Caspian horse
 |
| Other names | Caspian Pony |
|---|---|
| Country of origin | Iran |
| Traits | |
| Distinguishing features | Some horses lack chestnuts or ergots. Some horses have 65 chromosomes, other 64. The horses also have an additional molar on each side of the upper jaw. |
| Notes | |
| This horse is facing extinction. | |
The Caspian Horse was rediscovered in the 1960's in a mountainous region of Northern Iran, not far from the Caspian Sea, by American-born Iranian horse breeder, Louise Firouz. Firouz was searching for small ponies to be ridden by children, when she happened upon a bay stallion in the town of Amol. The horse was pulling a heavy cart, and was nicely conformed with the body of a "well-bred oriental horse." She purchased the stallion, naming him Ostad, and he became a successful sire of children's ponies and a foundation for her breeding programme. Finding that the animals were few in number and in poor condition, she began a breeding programme at her riding school in Norouzabad, starting with seven mares and six stallions.
The Caspian is actually a small horse, and not a pony, despite reaching a maximum of 12 hh. It is thought to be one of the oldest horse or pony breeds in the world today, dating back from the now extinct miniature horses of Mesopotamia, who lived in the region from 3,000 BCE until the 7th century. The horses now inhabit an area between the Caspian Sea and the Elburz Mountains although new groups of horses potentially related to the Caspian have been identified in a much wider range.
Efforts have been made to help re-establish the breed. A breeding programme was set up by the Shah of Iran, who established the Royal Horse Society at Louise and Narcy Firouz's Norouzabad Stud.
In the autumn of 1965 on a visit to her family in Great Falls, Va. Louise Firouz approached Kathleen McCormick with the Caspian story and photos of the ponies she had brought to Norouzabad. A plan was made to export a Caspian Stallion from Iran to the United States. Kathleen selected the stallion Jehan* from the group of photos. In April of 1966 William M.Santoro, DVM accompanied Jehan* on the 4 day 13000km (8000 mile) journey to New York. Because there was difficulty getting Jehan* out of Iran only a part-bred breeding programme was established in the U.S. at that time and plans to import mares were put on hold.
Prince Phillip suggested that some of the horses be shipped to England, to start a population, and in 1976, the Caspian Stud in England was formed, saving much of the foundation stock. During the Iranian Revolution, the horses were again used as pack horses and for food, further depleting their numbers.
Following the revolution, the ban on horse ownership was lifted and Firouz managed to find 15 horses that could be used for breeding (after performing DNA testing to assure they were the Caspian breed). These horses began the Persicus stud, and in 1993, seven of the horses were exported for breeding in England, with the help of the Russian Horse Society. The combined efforts of breeders across the world have established the breed in several European countries, as well as Australia, New Zealand, and the United States.
Genetics and Phenotype
There are no records of breeding, however the horses, when bred, are true to type and are therefore an established breed. Several studies are currently being performed to determine whether the horse is the ancestor of the modern hot-blooded breeds, including the Arabian. A study found that there are several anomalies with the Caspian compared to other breeds, including:
- The skull differs, with pronounced elevation of the interparietal bones and no parietal crest
- The scapula is wider then normally found in equines
- The metacarpal and metatarsal bones are much longer and slimmer in relation to size
- The hooves are narrow and oval-shaped, and the frog is less pronounced than other equines
- The first six vertebrae are longer than usual
- Possesses an extra molar
A 1979 study by H Hatami-Monazah and RV Pandit found that some Caspians had 65 chromosomes, and others 64 chromosomes (as a domesticate horse would). The morphology of the chromosomes suggested a cross between E. Caballus and E. przewalskii[1].
Uses of the Caspian Horse
The horses are used in the towns of Amol, Babol and Shahi in Iran, as cart horses, and out-crossed with other breeds such as the Mongolian Pony or Tarpan to increase their size to make them suitable riding ponies. They are known for their speed and ability to carry very heavy loads, and are not used for draft work.
The Caspian also makes for an excellent children's mount. They have fantastic temperaments, so that stallions are even handled by children, and several stallions can be turned out together. They have excellent movement, with an exceptionally long stride that allows them to keep up with a horse, making them good show animals. There have also been several outcrosses with Thoroughbreds, producing very fancy show ponies. Additionally, the Caspian has exceptional jumping ability.
Breed Characteristics
The Caspian horse is extremely hardy, with very dense bone and hard feet that do not need shoeing. Additionally, the horse is of great quality, similar in build to the Arabian. The head should be short and fine with large eyes and a tapering muzzle. The nostrils are large and low-set, and the ears should be very small (no larger than 11cm [4.5"] long). The shoulder is sloping, allowing the horse to take exceptionally long strides, so that it can easily keep up with a horse at the walk, trot, and canter despite its small height. The body of the Caspian is narrow, with a high-set tail and strong hindquarters. Although the limbs are fine, they have dense bone, the pasterns are fine and sloping, and the hooves are oval like an ass, and very strong. There is little feathering on the fetlock, although the horse has a dense mane and tail. Caspians are usually bay or black, but may also be grey or chestnut, and may occasionally have white markings on the head and legs. Interestingly, some ponies lack chestnuts or ergots.
The horses range from 10-12.2 hh, and average at 11.2 hh. However, improved feeding programmes at the Norouzabad stud have resulted in horses with a height smaller than their parents, which may indicate that the original size of the breed is around 9 hh. Improved living conditions outside Iran have also produced horses that are larger than their parents. It is likely that the stock is not completely pure, but more likely superb examples of the original "type".
Literature
- B. Dalton, Caspian Horse, Allen Guides to Horse and Pony Breeds, (2000), ISBN 0-85131-797-9.
External links
- Tiny Caspian horse breed back from the brink Horsetalk, July 19, 2007
- http://www.caspianbreedsociety.co.uk/
- http://www.caspianhorsesociety.org.uk/
- Hundreds of photos of nearly all of the Caspian Horse Foundation Lines
- A cytogenetic study of the Caspian pony H Hatami-Monazah and RV Pandit