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5G NR

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5G NR (New Radio)[1] is a radio access technology (RAT) developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for the 5G (fifth generation) mobile network.[1] It was designed to be the global standard for the air interface of 5G networks.[2] It is based on orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), as is the 4G (fourth generation) long-term evolution (LTE) standard.

The 3GPP specification 38 series[3] provides the technical details behind 5G NR, the successor of LTE.

The study of NR within 3GPP started in 2015, and the first specification was made available by the end of 2017. While the 3GPP standardization process was ongoing, the industry had already begun efforts to implement infrastructure compliant with the draft standard, with the first large-scale commercial launch of 5G NR having occurred in the end of 2018. Since 2019, many operators have deployed 5G NR networks and handset manufacturers have developed 5G NR enabled handsets.[4]

Frequency bands

CableFree 5G Radio (RRH) with 2x2 MIMO, 2x20W RF power and CPRI fibre interface, can be connected to a 5G gNodeB or gNB which can have the form of an x86 server[5]
Main article: 5G NR frequency bands

5G NR uses frequency bands in two broad frequency ranges:

  1. Frequency Range 1 (FR1), for bands within 410 MHz – 7,125 MHz
  2. Frequency Range 2 (FR2), for bands within 24,250 MHz – 71,000 MHz

Network deployments

Main article: List of 5G NR networks

Ooredoo was the first carrier to launch a commercial 5G NR network, in May 2018 in Qatar. Other carriers around the world have been following suit.

Development

In 2018, 3GPP published Release 15, which includes what is described as "Phase 1" standardization for 5G NR. The timeline for Release 16, which will be "5G phase 2", follows a freeze date of March 2020 and a completion date of June 2020,[6] Release 17 was originally scheduled for delivery in September 2021.[7] but, because of the COVID-19 pandemic, it was rescheduled for June 2022.[8]

Release 18 work has started in 3GPP. Rel.18 is referred to as "NR Advanced" signifying another milestone in wireless communication systems. NR Advanced will include features such as eXtended Reality (XR), AI/ML studies, and Mobility enhancements. Mobility is in the core of 3GPP technology and has so far been handled on Layer 3 (RRC), now, in Rel-18 the work on mobility is to introduce lower layer triggered mobility.

Deployment modes

Initial 5G NR launches will depend on existing 4G LTE infrastructure in non-standalone (NSA) mode, before maturation of the standalone (SA) mode with the 5G core network. Additionally, the spectrum can be dynamically shared between 4G LTE and 5G NR.

Dynamic spectrum sharing

To make better use of existing assets, carriers may opt to dynamically share it between 4G LTE and 5G NR. The spectrum is multiplexed over time between both generations of mobile networks, while still using the 4G LTE network for control functions, depending on user demand. Dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) may be deployed on existing 4G LTE equipment as long as it is compatible with 5G NR. Only the 5G NR terminal needs to be compatible with DSS.[9]

Non-standalone mode

The non-standalone (NSA) mode of 5G NR refers to an option of 5G NR deployment that depends on the control plane of an existing 4G LTE network for control functions, while 5G NR is exclusively focused on the user plane.[10][11] This is reported to speed up 5G adoption, however some operators and vendors have criticized prioritizing the introduction of 5G NR NSA on the grounds that it could hinder the implementation of the standalone mode of the network.[12][13] It uses the same core network as a 4G network, but with upgraded radio equipment.[14][15]

Standalone mode

The standalone (SA) mode of 5G NR refers to using 5G cells for both signalling and information transfer.[10] It includes the new 5G Packet Core architecture instead of relying on the 4G Evolved Packet Core,[16][17] to allow the deployment of 5G without the LTE network.[18] It is expected to have lower cost, better efficiency, and to assist development of new use cases.[12][19] However, initial deployment might see slower speed than existing network due to the allocation of spectrum.[20] It uses a new core network dedicated to 5G.[21]

Numerology (sub-carrier spacing)

5G NR supports seven subcarrier spacings:

Sub-Carrier Spacing (kHz) Slot duration (ms) Frequency Bands Notes
15 1 FR1 Same as LTE
30 0.5 FR1
60 0.25 FR1 and FR2 Both normal Cyclic Prefix (CP) and extended CP may be used with 60 kHz subcarrier spacing
120 0.125 FR2
240 0.0625 FR2 This is only possible for search and measurement purposes, using the Synchronization Signal Block (SSB)
480 0.03125 FR2
960 0.01565 FR2

The length of cyclic prefix is inversely proportional to the subcarrier spacing. It is 4.7 μs with 15 kHz, and 4.7 / 16 = 0.29 μs for 240 kHz subcarrier spacing.

NR-Light / RedCap

In 5G NR Release 17, the 3GPP introduced NR-Light for reduced capabilities (RedCap) devices.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "What is 5G New Radio (5G NR)". 5g.co.uk.
  2. ^ "Making 5G New Radio (NR) a Reality – The Global 5G Standard - IEEE Communications Society". comsoc.org.
  3. ^ "3GPP specification series: 38series". www.3gpp.org. Retrieved 2018-10-31.
  4. ^ "The Mixed Picture for 5G in Europe". Membership. Retrieved 2023-12-07.
  5. ^ Zimmermann, Alfred; Howlett, Robert J.; Jain, Lakhmi C. (29 May 2020). Human Centred Intelligent Systems: Proceedings of KES-HCIS 2020 Conference. Springer. ISBN 978-981-15-5784-2.
  6. ^ "Release 16". 3GPP. Retrieved 2020-01-06.
  7. ^ "Release 17". 3GPP. Retrieved 2020-01-06.
  8. ^ "Release 17 timeline agreed". 3GPP.
  9. ^ "Spectrum sharing for fast & smooth 5G deployment". Ericsson. 18 March 2019. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  10. ^ a b "5G NR Deployment Scenarios or modes-NSA, SA, Homogeneous, Heterogeneous". rfwireless-world.com.
  11. ^ Junko Yoshida (3 March 2017). "What's Behind 'Non-Standalone' 5G?". Eetimes.com. Retrieved 2018-11-13.
  12. ^ a b Teral, Stephane (2019-01-30). "5G best choice architecture" (PDF). ZTE. Retrieved 2019-02-01.
  13. ^ "3GPP Approves Plans to Fast Track 5G NR - Light Reading".
  14. ^ "Standalone 5G vs. Non-Standalone 5G". RCR Wireless News. 2021-09-07. Retrieved 2024-04-04.
  15. ^ "5G Standalone vs. 5G Non-standalone: What's in it for operators?". RCR Wireless News. 2023-04-04. Retrieved 2024-04-04.
  16. ^ "Standalone or Non-Standalone? 5G Trials Will Help Orange Decide - Light Reading".
  17. ^ "5G Non Standalone Solution Overview" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-09-15. Retrieved 2019-02-03.
  18. ^ "Defining NG Core for 5G Networks - Light Reading".
  19. ^ "5G: What is Standalone (SA) vs Non-Standalone (NSA) Networks?". MediaTek. 12 November 2018.
  20. ^ 真の5G「SA方式」の不都合な真実、当初遅くなるのはドコモだけ？
  21. ^ "Standalone 5G vs. Non-Standalone 5G". RCR Wireless News. 2021-09-07. Retrieved 2024-04-04.
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