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2024 South Korean martial law crisis

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2024 South Korean martial law
Crowd of protesters waving flags
Protests following the declaration of martial law
Date3–4 December 2024 (2024-12-03 – 2024-12-04)
22:27 – 4:30 (UTC+9)
Location
South Korea
Caused by
  • Opposition to budget proposals
  • Attempted impeachment of prosecutors involved in scandals
  • Unproven allegations of North Korean interference according to President Yoon Suk Yeol[1]
Goals
  • Dissolution of the National Assembly
  • Control of the media
  • Suppression of opposition parties
Resulted in
  • National Assembly defies dissolution order and votes for lifting of martial law
  • President Yoon lifts martial law
  • Impeachment proceedings launched against Yoon
  • Start of the 2024 South Korean protests
Parties
Lead figures

On 3 December 2024, at 22:27 Korea Standard Time (KST), Yoon Suk Yeol, the president of South Korea, declared martial law during a televised address. In his declaration, he accused the Democratic Party, which has a majority in the National Assembly, of sympathizing with North Korea and conducting "anti-state activities", further labelling them a criminal organization working with "North Korean communists" to destroy the country. The order included the prohibition of any political activities, including of the National Assembly, and a suspension of the freedom of the press.

The declaration was opposed by the Democratic Party and Yoon's People Power Party, and resulted in protests. At approximately 1:00 a.m. on 4 December, lawmakers present in the National Assembly unanimously passed a motion to lift martial law 190–0 despite attempts by security forces to prevent the vote.

Yoon subsequently lifted martial law after a Cabinet meeting at 4:30 a.m. on 4 December, and the Martial Law Command was disbanded. After martial law was lifted, the opposition stated that it would begin impeachment proceedings against Yoon in the National Assembly if he did not step down.

Background

Official portrait of Yoon Suk Yeol
President Yoon Suk Yeol in 2022
Opinion polling on the Yoon Suk Yeol presidency
Opinion polling on the Yoon Suk Yeol presidency

South Korea is governed as a presidential democracy under the 1987 Constitution, which replaced the prior parliamentary and semi-presidential systems. Yoon Suk Yeol, a member of the conservative People Power Party and former prosecutor general, took office as President of South Korea following his victory in the 2022 presidential election.[2] His administration has had low approval ratings, going as low as 17%, with a November 2024 survey showing 58% of the population would want to see Yoon either resign or be impeached.[3] He has struggled to achieve his agenda due to opposition from the National Assembly, which has been controlled by the opposition Democratic Party since 2020. In the April 2024 legislative election, the opposition kept its grip but still lacked sufficient numbers (200 out of 300) to impeach the president.[4]

Yoon boycotted the opening of the National Assembly even though it is customary for the president to deliver a speech at the event.[5] Yoon has also opposed investigations into scandals involving his wife Kim Keon-hee and top officials,[6] vetoing bills on three separate occasions that called for a special counsel investigation into his wife, the third of which occurred on 26 November 2024.[7] The opposition-controlled parliament had also moved to impeach Board of Audit and Inspection Chair Choe Jae-hae and three prosecutors involved in two scandals involving Kim on 2 December that year,[8] and had rejected the government's budget proposal.[9]

Kim Yong-hyun, during his confirmation hearing for Minister of National Defence at the National Assembly on 2 September 2024, was asked by members of the opposition as to whether he would declare martial law. He dismissed this, saying "I think talk about martial law is out of date, if it is declared, who would accept it? Do you think the military would even follow the order?" Over the following three months, he allegedly planned military rule under martial law.[10]

This was the first time martial law had been declared in South Korea since the 1980 military coup d'état after the assassination of dictator Park Chung Hee, and the first since democratization in 1987.[11] This is the 17th martial law declaration since the foundation of the republic in 1948.[12] Under Article 77 of the Constitution of South Korea, when declaring martial law, the president must immediately notify the National Assembly. This enables special measures to be taken, including reducing the need for arrest warrants, limiting parliamentary immunity, and restricting amongst others freedom of speech and freedom of assembly. The National Assembly has the right to vote and if successful make a binding demand on the president to cancel the imposition of martial law.[13][14]

Events

Declaration of martial law

Korean Wikisource has original text related to this article:
2024 South Korean martial law timeline
3 December (KST)
  • 22:23: Yoon Suk Yeol began reading emergency address to the nation.
  • 22:27: Yoon Suk Yeol declared martial law.
  • 22:42: The opposition Democratic Party, which holds a legislative majority, urgently convened National Assembly members.
  • 23:04: The National Assembly entrance was closed.
  • 23:25: Army Chief of Staff Park An-su was appointed martial law commander.
  • 23:30: Park An-su declared decree on martial law.
  • 23:45: Minister of Defense Kim Yong-hyun ordered the entire military to be on high alert.
  • Around 23:57: Armed forces appeared in front of the National Assembly Hall, and clashes with aides and congressional staff continued.
4 December (KST)
  • 00:12: Martial law troops attempted to enter the back door of the National Assembly.
  • 00:36: Airborne troops broke through the glass windows of the National Assembly and entered.
  • 01:00: National Assembly voted unanimously to lift martial law.
  • 01:08: Woo Won-shik, Speaker of the National Assembly, told the military to leave the National Assembly building.
  • 01:11: Martial law forces inside and outside the National Assembly began to withdraw.
  • 04:26: Yoon Suk Yeol accepted the National Assembly's request, withdrew the military, and announced in a public address that martial law would be lifted.
  • 04:49: Martial Law Command was disbanded.

At 10:22 p.m. KST on 3 December 2024, President Yoon Suk Yeol declared martial law. In a televised address, Yoon accused the opposition of "trying to overthrow the free democracy" by impeaching members of his cabinet and blocking his budget plans. He asked citizens to believe in him and tolerate "some inconveniences",[15][16] and also claimed that there was a North Korean conspiracy against the South Korean government.[17]

The Korea Times reported that prime minister Han Duck-soo had been sidelined on the declaration, adding that the move appeared to have been done following direct communications between President Yoon and his defense minister Kim Yong-hyun. Both have been referred to as the "Chungam faction" for Kim being an upperclassman of Yoon at the Chungam High School in Seoul.[18] The defense ministry subsequently identified Kim as having proposed the declaration to Yoon during a cabinet meeting on 3 December.[19][20] At the meeting, which took place shortly before the official announcement of martial law, a majority of its 19 members were "strongly against" the decision but were ignored by Yoon.[21]

According to Yonhap News Agency, defense minister Kim Yong-hyun ordered a meeting with the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Kim Myung-soo.[22][23] Yoon appointed Chief of Staff of the Republic of Korea Army Park An-su as his martial law commander.[24] Following the declaration, the government said that activities in educational institutions and transport services would continue to operate normally.[25][26] Panic-buying occurred in convenience stores nationwide.[27]

Decree

At 11:00 p.m. on 3 December, Park An-su of the Martial Law Command issued the following decree on martial law:[28][29][30]

Martial Law Command proclaims the following as of 11 p.m. on 3 December 2024, in order to protect liberal democracy from anti-state forces active within the free Republic of Korea and their threats to subvert the state, and to ensure public safety.

  1. All political activities, including activities of the National Assembly, local councils, political parties, and political association, rallies and demonstrations, are prohibited.
  2. All acts that deny or attempt to overthrow the free democratic system are prohibited. The dissemination of fake news, manipulation of public opinion, and false propaganda are prohibited.
  3. All media and publications are subject to the control of Martial Law Command.
  4. Strikes, work stoppages and rallies that incite social chaos are prohibited.
  5. Trainee doctors and all other medical personnel, who are on strike or have left their worksites, must return to their positions within 48 hours and work faithfully. Those who violate the order will face punishment in accordance with the Martial Law Act.
  6. Innocent ordinary citizens, excluding anti-state forces and other subversive forces, will be subject to measures to minimize inconvenience in their daily lives.

Violators of the proclamation may be arrested, detained and searched without a warrant in accordance with Article 9 of the Martial Law Act (Special Measures Authority of the Martial Law Commander), and will be punished in accordance with Article 14 of the Martial Law Act (Penalties).

— Martial Law Commander, Army General Park An-su

National Assembly vote

Main article: 2024 South Korean protests
Lee Jae-myung climbing the National Assembly building fence.
A view of the main entrance to the National Assembly, blocked by martial law forces, parliamentary staff, and journalists.

Following the announcements, between 280[31] and 300[20] military personnel entered the National Assembly building and attempted to enter the main hall, where voting takes place. In response, party officials sprayed them with fire extinguishers and successfully stopped their entry. Some soldiers attempted to enter through the fourth floor, but were stopped by employees.[32] Democratic Party spokeswoman An Gwi-ryeong was seen trying to seize a rifle from a soldier before the latter pointed it at her briefly, prompting her to berate the soldier.[33] Soldiers broke the windows of several MPs offices, while injuries occurred during confrontations inside the building.[34] Ultimately, the soldiers were unable to access to main session hall, whose entrances were barricaded using furniture installed by staff.[33] At least three helicopters also landed on the assembly grounds while two others were seen hovering above.[4] Tanks were seen on the streets,[35] while the martial law command also ordered the eviction of the presidential office press corps from its building in Seoul.[36]

Confrontations occurred at the National Assembly complex's main gate between security forces and civilians.[37] The Korea Times and opposition parties identified units of the security forces involved in the incursion at the assembly as the 1st Airborne Special Forces Brigade of the Army Special Warfare Command and the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency, with the National Police Agency believed to have been bypassed by the declaration.[18] The National Police Agency declared a Level B Emergency.[38] The Kyunghyang Shinmun published images of soldiers next to boxes of what appeared to be live bullets and ammunition at the assembly.[39] Protests against martial law were also organized in Gwangju.[40]

All main parties, including the ruling People Power Party of which President Yoon is a member, opposed the move. PPP leader Han Dong-hoon said: "The president's martial law declaration is wrong. We will stop it along with the people."[41] The mayor of Seoul, Oh Se-hoon, who is also a member of the PPP, said he opposed Yoon's declaration.[42] Lee Jae-myung, the leader of the opposition Democratic Party, urged citizens to gather at the National Assembly and declared that Yoon "is no longer the president of South Korea"; Lee livestreamed himself climbing over the fences of the Assembly building to get inside, after soldiers had blocked the entrances.[43] Rebuilding Korea Party leader Cho Kuk also called the declaration of martial law "illegal" and said it met conditions for the impeachment of Yoon and defense minister Kim Yong-hyun.[44] Lee Jun-seok, leader of the Reform Party, called for Yoon to be expelled from the PPP, while Gyeonggi Province governor Kim Dong-yeon called for Yoon's arrest.[45] The Korean Confederation of Trade Unions, the largest trade union group in the country, called for a general strike to reverse the declaration of martial law and impeach the president.[46]

Former President Moon Jae-in issued a public message on his social media platforms, addressing the military as a former commander-in-chief. He urged the armed forces to respect the will of the people and adhere strictly to constitutional principles. Moon emphasized that the military must not act against the National Assembly or its members, particularly when following an unconstitutional directive. He called on the military to focus on its legitimate duties, safeguarding national security without compromising democratic institutions.[47]

In contrast, some conservative figures supported the declaration of martial law. These included former prime minister Hwang Kyo-ahn, who called for the arrest of both National Assembly Speaker Woo Won-shik and Han Dong-hoon. Daegu's mayor, Hong Joon-pyo, without explicitly stating his side, said he understood "Yoon's loyalty" while describing his actions as "making a scene" and reckless.[48]

Protesters clashed with police outside the National Assembly.[49] Speaker Woo called for all lawmakers to gather at the National Assembly.[4] The Incheon branch of the Democratic Party criticized the move as beginning an "era of Yoon dictatorship".[50] Lawmakers maneuvered around police barricades to enter the National Assembly. Lee Jae-myung of the Democratic Party live streamed himself climbing over a 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) fence to gain access.[51][52] Speaker Woo also had to climb a fence to enter the assembly grounds.[53]

The National Assembly commenced an emergency session at 12:48 a.m. on 4 December.[54] At 1:00 a.m.,[55] the National Assembly, with 190 out of a total of 300 lawmakers present, voted unanimously to lift martial law.[17] Those who voted for its lifting included 172 opposition MPs and 18 others from the PPP[56] who were members of a faction supporting Han Dong-hoon.[57] Following the vote, Speaker Woo Won-shik called for the military to leave the National Assembly, while Lee Jae-myung said that the Democratic Party would remain in the National Assembly until the president lifted martial law.[58][59] They were also joined by members of the PPP.[54]

Aftermath

Citizens erupted in applause and cheers as martial law forces leave the National Assembly.

After the vote, some soldiers who had been stationed at the National Assembly were seen to be leaving,[4] with the Speaker's office later saying that they had left altogether by 1:18 AM.[60][31] Others began pushing back the crowd of protesters who gathered there,[61] which numbered around 2,000.[32] At least one soldier was seen apologizing to the public over the incursion.[62] Protesters also began calling for Yoon's arrest and impeachment.[61][63] Lee Jae-myung said the declaration of martial law was done without cabinet approval[64] and that members of the security forces who continued to follow Yoon's martial law orders were committing "an illegal act".[65] The defense ministry stated that martial law would remain in effect until ended by the president.[66][67]

Lifting of martial law

PPP leader Han Dong-hoon held emergency press conference at National Assembly on 4 December.

During a televised briefing at 4:27 a.m., Yoon announced that he would lift martial law as soon as a quorum could be obtained for a cabinet meeting, and that he had withdrawn military personnel from the National Assembly.[68] At approximately 4:30 a.m., the cabinet approved the motion to lift martial law.[69] The Martial Law Command was also disbanded.[70][71] The South Korean military said it had not observed unusual activity in North Korea while martial law was in place.[72]

Following the lifting of martial law, the Democratic Party held an emergency meeting at the National Assembly, announcing that they would commence impeachment proceedings if Yoon did not step down. In a resolution, it said "Yoon's declaration of martial law is a clear violation of the Constitution", adding that it was "a serious act of rebellion and a perfect reason for impeachment".[73] Protests continued to be held in the National Assembly and in Gwanghwamun Square,[74] with candlelight rallies and related activities held in cities across South Korea.[75]

Analysis

The Economist described the situation as a constitutional crisis[76] and an attempted coup.[77] BBC News reported one resident comparing it to the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état.[78] It has been compared to the January 6 United States Capitol attack, with one expert saying the effects of the declaration on South Korean politics and its reputation would be far worse than what happened in the United States.[79]

Youngshik Bong, an adviser to the Ministry of Unification and visiting professor at Yonsei University, said that declaring martial law should be reserved for the most serious situations, such as war. He added that this will backfire on the president as "his impeachment is really in the cards now".[80]

Foreign Policy magazine and political scientists Sidney Tarrow and Benjamin Engel described the events as an attempted self-coup.[14][81][82]

Park Sung-min, a political consultant in Seoul, said "I don’t know what his end goal was here, because I think this was political suicide [...] It seems clear that President Yoon is now more likely to step down in the middle of his term rather than seeing his term through to completion."[20]

Responses

Financial

The announcement of martial law was met by surprise and panic amongst the South Korean public due to its suddenness.[83] Following the announcement, the value of the won fell to 1,444 per U.S. dollar, its lowest value in 25 months; it later recovered to around 1,420, still down from the previous day's high of 1,403.[84][85] The iShares MSCI South Korea ETF decreased by 5%. Franklin FTSE South Korea ETF declined by 4.4% and Matthews Korea Active ETF fell 4.5%.[86] Reuters reported that: "A central bank official said it was preparing measures to stabilize the market if needed. Finance Minister and Deputy Prime Minister Choi Sang-mok convened an emergency meeting among top economic officials."[9]

Domestic

Lee Jae-myung at the emergency rally held at the National Assembly on 4 December.

The People Power Party's National Assembly Floor Leader Choo Kyung-ho said he had no knowledge of the decree and only found out about it in the news.[87] The Inspector General of the Ministry of Justice, Ryu Hyuk, a former prosecutor who was appointed to the position in 2020, resigned in protest after arriving at the ministry building for a meeting over the martial law that was convened by Justice minister Park Sung-jae.[88][89] Shortly after Yoon backed down and lifted martial law, the opposition began to consider impeaching Yoon [zh].[90][91] Some South Korean analysts described the episode as a self-coup attempt to seize power.[14] In the early hours of 4 December, dozens of Yoon's aides resigned en masse following the martial law declaration and recantation.[92] That same day, the Supreme Court announced it would investigate whether or not Yoon's declaration of martial law was illegal, given that he had failed to abide by various mandatory provisions of the martial law mechanism, such as notifying both the cabinet and the legislature that it was to be used.[93]

The leadership of the People Power Party discussed expelling Yoon from the party during a meeting.[94] The PPP also urged the removal of defense minister Kim Yong-hyun after it was confirmed that Kim had proposed the martial law declaration to Yoon.[95] Han Dong-hoon later said he had delivered a request to Yoon asking him to leave the PPP.[96] The Democratic Party also confirmed they would initiate impeachment proceedings against Yoon [zh], along with Kim Yong-hyun and interior minister Lee Sang-min on 5 December if Yoon did not resign.[97] Kim later apologized and took responsibility for the soldiers' actions. He also offered his resignation.[98] At noon on 4 December, Yoon's prime minister Han Duck-soo held a meeting with Yoon's remaining aides, and party leaders to discuss the fallout of the martial law declaration.[99] Later on 4 December, all of the major newspapers in South Korea and the National Union of Media Workers unanimously condemned Yoon and called for his arrest, saying the martial law was illegal and an attempted repeat of the brutal coups of the 1980s.[100] At the same time, multiple South Korean celebrities also heavily condemned Yoon.[101] The Catholic Bishops' Conference of Korea, the Korean Methodist Church, the National Council of Churches in Korea, and the Korean Church Human Rights Center criticized the declaration of martial law, while the national association of Won Buddhist clerics called for Yoon's impeachment.[102] A joint declaration was signed by 370 professors and researchers at Korea University calling for Yoon's impeachment.[103]

Impeachment proceedings

Around 2:40 p.m, on 4 December, the opposition announced its intention to submit a motion to impeach Yoon.[104] That same day, approximately 190 members of the National Assembly across six opposition parties submitted a motion for impeachment, with the intent to discuss it in the Assembly the following day and vote on the motion on either 6 or 7 December.[105] After previously calling for a general strike until martial law was lifted and Yoon was impeached,[46] the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions called for an indefinite general strike until Yoon stepped down.[105] At a meeting with Han Duck-soo and Han Dong-hoon, Yoon stated that he would not resign and said there was "no wrongdoing" in his declaration of martial law, adding that he had done so to prevent the Democratic Party's "reckless impeachment actions".[106] On December 5, the PPP ruled against impeaching Yoon following an emergency meeting the previous evening.[107]

Due to Kim proposing martial law to Yoon, impeachment proceedings were also prepared against Kim, with the Democratic Party intending to file a criminal complaint against him. The party's chief spokesperson, Jo Seoung-lae, issued a statement saying "The DPK will punish the unconstitutional and illegal emergency martial law of the Yoon administration [...] We urge law enforcement agencies to immediately launch an investigation into the treason case that the entire nation is now aware of and bring the perpetrators to justice."[10]

International

Multiple countries have issued advisories urging caution for their citizens in South Korea advising them to be vigilant and avoid public demonstrations.[108] Travel alerts for the region were issued by the French and British foreign ministries.[109]

Italian foreign minister Antonio Tajani said that NATO has warned North Korea not to take advantage of the situation.[110] Swedish prime minister Ulf Kristersson cancelled his scheduled visit to South Korea and summit with Yoon.[111]

Kyrgyzstan's president Sadyr Japarov was on a state visit in South Korea when martial law was declared.[112] The Kyrgyz government issued two statements, one confirming the safety of the president and his delegation, the other advising Kyrgyzstanis in South Korea to remain calm.[113] Japarov concluded the state visit and returned to Kyrgyzstan on December 4.[114]

In Taiwan, the Democratic Progressive Party Legislative Caucus posted an article on Threads, claiming that the declaration of martial law was a legitimate effort to protect free constitutional democracy in South Korea and criticizing Taiwanese opposition parties for obstructing national security proposals, allegedly "unconstitutionally expand[ing]" their powers, and reducing the defense budget.[115][116] While the post was deleted shortly afterwards, it sparked criticism from major opposition parties, including the Kuomintang and the Taiwan People's Party, who interpreted the post as a threat to take similar measures in Taiwan.[115][117]

In the United States, the White House and the State Department said they were not given notice ahead of time of Yoon's intention to declare martial law.[118] State Department spokesman Vedant Patel expressed "grave concern" for the ongoing developments while reiterating the United States' "iron-clad" alliance with South Korea.[119] The White House later expressed relief at the lifting of martial law.[120] Meetings of the Nuclear Consultative Group and related military exercises were also postponed indefinitely by the United States.[121] The Department of Defense said it had not received a request for military assistance from South Korea during the declaration of martial law,[122] adding that there was no force posture change in the United States Forces Korea.[123]

See also

References

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