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Empress Xiaoyichun

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For other people with similar names, see Empress Xiao.
Empress Xiaoyichun
Empress of Qing (posthumously)
Born(1727-10-23)23 October 1727
(雍正五年 九月 九日)
Died28 February 1775(1775-02-28) (aged 47)
(乾隆四十年 正月 二十九日)
Forbidden City
Burial
Yu Mausoleum, Eastern Qing tombs
Spouse
​
(m. 1745)​
IssuePrincess Hejing of the First Rank
Princess Heke of the Second Rank
Jiaqing Emperor
Yonglin, Prince Qingxi of the First Rank
Posthumous name
Empress Xiaoyi Gongshun Kangyu Ciren Duanke Minzhe Yitian Yusheng Chun (孝儀恭順康裕慈仁端恪敏哲翼天毓聖純皇后)
HouseWei, later Weigiya (魏佳; by birth)
Aisin Gioro (by marriage)
FatherWei Qingtai
MotherLady Yanggiya
Empress Xiaoyichun
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese孝儀純皇后
Simplified Chinese孝仪纯皇后
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinXiàoyíchún Huánghòu
Manchu name
Manchu scriptᡥᡳᠶᠣᠣᡧᡠᠩᡤᠠ
ᠶᠣᠩᠰᠣᠩᡤᠣ
ᠶᠣᠩᡴᡳᠶᠠᡥᠠ
ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡥᡝᠣ
Romanizationhiyoošungga yongsonggo yongkiyaha hūwangheo

Empress Xiaoyichun (23 October 1727 – 28 February 1775), of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner Weigiya clan, was a consort of the Qianlong Emperor. She was 16 years younger than him. Her eldest surviving son became the Jiaqing Emperor.

Life

Family background

Empress Xiaoyichun's personal name was not recorded in history. She was a Han Chinese Booi Aha of the Bordered Yellow Banner by birth.

  • Father: Qingtai (清泰); served as a fifth rank literary official (內管領) in the Imperial Household Department, and held the title of a third class duke (三等公)
    • Paternal grandfather: Jiuling (九齡)
  • Mother: Lady Yanggiya (楊佳氏)
  • Two brothers

Yongzheng era

Lady Wei was born on the ninth day of the ninth lunar month in the fifth year of the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor, which translates to 23 October 1727 in the Gregorian calendar.

Qianlong era

It is not known when Lady Wei entered the Forbidden City as a maid. In 1745, she was granted the title "Noble Lady". She was elevated on 9 December 1745 to "Concubine Ling", with "Ling" (令) meaning "clever and pleasant". On 20 May 1749 she was promoted to "Consort Ling", and although at this point she still had no children, the Qianlong Emperor adored her, describing her as gentle and beautiful. On 10 August 1756, when she was twenty-nine years old, she gave birth to the emperor's seventh daughter, Princess Hejing. One year later, on 31 August 1757, she gave birth to the 14th son, Yonglu, who would die prematurely on 3 May 1760, and on 17 August 1758 to the ninth daughter, Princess Heke. On 3 February 1760, Consort Ling was elevated to "Noble Consort Ling". On 13 November 1760, she gave birth to the emperor's 15th son, Yongyan, and on 13 January 1763 to his 16th son, who would die prematurely on 6 May 1765.

In 1765, while on a tour to Hangzhou, Empress Nara fell out of favor and was sent back to the Forbidden City to be confined. The real reason behind the empress' downfall remains the subject of debate. Whatever happened, when they returned to the Forbidden City the emperor stripped the empress of her powers and on 28 July he promoted Noble Consort Ling to "Imperial Noble Consort". On 17 June 1766, she gave birth to the 17th son, Yonglin.

Empress Nara died on 19 August 1766 and the emperor did not designate a new empress. However, the Imperial Noble Consort, who held the highest rank among all of the consorts, was placed in charge of the imperial harem. Like her master, she was thrifty in managing the palace funds and guided the Confucian rituals. She also accompanied the Qianlong Emperor on his excursions to Mount Tai, Jehol and the areas south of the Yangtze River.

In the thirty-eight year of his reign, the emperor decided to secretly select an heir. Seven of his sons were living at the time, but he decided to choose Yongyan, who was not outstanding, but was hardworking and humble.

As time passed, the Imperial Noble Consort became increasingly ill. On 9 February 1775 her elder daughter Princess Hejing died, and the unfortunate news worsened her condition. She succumbed to her illness on 28 February 1775 at the age of 47. On 12 March 1775, she was posthumously granted the title "Imperial Noble Consort Lingyi", and on 19 November, she was interred in the Yu Mausoleum of the Eastern Qing tombs after a grand funeral far more regal than that of an Imperial Noble Consort. She was buried on the right side of the emperor's burial place, while his first wife, Empress Xiaoxianchun, was buried on the left side. After the Yu Mausoleum grave robbery occurred in 1928, it was revealed that her remains were well-preserved during inspection.

Jiaqing era

On 9 February 1796, the Qianlong Emperor abdicated and became a retired emperor. Yongyan was enthroned as the Jiaqing Emperor. When Qianlong announced his successor he also posthumously elevated Imperial Noble Consort Lingyi to "Empress Xiaoyi". After the Qianlong Emperor died on 7 February 1799, the Jiaqing Emperor honoured his mother with the posthumous title "Empress Xiaoyichun".

Titles

  • During the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor (r. 1722–1735):
    • Lady Wei (魏氏; from 1727)
  • During the reign of the Qianlong Emperor (r. 1735–1796):
    • Noble Lady (貴人; from 1745), sixth rank consort
    • Imperial Concubine Ling (令嬪; from 9 December 1745),[1] fifth rank consort
    • Consort Ling (令妃; from 20 May 1749),[2] fourth rank consort
    • Noble Consort Ling (令貴妃; from 3 February 1760),[3] third rank consort
    • Imperial Noble Consort (皇貴妃; from 28 July 1765),[4] second rank consort
    • Imperial Noble Consort Lingyi (令懿皇貴妃; from 12 March 1775)[5]
    • Empress Xiaoyi (孝儀皇后; from 1796)
  • During the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor (r. 1796–1820):
    • Empress Xiaoyichun (孝儀純皇后; from 1799)

Issue

  • As Consort Ling:
    • Princess Hejing of the First Rank (固倫和靜公主; 10 August 1756 – 9 February 1775), the Qianlong Emperor's seventh daughter
      • Married Lhawang Dorji (拉旺多爾濟; 1754–1816), of the Khalkha Borjigit clan in August/September 1770
    • Yonglu (永璐; 31 August 1757 – 3 May 1760), the Qianlong Emperor's 14th son
    • Princess Heke of the Second Rank (和碩和恪公主; 17 August 1758 – 14 December 1780), the Qianlong Emperor's ninth daughter
      • Married Jalantai (札蘭泰; d. 1788), of the Manchu Uya clan in August/September 1772
    • Miscarriage at eight months (13 November 1759)
  • As Noble Consort Ling:
    • Yongyan (顒琰; 13 November 1760 – 2 September 1820), the Qianlong Emperor's 15th son, enthroned on 9 February 1796 as the Jiaqing Emperor
    • 16th son (13 January 1763 – 6 May 1765)
  • As Imperial Noble Consort:
  • In ceremonial dress
    In ceremonial dress
  • In ceremonial dress
    In ceremonial dress
  • In court dress
    In court dress
  • In court dress
    In court dress
  • In daily dress, with the young Jiaqing Emperor. Debates about the identity of the lady are still ongoing and it has been suggested that she might be Imperial Noble Consort Qinggong, one of the Qianlong Emperor's childless concubines who raised Yongyan.
    In daily dress, with the young Jiaqing Emperor. Debates about the identity of the lady are still ongoing and it has been suggested that she might be Imperial Noble Consort Qinggong, one of the Qianlong Emperor's childless concubines who raised Yongyan.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ 乾隆十年 十一月 十七日
  2. ^ 乾隆十四年 四月 五日
  3. ^ 乾隆二十四年 十二月 十七日
  4. ^ 乾隆三十年 六月 十一日
  5. ^ 乾隆四十年 二月 十一日

References

  • Rawski, Evelyn S. (1998). The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions (Reprint ed.). University of California Press. ISBN 052092679X.
  • Wan, Yi; Shuqing, Wang; Yanzhen, Lu; Scott, Rosemary E. (1988). Daily Life in the Forbidden City: The Qing Dynasty, 1644-1912 (Illustrated ed.). Viking. ISBN 0670811645.
  • Zhao, Erxun (1928). Draft History of Qing (Qing Shi Gao) (in Chinese).
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