[247] but Smithsonian secretary Michael Heyman placed the plans on hold in late 1994 due to cost overruns.[31][76] The budget ultimately increased to $20 million;[79] this consisted of a $13 million allocation from the Smithsonian and $7 million from private sources.[248][249] One major donation came from interior designer Agnes Bourne, who sold the San Francisco house where she had resided for 11 months, then donated $2 million to the museum.[250]
Pilgrim announced in May 1995 that the mansion's exhibition galleries would close for renovation,[251][252] and the renovation commenced that August.[46] The exhibit spaces were closed, though the mansion continued to host the museum's workshops and programs.[251][252] The 91st Street entrance was rebuilt, and elevators were installed to make the mansion and the 90th Street townhouses fully accessible.[76][246] A two-story connection between the mansion and the two townhouses was also developed, along with a "design resources center" in the two townhouses.[75][76] The work also involved rearrangement of study areas and storage rooms,[252] in addition to refurbished mechanical systems.[75][249] The conservatory was repaired,[75] display cases were relocated, creaking floors were fixed, and rooms were repainted.[253] The mansion's first-floor exhibit space reopened in September 1996.[44][253] Work on the passageway and design resources center continued through 1997,[44] and the renovation was not completed until 1998.[79][75]
2000s to present
Even after the expansion, the mansion and townhouses still did not have an auditorium or sufficient storage areas.[79] The museum's archives spanned 600 square feet (56 m2),[254] and it had only 8,000 square feet (740 m2) of gallery space.[255] As such, the Cooper-Hewitt had to close galleries every time a new exhibit was set up, and it had limited flexibility to present shows from other design museums.[256][257] There was no freight elevator, and all exhibits had to be brought into the house through the main entrance.[257] Paul W. Thompson, who succeeded Pilgrim in 2000, initially did not plan to expand the mansion and townhouses,[258] but he changed his mind after the museum experienced staffing, budgetary, and exhibit shortages.[259] The museum announced plans in mid-2003 to rearrange galleries,[256] and several members of the museum's board indicated the same year that they would host a master plan competition, in advance of an expansion.[259][260] During the mid-2000s, the museum added an admission desk to the mansion and built an 800-square-foot (74 m2) digital-design gallery in the basement.[257] The Target National Design Education Center, comprising a library, studio, and lecture room, opened on the mansion's ground floor in 2006.[261][262]
News media reported in February 2005 that the Cooper-Hewitt was considering a $75 million proposal by Beyer Blinder Belle to construct three basement stories under the mansion's garden, thereby nearly quadrupling gallery space to 30,000 square feet (2,800 m2).[256][257] The basement levels would also have contained a restaurant, conservation rooms, and exhibit-preparation areas.[256] Beyer Blinder Belle proposed a revised plan in 2006. The $25 million plan entailed moving the museum's offices and library to the 90th Street townhouses and expanding the gallery space in the mansion itself to 18,000 square feet (1,700 m2).[78] A freight elevator and restaurant would also be added.[263] That year, the museum launched a capital campaign to raise funds for the renovation and the museum's endowment;[264] it had raised $21.5 million by April 2007.[265] The Cooper-Hewitt hired Gluckman Mayner Architects to design the renovation,[265][266] along with Beyer Blinder Belle as preservation consultants.[93] By October 2008, the cost of the project had increased to $64 million.[267] The Smithsonian began renovating the two townhouses on 90th Street,[112] with plans to relocate the museum's offices from the mansion to the townhouses.[268]
The mansion's exhibition galleries closed for renovations in July 2011,[269] and the Cooper-Hewitt had raised $54 million by the end of that December, allowing work on the mansion to commence.[112][270] Thirteen firms helped redesign the mansion,[106][271] including Diller Scofidio + Renfro, which redesigned the galleries.[272] In addition to the new gallery, relocated offices, and new restaurant, the project involved restoring nearly every architectural detail and adding a freight entrance.[105] Parts of the library were moved to New Jersey to make way for the new gallery.[93][80] The project's scope was expanded to include the garden,[105] so the renovation cost ultimately increased to $91 million.[106][273] The New York City government contributed $14.3 million to the project,[264] and additional funds came from the museum's endowment.[274] The museum reopened on December 12, 2014,[49][273] the 112th anniversary of the Carnegies' move into the house.[275] Additional renovations to the Arthur Ross Terrace and Garden were completed in 2015.[28][276] Following the renovation, the U.S. Green Building Council gave the mansion and the two 90th Street townhouses a LEED Silver green-building certification.[276]
Impact
Reception
Although Carnegie had intended for the mansion to be relatively plain from the start, the New-York Tribune reported in 1901 that "many people are disappointed by the plainness of the house".[116] A writer for the Democrat and Chronicle said the same year that "the style of the French Renaissance is side by side with Gothic architecture, while a Colonial front looks strangely enough beside a structure that might have been lifted bodily from a street in Rome or Florence".[277] The Atlanta Constitution compared the mansion's 70-by-180-foot (21 by 55 m) dimensions to the one-and-a-half-story homestead where Carnegie was born.[278] The Buffalo Enquirer wrote that, despite the paucity of exterior detail, the interior was as elaborate as the William A. Clark House, which itself was compared to the Metropolitan Museum of Art's building.[279] A writer for Brooklyn Life praised Carnegie as "the first millionaire [on Fifth Avenue] who had the courage to have a yard",[280] while another writer, in The Construction News, said the house's garden "makes it noteworthy among all New York houses".[15] When the mansion was completed, The New York Times compared it with the lavish houses of William Clark, Charles Yerkes, and George Crocker, all located further south on Fifth Avenue.[207]
A decade after the mansion's completion, The Baltimore Sun wrote that the Carnegie Mansion's garden was "the only one of really respectable size on Fifth Avenue".[281] A journalist named Lucy Cleveland wrote in 1910 that she was in "a kind of awe" over the mechanical floors.[61] A writer for The Buffalo Times wrote in 1927 that the Carnegie Mansion "has always seemed a home, rather than a show-place", as the Henry Clay Frick House and the Vanderbilt family's mansions further south on Fifth Avenue were.[282] By the late 1920s, a New York Times writer described the Carnegie and Frick mansions as "largest and most picturesque of the remaining homes" on Fifth Avenue, as many mansions on the avenue were being razed and replaced with apartments.[283] Architectural critic Henry Hope Reed Jr. wrote in 1961 that the house was architecturally "something of a disappointment" compared to the Kahn, Burden, and Hammond houses across 91st Street, particularly criticizing the large site as "hardly suitable for a large urban dwelling".[284]
Wolf Von Eckardt, a critic for the Washington Post, wrote in 1973 that the School of Social Work's renovations had made "the place look as much as a slum as possible".[230] Amei Wallach of Newsday said the mansion was "grand rather than beautiful" in 1976,[82] and Ada Louise Huxtable of the Times similarly said that the mansion "is substantial rather than splendid".[285] Huxtable said the mansion's small scale meant that the Cooper-Hewitt's exhibits "will not have to compete with overwhelming grandeur", while Thomas B. Hess said the mansion had been "skillfully, tactfully, if coolly renovated to something of its old grandeur".[286] Sarah Booth Conroy of the Washington Post said in 1976 that the house "has rather the air of a counting-house: square, secure, stodgy but enormously ornate".[72] In 1981, a writer for the Christian Science Monitor described the contrast between the house's use of heavy oak wood, its "delicate architectural details in smaller rooms, and green plants in the conservatory".[287]
After the 1990s renovation, Washington Post writer Benjamin Forgey said that the passageway from the mansion to the 90th Street townhouses was functional but bland, and he said the original mansion's interiors, while "historic artifacts in their own right, are not and will never be sympathetic settings for many types of exhibitions".[79] Herbert Muschamp wrote that the mansion was "monument to Andrew Carnegie's taste for dark, carved wood" rather than an appropriate setting for the Cooper-Hewitt Museum.[253] In part because Carnegie had bought the surrounding lots and resell them only to people who would build similar mansions, the historian Christopher Gray wrote in 2014 that the house helped form one of the "grandest blocks" in the city.[34] In 2015, after the Cooper-Hewitt's renovation of the mansion, the Financial Times wrote that "the architecture's splendour is meant to be only a backdrop for" the objects in the museum's collection.[98]
Effects on development
The mansion's construction spurred large amounts of high-end development in the neighborhood.[288] The New York Sun wrote that Carnegie's 1898 acquisition of the site had caused the prices of vacant property in the neighborhood to increase,[289] while The New York Times wrote that the purchase had moved the boundary of Fifth Avenue's Millionaires' Row northward.[290] Although there was a "mad scramble" for land on Fifth Avenue south of 90th Street after Carnegie's purchase,[291] there was also demand for sites on the avenue from 92nd to 100th Street.[292] Land values on the section of Fifth Avenue near Carnegie's house doubled from 1898 to the mid-1910s.[125] The New York World wrote in 1912 that "Andrew Carnegie's palace [...] is believed to mark the northern boundary of fashion's realm".[293] The presence of the mansion, combined with Carnegie's purchase and selective resale of the surrounding lots, contributed to the growth of Carnegie Hill.[294][135] The surrounding area, once known as Observatory Hill[295] or Prospect Hill,[116][296] became known as Carnegie Hill after Andrew Carnegie finished his mansion.[37][135]
Only two other mansions in Manhattan occupied an entire blockfront as the Carnegie Mansion did: the Henry Clay Frick House on Fifth Avenue and the Charles M. Schwab House on the Upper West Side.[116] The industrialist Henry Clay Frick had developed his house specifically to compete with the Carnegie Mansion.[21] Industrialists including Thomas F. Ryan, James B. A. Haggin, William B. Leeds, Daniel G. Reid, and Henry Phipps Jr. also built their mansions on the northern section of Fifth Avenue after Carnegie's house was complete.[297] Other wealthy individuals moved north of the Carnegie Mansion, including Otto Kahn, James W. Gerard, Willard Dickerman Straight (at 94th Street and Fifth Avenue), Edith Fabbri (at 95th Street), and René Sergent.[298]
Landmark designations
The Carnegie Mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark in 1966.[4][299][300] It was also added to the New York State Register of Historic Places on June 23, 1980.[3]
The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) first proposed the Carnegie Hill Historic District in 1966,[301] which would have included both the Carnegie Mansion and 9 East 90th Street.[30] The Carnegie Mansion would also have been designated as an individual landmark.[302] In April 1970,[303] the LPC proposed designating the Carnegie Mansion and 9 East 90th Street as separate individual landmarks.[30] Although the LPC designated the Carnegie Mansion as an individual landmark in February 1974,[304] it was not initially part of the Carnegie Hill Historic District, which was designated the same year.[305] Furthermore, due to opposition from Sidney Dillon Ripley, only the Carnegie Mansion was designated as an individual landmark. The land under 9 East 90th Street was also protected as the buildings shared a land lot, but the designation did not prevent unauthorized changes to that house.[30] When the Carnegie Hill Historic District was expanded in 1993,[294][306] both structures were included in the expanded district.[41]
Media
The Carnegie Mansion has been shown in several films and TV series. In the 1955 film Daddy Long Legs, the 1981 film Arthur, and the 1980s TV series The Two Mrs. Grenvilles, the mansion was depicted as one of the characters' residences. The 1976 films The Next Man and Marathon Man both used the house as a stand-in for an embassy.[307] In addition, the 1972 film The Anderson Tapes, the 1973 film Godspell, the 1986 film Jumpin' Jack Flash, the 1987 film 84 Charing Cross Road, and the 1988 film Working Girl used the mansion as a filming location, as did the 1980s miniseries Master of the Game and I'll Take Manhattan.[307] After the mansion was converted into the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, the museum presented an exhibition about the mansion's history there in 1977.[61]
See also
- List of Gilded Age mansions
- List of National Historic Landmarks in New York City
- List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 59th to 110th Streets
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Manhattan from 59th to 110th Streets
References
Notes
- ^ Numerous sources break down these trees according to species, but they disagree on whether the garden had 28,[20][17] 29,[21] or 30 trees in total.[22][18]
- ^ I. Townsend Burden's house was replaced with apartments in 1925.[139]
- ^ The church had to be used as a Christian house of worship for 50 years, and it could not exceed 75 ft (23 m), excluding steeples.[136]
Citations
- ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
- ^ "The Mansion". Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum. Retrieved October 31, 2015.
- ^ a b "Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS)". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. November 7, 2014. Archived from the original on April 4, 2019. Retrieved July 20, 2023.
- ^ a b "Andrew Carnegie Mansion". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 14, 2007.
- ^ Dolkart, Andrew S; Postal, Matthew A. (2004). Guide to New York City Landmarks. New York City Landmarks Preservation Committee. Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg (Author of Foreword) (Third ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 51, 175. ISBN 9780471369004.
- ^ White, Norval & Willensky, Elliot (2000). AIA Guide to New York City (4th ed.). New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 978-0-8129-3107-5. p. 429
- ^ a b National Park Service 1966, p. 2; White, Willensky & Leadon 2010, pp. 458–459.
- ^ National Park Service 1966, p. 4.
- ^ a b "1095 5 Avenue, 10128". New York City Department of City Planning. Retrieved March 20, 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Landmarks Preservation Commission 1974, p. 2.
- ^ "Does Carnegie Live On a Corner Lot?". New-York Tribune. May 13, 1917. p. B7. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 575727869.
- ^ a b c d Stern, Robert A. M.; Gilmartin, Gregory; Massengale, John Montague (1983). New York 1900: Metropolitan Architecture and Urbanism, 1890–1915. New York: Rizzoli. p. 342. ISBN 0-8478-0511-5. OCLC 9829395.
- ^ Maurice, Arthur Bartlett (1918). Fifth Avenue. Genealogy & local history. Dodd, Mead. p. 310. ISBN 978-1-4219-6267-2.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l National Park Service 1966, p. 2.
- ^ a b "Appropriate Houses for Millionaires". The Construction News. Vol. 14, no. 5. August 2, 1902. p. 58. ProQuest 128398061.
- ^ Ewing 2014, p. 61.
- ^ a b c "Andrew Carnegie's Park". Democrat and Chronicle. April 12, 1901. p. 1. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Carnegie Home a Palace: Plans of New Residence Read Like Magician's Tale. Perfection in Plumbing Work. Great Organ Provided. Overlook Central Park". Chicago Daily Tribune. June 3, 1901. p. 13. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 173063290; "Mrs. Carnegie's Home: She Will Preside Over Eighty Rooms in Her New House in Fifth Avenue Below Stairs an Immense Organ". New-York Tribune. May 31, 1901. p. 5. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 570994911.
- ^ a b Ewing 2014, pp. 61–63.
- ^ a b c "Carnegie Regards Old Landmark Unsightly: Planting Trees as Screen Between His Home and an Old Tavern". Courier-Journal. April 16, 1901. p. 4. ProQuest 1015905528.
- ^ a b c Gray, Christopher (April 2, 2000). "Streetscapes/The Frick Mansion; Carnegie vs. Frick: Dueling Egos on Fifth Avenue". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
- ^ a b "Mr. Carnegie's Big Trees; His Check for Them Is Attached -- Some of Them Are Dead, Others Dying". The New York Times. August 22, 1901. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
- ^ Vogel, Carol (June 7, 1985). "Oases of Tranquility in Bustling City". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
- ^ a b Wallach, Amei (October 21, 1979). "Cooper-Hewitt's lovely sampler". Newsday. pp. 101, 102. ISSN 2574-5298. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
- ^ Kahn, Robert (2002). New York City. City secrets. Little Bookroom. p. 308. ISBN 978-1-892145-08-6.
- ^ a b "The Arthur Ross Terrace and Garden". Cooper Hewitt Smithsonian Design Museum. January 27, 2017. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
- ^ "Arthur Ross Terrace Garden". The Cultural Landscape Foundation. October 6, 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
- ^ a b "In the News". AIA New York. November 25, 2015. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
- ^ a b c White, Willensky & Leadon 2010, p. 457.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Gray, Christopher (February 24, 1991). "Streetscapes: The McAlpin House; Pre-Carnegie Pioneer On Upper 5th Avenue". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 22, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Smith, Dinitia (August 22, 1996). "Renovation Of Museum Opens Door For Director". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
- ^ White, Willensky & Leadon 2010, p. 458.
- ^ White, Willensky & Leadon 2010, p. 459.
- ^ a b Gray, Christopher (March 20, 2014). "The Grandest Block in New York". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
- ^ Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations for 2003: Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, Second Session. Department of the Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations for 2003: Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, Second Session. U.S. Government Printing Office. 2002. p. 482. ISBN 978-0-16-066938-5.
- ^ Robinson, Ruth (May 16, 1982). "If You're Thinking of Living in: Carnegie Hill". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
- ^ a b c Jacobson, Aileen (November 9, 2016). "Carnegie Hill: A Quiet Enclave Bordering the Park". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
- ^ White, Willensky & Leadon 2010, p. 460.
- ^ White, Willensky & Leadon 2010, p. 455.
- ^ a b "Model of Andrew Carnegie's New Home". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 5, 1900. p. 5. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 172952730.
- ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 1993, p. 150.
- ^ a b c d Ewing 2014, p. 25.
- ^ a b c d e f Landmarks Preservation Commission 1974, p. 2; National Park Service 1966, p. 2.
- ^ a b c d Barreneche, Raul A. (October 1996). "Renovated Cooper-Hewitt reopens". Architecture: The AIA Journal. Vol. 85, no. 10. p. 43. ProQuest 227770909.
- ^ a b Jackson, Nancy (April 28, 1985). "Art dwells in millionaires' homes". Boston Globe. p. B17. ProQuest 1821138411.
- ^ a b c d e Jacobs, Andrew (October 15, 1995). "Neighborhood Report: Blueprint; Carnegie Mansion Exposed, but Only Briefly". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
- ^ Ewing 2014, p. 37.
- ^ Moonan, Wendy (June 24, 2014). "With a New Name and New Look, the Cooper Hewitt is Primed for a Grand Reopening". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Cotter, Holland (December 11, 2014). "Newly Playful, by Design". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
- ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1974, p. 2.
- ^ a b c d e f Landmarks Preservation Commission 1993, p. 151.
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- ^ Lewis, John (November 8, 1987). "Events". New York Daily News. p. 144. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
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- ^ a b "The Gorgeous Homes of New York Millionaires: Pierpont Morgan Tore Down Two $150,000 Houses to Make Room for His Art Gallery". The Sun. March 15, 1908. p. 14. ProQuest 537521315.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Chapman, Ralph (January 21, 1949). "Carnegie Residence To Be Used By Columbia Social Work School: 66-Room Fifth Avenue Landmark, With Bedrooms Big Enough for Classrooms, and Its Grounds Are Turned Over Rent Free for Long Term". New York Herald Tribune. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1327118397.
- ^ a b Ewing 2014, p. 39.
- ^ Ewing, H.; Ballard, A. (2009). A Guide to Smithsonian Architecture: An Architectural History of the Smithsonian. Smithsonian. p. 114. ISBN 978-1-58834-261-4.
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- ^ Ewing 2014, p. 58.
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Carnegie Mansion: Architecture & Interiors". Cooper Hewitt Smithsonian Design Museum. October 3, 2017. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
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- ^ a b c "Carnegie Home Open as School Of Social Work: 66-Room 5th Av. Residence Serving 800 Graduate Students of Columbia". New York Herald Tribune. October 6, 1949. p. 25. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1327502233.
- ^ "Where elegance abounds". New York Daily News. October 6, 1968. p. 169. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
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- ^ a b c Wagner, Ruth (June 7, 1970). "The Old Andrew Carnegie Mansion to Find New Life As the Home of the Cooper-Hewitt". The Washington Post, Times Herald. p. F3. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 147825080.
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- ^ a b Pogrebin, Robin (May 25, 2006). "Cooper-Hewitt Museum Chooses a More Modest Growth Design". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
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- ^ Ewing 2014, pp. 41–42.
- ^ Ewing 2014, p. 41.
- ^ Ewing 2014, p. 52.
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- ^ a b c "Topics in New York: Wonderful Organ Just Completed in the Carnegie Mansion". The Sun. October 6, 1902. p. 6. ProQuest 536567846.
- ^ a b "Andrew Carnegie Residence". New York City Chapter of the American Guild of Organists. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
- ^ a b Smith, Rollin (March 2010). "Pipe Organs of the Rich and Famous Andrew Carnegie: the Organ's Great Philanthropist". The American Organist. Vol. 44, no. 3. p. 54-57. ProQuest 231980082.
- ^ a b Kornheiser, Tony (October 22, 1974). "Endangered Elegance Finds LI Refuge". Newsday. p. 3A. ISSN 2574-5298. ProQuest 922996653.
- ^ a b c Ewing 2014, p. 54.
- ^ Ewing 2014, pp. 52–54.
- ^ a b c Kennicott, Philip (November 30, 2014). "Cooper Hewitt design museum's artful renovation matches mansion to mission". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
- ^ Ewing 2014, p. 64.
- ^ a b "New Home for Social Work School". The New York Times. August 7, 1949. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 22, 2024.
- ^ a b "Social Workers Who Paint for Fun Put on Show in Carnegie Mansion; There's Not an Academic Picture Present, But Impressions and Abstractions Galore --Also, It's Exhibit With No Rejections". The New York Times. June 20, 1950. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 22, 2024.
- ^ National Park Service 1966, pp. 2, 5.
- ^ a b Budick, Ariella (January 4, 2015). "Cooper Hewitt Smithsonian Design Museum". Financial Times. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
- ^ "Passion for the Exotic: Lockwood de Forest, Frederic Church". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
- ^ a b Ewing 2014, p. 45.
- ^ a b c Berger, Meyer (February 19, 1954). "About New York; ' Low Bridge' Marks Doors Built by Carnegie in Mansion Now a School -- Starlings Cloud Dawn". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 22, 2024.
- ^ a b c "School Takes Over Carnegie Mansion; Institution for Study of Social Work to Use Bedrooms for Student Classes". The New York Times. February 25, 1949. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
- ^ a b Ewing 2014, pp. 45–46.
- ^ a b c d "School Takes Over Carnegie Mansion; Columbia Social Work Unit Opens in Famous House on Fifth Avenue". The New York Times. October 6, 1949. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
- ^ a b c Pogrebin, Robin (June 16, 2014). "The Redesign of a Design Museum". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
- ^ a b c Alexander, Keira (December 12, 2014). "Cooper Hewitt redesigned". AM New York. p. 20. ProQuest 1640676360.
- ^ Feeney, Mark (August 8, 2015). "At the Cooper-Hewitt, seeing multiple principles in posters that work". Boston Globe. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
- ^ a b c d Gilbert, Rose (October 7, 1976). "Home is where the (decorative) art is". New York Daily News. p. 539. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
- ^ a b Mayer, Barbara (October 8, 1976). "Decorative arts museum gets new home". The Reporter Dispatch. p. 15. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Glueck, Grace (September 20, 1976). "Reborn Cooper‐Hewitt Museum Has New Home". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
- ^ Werne, Jo (May 9, 1987). "Cooper-Hewitt library is designers' treasure trove". The Hartford Courant. p. C5A. ISSN 1047-4153. ProQuest 1081195183.
- ^ a b c Maloney, Jennifer (December 8, 2011). "Redo for Cooper-Hewitt". The Wall Street Journal. p. A26. ISSN 0099-9660. ProQuest 2729745261. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
- ^ National Park Service 1966, p. 3.
- ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1974, p. 1.
- ^ Ewing 2014, pp. 9–10.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Gray, Christopher (September 15, 1991). "Streetscapes: The Carnegie Mansion; New Roof to Crown The Cooper-Hewitt". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
- ^ a b Ewing 2014, p. 15.
- ^ a b c d e Ewing 2014, p. 19.
- ^ a b "Mrs. Carnegie Dies; Steel Man's Widow; Former Louise Whitfield, She Was Married to Business Leader Here in 1887". The New York Times. June 25, 1946. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 22, 2024.
- ^ a b c "Topics in New York: Andrew Carnegie Buys Two Blocks on Fifth Avenue for $900,000 to Build a Grand Palace". The Sun. December 2, 1898. p. 2. ProQuest 536028969.
- ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1974, p. 2.
- ^ a b c d Ewing 2014, p. 20.
- ^ "Lawrence B. Elliman Completes Fifty Years as Realty Broker: Entered Field in 1897; Sold Carnegie Block on 5th Ave. for Dwelling Site". New York Herald Tribune. April 6, 1947. p. D1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1268013465.
- ^ a b "Palace for Carnegie". Star-Gazette. December 2, 1898. p. 1. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
- ^ a b "Upward Trend of Prices in North Fifth Avenue: Values Have More than Doubled in Last Sixteen Years". New-York Tribune. August 23, 1914. p. C1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 575264760.
- ^ "Harlem and the Bronx". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. December 6, 1898. p. 6. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
- ^ a b "Carnegie and C. A. Gould". The Buffalo News. December 4, 1898. p. 4. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
- ^ "The Olympia Transferred; Title Taken by Fifth Avenue Real Estate Company for $1,010,000". The New York Times. January 4, 1899. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 18, 2024; "Conveyances". The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide. Vol. 63, no. 1608. January 7, 1899. p. 16 – via columbia.edu.
- ^ a b "Real Estate News". The Sun. July 28, 1899. p. 9. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
- ^ "In the Real Estate Field; Upper Fifth Avenue Purchases Overshadow Other Dealings". The New York Times. May 28, 1899. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
- ^ "Carnegie Wants Neighbors: Won't Let His Houses Near His Home to Any but His Friends". New-York Tribune. September 16, 1908. p. 7. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 572152367.
- ^ "Difficulty in Protecting Private Home Centres Shown in Andrew Carnegie's Fifth Avenue Purchase: Wooden Refreshment Shanty on Ninetieth Street Corner Likely to Give Way in Near Future to a Fine Residence; Otto H. Kahn's New House on Ninety-first Street a Noteworthy Addition to That Locality; Apartment House Menace". The New York Times. February 18, 1917. p. XX5. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 99962941; "Big Sums Spent to Keep Away Trade from Homes: ... Find It Necessary to Make Many Protective Purchases--Morgan and Vanderbilt Lose After Fighting for Years--Carnegie Successful in Getting Congenial Neighbors". New-York Tribune. January 30, 1916. p. B11. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 575531598.
- ^ "Gossip of the Week". The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide. Vol. 63, no. 1621. April 8, 1899. p. 619 – via columbia.edu.
- ^ a b Ewing 2014, p. 28.
- ^ a b c d Landmarks Preservation Commission 1993, p. 35.
- ^ a b c d e Gray, Christopher (March 1, 2012). "A Block With Andrew Carnegie's Stamp". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
- ^ "Extreme Penalty for Zeimer; Divorce Mill Man Sentenced to Ten Years in State Prison". The New York Times. December 22, 1900. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 18, 2024; "Real Estate". New-York Tribune. December 22, 1900. p. 14. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
- ^ a b "Carnegie-Sloane Bargain: They Exchange Titles to Property in Ninety-first-st., Near Fifth-ave". New-York Tribune. November 17, 1901. p. 8. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 571002106.
- ^ a b Ewing 2014, p. 27.
- ^ "Gossip of the Week". The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide. Vol. 70, no. 1814. December 20, 1902. p. 932 – via columbia.edu; "In the Real Estate Field; Townsend Burden Buys a Plot from Andrew Carnegie. To Erect a Town House Adjoining the Ironmaster's Mansion -- Dealings by Brokers and at Auction". The New York Times. December 18, 1902. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
- ^ "In the Real Estate Field: Andrew Carnegie Sells Ninety-first Street Lot -- Enlarging Fourth Avenue Project -- Dealings by Brokers and at Auction". The New York Times. April 23, 1909. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
- ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1993, p. 166.
- ^ "Mrs. Burden Gets 26 Inch Strip of Land". The Sun. July 1, 1913. p. 1. Retrieved January 20, 2024; "Andrew Carnegie Sells Plot on Fifth Avenue: Property on Northeast Corner of 91st Street May Be for Otto H. Kahn". New-York Tribune. July 1, 1913. p. 7. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 575150454.
- ^ a b Ewing 2014, p. 32.
- ^ "The Real Estate Field; Andrew Carnegie Sells the Last of His Protective Holdings on East Ninety-first Street -- Site Purchased for Big West Side Garage -- $600,000 Lease on Fifth Avenue -- Low Estate Sells Plot". The New York Times. January 5, 1916. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
- ^ "Land Carnegie Forgot Bought for Apartment". The New York Herald, New York Tribune. April 22, 1925. p. 8. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1113580773.
- ^ "To Stand in Rear of Carnegie's House". New-York Tribune. August 16, 1902. p. 12. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
- ^ "Former McAlpin House, Opposite Carnegies, Sold: Sellers Have Been Asking $250,000 for the Realty; Riverside Drive Corner Among the Other Sales". New-York Tribune. May 1, 1907. p. 4. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 576250407.
- ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 1993, pp. 143–144.
- ^ "About the Carnegie Mansion". Cooper Hewitt Smithsonian Design Museum. February 16, 2017. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
- ^ a b "Palace for Carnegie". Star-Gazette. June 30, 1899. p. 1. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
- ^ a b "The New Carnegie House: Plans Accepted for the Mansion, Which is to Be Built in Upper Fifth-ave". New-York Tribune. March 21, 1899. p. 1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 574585867. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
- ^ Ewing 2014, pp. 20, 23.
- ^ a b "Mr. Carnegie's New Home; Plans for the House to be Built on Upper Fifth Avenue -- Elaborate Landscape Gardening Scheme". The New York Times. July 27, 1898. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
- ^ "The Building Department: List of Plans Filed For New Structures and Alterations". The New York Times. November 1, 1899. p. 12. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 95746401; "Projected Buildings". The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide. Vol. 64, no. 1651. November 4, 1899. p. 700 – via columbia.edu; "Mr. Carnegie Files Plans". The World. November 1, 1899. p. 9. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
- ^ "Building News". The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide. Vol. 64, no. 1658. December 23, 1899. p. 972 – via columbia.edu.
- ^ "Building News". The Real Estate Record: Real estate record and builders' guide. Vol. 65, no. 1661. January 13, 1900. p. 54 – via columbia.edu.
- ^ a b Ewing 2014, p. 9.
- ^ "Carnegie's New Mansion: a Present for Little Margaret". Weekly Irish Times. January 3, 1903. p. 3. ProQuest 850733248.
- ^ "Andrew Carnegie Mad". The Buffalo Times. March 9, 1901. p. 4. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
- ^ a b Morris, Wade (June 28, 1903). "The House That Andrew Carnegie Built.: a Mansion on New York's Most Fashionable Thoroughfare--in Cost and Extent It Surpasses the Homes of All Other Rich Men in Gotham. Worth Going to See. He Lives Simply. Art Treasures. Autograph Books. The Hard-working Human Heart. Germany's Giant Baby". Detroit Free Press. p. D3. ProQuest 563489829.
- ^ a b Ewing 2014, p. 56.
- ^ "A Forest Transplanted; Giant Trees Moved to Andrew Carnegie's Fifth Avenue Home". The New York Times. April 28, 1901. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
- ^ a b "Fifth-ave. "Highlands.": Many Handsome New Houses Building in the Section So Named by Mr. Carnegie". New-York Tribune. April 14, 1901. p. B8. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 570940437.
- ^ "Claim Against Mr. Carnegie; Mechanics' Lien for Materials and Labor for New House Filed". The New York Times. September 1, 1901. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
- ^ "More Carnegie Strikers: Building Trades Men Ordered Out on Fifth-ave. House". New-York Tribune. July 27, 1902. p. 16. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 571133197.
- ^ "Settling Strike on Carnegie House". New-York Tribune. July 31, 1902. p. 4. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 571144963.
- ^ "Carnegie Home and Well: Ironmaster Opens House He Will Give His Daughter". Chicago Daily Tribune. December 12, 1902. p. 3. ISSN 1085-6706. ProQuest 173150336; "Mr. Carnegie Home: Goes to New House in Fifth- Ave.-- His Health Restored Beware of Soft Coal Evil, He Says". New-York Tribune. December 12, 1902. p. 9. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 571337461.
- ^ "Carnegie to Be a Renter: Margaret Will Allow Him to Live in Her New Mansion". The Sun. December 9, 1902. p. 9. ProQuest 536619730.
- ^ "Mr. Carnegie's Realty Deals". New-York Tribune. December 19, 1902. p. 4. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
- ^ "Belgium Claims $1,250,000". The New York Times. December 19, 1902. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 19, 2024; "Carnegie House Warming". The Evening World. December 18, 1902. p. 7. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
- ^ "Carnegie Fights Tax Bills; He and I.T. Burden Go to Court to Have Valuations on Fifth Avenue Property Reduced". The New York Times. January 10, 1904. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
- ^ "Carnegie's 'Ideal Wife'". The Brooklyn Citizen. June 23, 1912. p. 23. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
- ^ a b "Andrew Carnegie, Multi-millionaire, as He is to-day: Home Life, and Friendships of the Man Whose Munificence is Known the World Over". The Washington Post. March 12, 1905. p. B2. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 144572350.
- ^ "Carnegie Rises Daily to Pipe Organ Music; Organist Gale of the Tabernacle Plays Him Awake". The New York Times. December 28, 1905. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 19, 2024.
- ^ "Carnegie's Own Garage: Room for Five Vehicles and Loft for Spare Ones". The Hartford Courant. April 15, 1905. p. 23. ISSN 1047-4153. ProQuest 555291428.
- ^ Gray, Christopher (June 11, 2009). "A Mansion for Me, Another for My Cars". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
- ^ a b Ewing 2014, p. 46.
- ^ "Carnegie Romance: Ironmaster's Niece Wedded Her Riding Teacher". The Washington Post. April 20, 1905. p. 1. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 144552000.
- ^ "Carnegies Observe Silver Wedding; Give Twenty-fifth Anniversary Dinner to Relatives and Friends at Home". The New York Times. April 23, 1912. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
- ^ "Miss Carnegie, One of Day's Debutantes; Only Daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Carnegie Introduced at a Dance at Home". The New York Times. December 9, 1916. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 20, 2024; "Mrs. Carnegie Gives a Dance: Entertains at Her Home for Her Daughter, Miss Margaret". New-York Tribune. December 9, 1916. p. 11. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 575650981.
- ^ "Carnegie's Daughter the Richest Heiress". Boston Daily Globe. August 12, 1919. p. 6. ProQuest 503767703.
- ^ "Where elegance abounds". New York Daily News. October 6, 1968. p. 169. ISSN 2692-1251. Retrieved January 23, 2024.
- ^ a b Ennis, Thomas W. (June 12, 1960). "Remnants of 'Millionaire's Row' Today House Libraries and Schools" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 31. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 30, 2021.
- ^ "Andrew Carnegie's Private Library". The Buffalo News. March 20, 1911. p. 11. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
- ^ "A $1,000,000 Pleasure Ground: Hundred of Children Romp on Mr. Carnegie's Property". The Sun. August 4, 1911. p. 6. ProQuest 535353439.
- ^ "Plot to Dynamite Andrew Carnegie's Home; Patrolman Snuffs Out Lighted Fuse of Bomb". The New York Times. June 24, 1915. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 21, 2024.
- ^ "Carnegie Acquires Corner on 90th St; Pays Nearly $2,000,000 for Plot to Protect Home from an Apartment House". The New York Times. February 14, 1917. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 20, 2024; "Carnegie Pays Out $2,000,000 to Keep Apartments Away: Buys Lots Opposite His Home and C. A. Gould Makes More than $1,000,000 Profit". New-York Tribune. February 14, 1917. p. 9. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 575670264.
- ^ "Carnegie Gives Up Skibo as a Home; Feels That War Changes Have Made His Castle an Undesirable Place of Residence". The New York Times. May 27, 1917. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
- ^ "Bagpipe Tunes at Carnegie Wedding; Charm of Bonnie Scotland Lent to Miss Margaret's Nuptial with Ensign Miller". The New York Times. April 23, 1919. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 20, 2024; "Miss Carnegie Is Married to Roswell Miller: Wedding of One of America's Richest Heiresses at Fifth Avenue Home Is Governed by Simplicity Only Intimates Invited Couple to Live in Princeton, N. J., While Bridegroom Completes His Studies". New-York Tribune. April 23, 1919. p. 11. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 576047895.
- ^ "Andrew Carnegie Dies of Pneumonia in His 84th Year; Taken Ill at Shadow Brook on Friday, He Sinks Rapidly". The New York Times. August 12, 1919. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
- ^ "Andrew Carnegie Left Net Estate of $23,247,161; Appraisal Shows Fortune Considerably Smaller Than Estimated at His Death". The New York Times. October 24, 1920. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 19, 2024.; "Carnegie Left A Net Estate Of $23,247,161: Property, Reduced Heavily by Large Gifts During His Life, Much Smaller Than Estimated at His Death Executor Makes Report Share of Iron Master's Fortune to Carnegie Corporation Only $10,663,580". New-York Tribune. October 24, 1920. p. 8. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 576261035.
- ^ "Mrs. Carnegie Buys House; Former McAlpin Residence, Held at $250,000, Sold". The New York Times. May 29, 1920. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 20, 2024; "Mrs. Carnegie Buys McAlpin Dwelling Near Her Home: House Taken Over to Protect Against Objectionable Neighbor May Be Occupied by Daughter". New-York Tribune. May 29, 1920. p. 17. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 576240600.
- ^ "Daughter to Live Near Mrs. Carnegie; McAlpin Residence in East 90th Street to Be Home of Mrs. Roswell Miller". The New York Times. December 31, 1920. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
- ^ "Carnegie Furniture Sent To Roswell Miller Home: Secretary at Lenox Arranging Transfer to Residence of Daughter Here". New-York Tribune. October 17, 1922. p. 11. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 576708776.
- ^ "State to Lose Tax on Carnegie Home; Court of Appeals Decision Held to Nullify Claim for $55,000 as an Inheritance". The New York Times. April 27, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
- ^ "State to Lose Tax on Carnegie Home; Court of Appeals Decision Held to Nullify Claim for $55,000 as an Inheritance". The New York Times. April 27, 1922. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 20, 2024; "Rules Carnegie Home Is Not Subject to Inheritance Tax". The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. November 3, 1922. p. 1. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
- ^ "State Loses Tax on Carnegie Home; Court of Appeals Holds Part of Inheritance Law of 1916 to Be Unconstitutional". The New York Times. May 6, 1923. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
- ^ "Old Fifth Avenue Landmarks Replaced by New Apartments: Both the Lower and Upper Sections Reveal Unusual Building Activity Old Dwellings and Flats Pass Away". The New York Times. December 2, 1923. p. RE1. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 103114590; "Mrs. Carnegie Options Block To Builders: Property Facing Castle May Be Improved With 11 Dwellings, Ranging From $255.000 to $500,000". New York Herald Tribune. December 2, 1923. p. C1. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1114737354.
- ^ "Brown Acquires Church of the Heavenly Rest: Realty Man Who Bought Hotel Netherland Purchases Historic Fifth Avenue Place of Worship Tall Building in Its Place Congregation, With That of the Beloved Disciple, Will Build Home at 90th Street". The New York Herald, New York Tribune. December 10, 1924. p. 13. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1113077036; "5th Av. Church Site Brings $2,000,000; Heavenly Rest Plot, Near Forty-fifth Street, Is Sold to Frederick Brown". The New York Times. December 10, 1924. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 21, 2024.
- ^ a b Ewing 2014, p. 11.
- ^ "Carnegie Home Has Second Bridal as Miss Whitfield Weds: Niece of Ironmaster's Widow Married There in Autumn Setting to D. D. Odell". New York Herald Tribune. October 26, 1927. p. 27. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1113764317; "Louise Whitfield Wed to D. D. Odell; Daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Henry D. Whitfield Becomes Bride in Carnegie Mansion". The New York Times. October 26, 1927. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 21, 2024.
- ^ "To Sew at Mrs. Carnegie's". New York Herald Tribune. March 1, 1931. p. 27. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1114070856.
- ^ See, for example: "Debt Cut Backed by Mrs. Carnegie; She Tells Sponsors of Students Union Wiggins Proposal Would Aid Peace". The New York Times. January 14, 1931. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 21, 2024; "Mrs. Carnegie Opening Home". New York Herald Tribune. January 9, 1935. p. 19. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1237343093.
- ^ "Gardens at Carnegie Residence Are Setting For San Salvatore Mission Party Tuesday; Three Estates in Bedford Will Be Opened to Public On Wednesday to Aid Children". The New York Times. May 21, 1939. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 22, 2024; "Mrs. Carnegie Has Garden Party". New York Herald Tribune. May 12, 1944. p. 17. ISSN 1941-0646. ProQuest 1282877431.
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Sources
- Andrew Carnegie Mansion (Report). National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service. November 13, 1966.
- Andrew Carnegie Mansion (PDF) (Report). New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. February 19, 1974.
- Dolkart, Andrew (2002). Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum. Scala Books. ISBN 978-1-85759-268-9.
- Ewing, Heather P. (2014). Life of a Mansion: the Story of Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum. Cooper Hewitt. ISBN 978-0-910503-71-6.
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External links
- Media related to Andrew Carnegie Mansion at Wikimedia Commons
- Official website
- "Carnegie Residence, Fifth Avenue, New York City" (PDF). Architectural Record. Vol. IX, no. 1. July 1899. pp. 78–81. Plates.
- 1902 establishments in New York City
- Andrew Carnegie
- Babb, Cook and Willard buildings
- Fifth Avenue
- Gilded Age mansions
- Houses completed in 1902
- Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Manhattan
- National Historic Landmarks in Manhattan
- New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
- New York State Register of Historic Places in New York City
- Upper East Side