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For other uses, see New Age (disambiguation).
New Age Spirituality often incorporates aspects of the Earth, Moon, and Outer Space. The term New Age refers to the coming Astrological Age of Aquarius.

New Age (New Age Movement and New Age Spirituality) is a decentralized western social and spiritual movement that seeks Universal Truth and the attainment of the highest individual human potential. It combines aspects of spirituality, cosmology, astrology, esotericism, complementary and alternative medicine, various religious practices, humanism, collectivism, nature, and environmentalism. New Age Spirituality is characterized by an individual approach to spirituality, while rejecting religious doctrine and dogma.

The New Age Movement first appeared as an entity in the 1960s and 1970s, although elements can be traced back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It gained momentum in the 1980s and strengthened with the Harmonic Convergence event of 1987. New Age practices and philosophies are found among many diverse individuals from around the World.

The New Age Movement includes elements of older spiritual and religious traditions ranging from atheism and monotheism through classical pantheism, naturalistic pantheism, and panentheism to polytheism combined with science: particularly ecology, environmentalism, the Gaia hypothesis, and psychology. New Age practices and philosophies sometimes draw inspiration from major world religions: Buddhism, Chinese folk religion, Christianity, Hinduism, Judaism, and Sufism; with particularly strong influences from East Asian religions, Gnosticism, Neopaganism, New Thought, Spiritualism, Universalism, and Western esotericism.[1]

New Age Spirituality has led to a wide array of literature on the subject and an active niche market: books, New Age music, crafts, and services in alternative medicine are available at New Age stores, fairs, and festivals.[2][3]

Additional phrases are used to describe The New Age Movement: Self Spirituality, New Spirituality, Mind-Body-Spirit,[4][5] Cultural Creative, Everyone Is Equal, New Paradigm, and All Is One.

History

Origins

Some of the New Age Movement's constituent elements appeared initially in 19th century metaphysical movements: Spiritualism, Theosophy, and New Thought; also, alternative medicine movements chiropractic and naturopathy.[4][5] These movements in turn have roots in Transcendentalism, Mesmerism, Swedenborgianism, and various earlier Western esoteric or occult traditions, such as the hermetic arts of astrology, magic, alchemy, and kabbalah. Some of the popularisation behind these ideas has roots in the work of early twentieth-century writers, such as D. H. Lawrence and W. B. Yeats. The first known use of The New Age in this context was in Madame Blavatsky's book, The Secret Doctrine, which was published in 1888[6] although the phrase had been used earlier to refer to a belief in a spiritual and artistic "New Age" by William Blake in around 1809 in his preface to Milton: a Poem, and was originally coined by fellow Christian mystic Emanuel Swedenborg in the 18th century.

A weekly Journal of Christian liberalism and Socialism called The New Age was published as early as 1894.[7] In 1907, it was sold to a group of Socialist writers headed by Alfred Richard Orage and Holbrook Jackson. Other historical personalities were involved: H. G. Wells, George Bernard Shaw, and William Butler Yeats; the magazine became a forum for politics, literature, and the arts.[8][9] Between 1908 and 1914, it was instrumental in pioneering the British avant-garde from vorticism to imagism. After 1914, publisher Orage met P. D. Ouspensky, a follower of G. I. Gurdjieff, and began correspondence with Harry Houdini, becoming less interested in literature and art, with an increased focus on mysticism and other spiritual topics; the magazine was sold in 1921. According to Brown University, "The New Age helped to shape modernism in literature and the arts from 1907 to 1922".[10]

File:Alice Bailey.jpg
Alice Bailey (1880–1949) was a British author who wrote about New Age Spirituality as early as 1944.

In the early-mid 1900s, American mystic, theologian, and founder of the Association for Research and Enlightenment, Edgar Cayce, was a seminal influence on what later would become known as the New Age Movement; he was known in particular for the practice some refer to as "channeling".[11] Neo-Theosophist Alice Bailey published the book Discipleship in the New Age (1944), which used the term New Age in reference to the transition from the Astrological Age of Pisces to Aquarius. Another early adopter of the term, was the American artist, mystic, and philosopher, Walter Russell, who spoke in an essay of "…this New Age philosophy of the spiritual re-awakening of man…", also published in 1944. The Findhorn Foundation, an early New Age intentional community in northern Scotland founded in 1962, played a significant role in the early growth period of the New Age Movement and is still active today. The movement in Russia has been heavily influenced by the legacy of Nicholas Roerich and Helena Roerich, who taught in the Theosophical tradition. Another former Theosophist, Rudolf Steiner and his anthroposophical movement, is a major influence, especially upon speakers of German. In Brazil, followers of Spiritist writer, Allan Kardec,[12] blend with the Africanized folk traditions of Candomblé and Umbanda.

Contemporary usage

The subculture that would later take on the descriptive term New Age already existed in the early 1970s, based on and continuing themes originally present in 1960s counterculture. Widespread use of the term New Age began in the mid 1970s, reflected in the title of a new monthly periodical, the New Age Journal, and was taken up by several thousand small metaphysical book and gift stores that increasingly defined themselves as "New Age bookstores".[13][14]

As a result of the large scale activities surrounding the Harmonic Convergence, in the mid 1980s, the term was further popularized by the American mass media to describe the alternative spiritual subculture, including activities all the way from meditation, channeling, reincarnation, crystals, psychic experience, to holistic health or environmentalism, or belief in anomalous phenomena, or for other “unsolved mysteries” such as UFOs, Earth mysteries and crop circles. By the late 1980s, a range of new publications had appeared to serve the marketplace of these ideas, including Psychic Guide Magazine (later renamed Body, Mind & Spirit), Yoga Journal, New Age Voice (a New Age music specialty magazine) and trade publications such as New Age Retailer, NaPRA ReView ("New Age Publishing and Retailers Association"), and others.

Diverse activities of this subculture include: participation in study or meditation groups, attendance at lectures and fairs; the purchase of books, music, or different products such as crystals or incense; healing or energy pyramids; or patronage of fortune-tellers, healers, and spiritual counselors.[citation needed]

There were several key moments in raising public awareness of this subculture: the publication of Linda Goodman's best selling astrology books Sun Signs (1968) and Love Signs (1978), Hair: The American Tribal Love-Rock Musical (1967) with the opening song "Aquarius/Let the Sunshine In" and its memorable line "This is the dawning of the Age of Aquarius", the Harmonic Convergence (1987) organized by Jose Arguelles in Sedona, Arizona, and the broadcast of Shirley MacLaine's television mini-series Out on a Limb (1987). Also influential were the claims of channelers Jane Roberts (the Seth Material) and J.Z. Knight (Ramtha), as well as revealed writings A Course In Miracles (1976) by Helen Schucman, The Celestine Prophecy (1993) by James Redfield, and Conversations with God (1995) by Neale Donald Walsch. Relevant works also include the writings of Eckhart Tolle, Barbara Marx Hubbard, Marianne Williamson, Deepak Chopra, John Holland, Gary Zukav, and Wayne Dyer, not mention "The Secret" by Rhonda Byrne, which was based on the writings of Esther Hicks and Jerry Hicks. Many of these authors claim inspiration from an infinite intelligence which is referred to by different authors by various names. Wayne Dyer refers to this as "The Source" or "Great Masters of the Universe". Louise Hay describes it/them as "some of the best teachers on the planet today". The Hicks' refer to this same source as "Abraham", Esther describing it as "infinite intelligence" and Jerry saying that "They are the purest form of love I have ever experienced".

While J. Gordon Melton, Wouter J. Hanegraaff, and Paul Heelas have emphasised the mentioned personal aspects, other authors, including Mark Satin,[15] Theodore Roszak,[16] Marilyn Ferguson,[17] and Corinne McLaughlin[18] have described the New Age as a values-based sociopolitical movement.

The American writer Ken Wilber posits that much New Age thought falls into what he calls the pre/trans fallacy.[19] According to Wilber, a person's psychological development moves from the pre-personal, through the personal levels of development, then to the transpersonal (spiritually advanced or enlightened). He claims that 80% of New Age Spirituality is pre-rational (pre-conventional) and that it relies primarily on mythic-magical thinking, in contrast to post-rational (includes and transcends rational), genuine world-centric consciousness.

Beliefs

There is no unified belief system, though many practices and philosophies are common in New Age Spirituality.

Philosophy and cosmology

  • Afterlife - Consciousness persists after death as life in different forms; the afterlife exists for further learning through the form of a spirit, reincarnation and/or near-death experiences.[20] There may be a belief in hell, but typically not in the traditional Christian or Islamic sense of eternal damnation. Universalist views of the afterlife are common.
  • Teleology - There is a belief that there is a purpose to life. This includes a belief in synchronicity — that coincidences have a spiritual meaning, and contain spiritual lessons to teach those that are open to them. Everything is universally connected through God, participating in the same energy.[21] There is a cosmic goal and a belief that all entities are (knowingly or unknowingly) cooperating towards this goal.

Religion and science

  • Eclectic spirituality - Every person should follow their own individual path to spirituality, not dogma. Different religions and philosophies from around the world offer different practices that can be adopted.[citation needed]
  • Anti-Patriarchy - Feminine forms of spirituality, including feminine images of the divine, such as the female Aeon Sophia in Gnosticism, are deprecated by patriarchal religions.[5]

Other

  • Positive thinking - A positive attitude supported by affirmations will achieve success in anything.[36] A certain critical mass of people with a highly spiritual consciousness will bring about a sudden change in the whole population.[37] Humans have a responsibility to take part in positive creative activity and to work to heal ourselves, each other and the planet.[38]
  • Diet - Food influences the mind as well as the body. It is generally preferable to eat fresh organic vegetarian food which is locally grown and in season.[39][40] Fasting can help achieve higher levels of consciousness.[41]

Lifestyle

People who embrace New Age lifestyle or beliefs are included in the Lifestyle of Health and Sustainability (LOHAS) demographic market segment, currently in a growth phase, related to sustainable living, green ecological initiatives, and generally composed of a relatively affluent and well-educated segment.[42][43] The LOHAS market segment in year 2006 was estimated at $300 billion, approximately 30% of the USA consumer market.[44][45] According to The New York Times, a study by the Natural Marketing Institute showed that in 2000, 68 million Americans were included within the LOHAS demographic. Author Paul H. Ray, who coined the term Cultural Creatives in his book by the same name, explaines that "What you're seeing is a demand for products of equal quality that are also virtuous."[46][47]

Terminology

Stonehenge and other ancient sites are revered by many who practice New Age Spirituality; the places are believed to have special energy.
  • Forces - commonly held that there exist certain forces, independent of spiritual beings or agencies, and also distinct from forces as defined by science, e.g., gravitation, electro-magnetism, etc. These forces are elemental in nature; and are held to operate in an automatic fashion as part of the natural order, e.g., the force which causes seeds to sprout, grow, and bloom.
  • Power - the "forces", and everything else, are energized by a mystical power that exists in varying degrees in all things. Power is transferable, through physical contact, sensory perception, or mere proximity. Power may be accumulated or depleted in a person or object through a variety of mechanisms, including fate and esoteric practices. This power is held to be physically observable as "auras" and "psi energy"; and when encountered in great concentration, may even be dangerous.
  • Energy - in some belief systems, "forces" and "power" may seem to merge, e.g., in the concept of "vital force" that exists in so many traditional belief systems, and finds its expression in New Age concepts such as the "energies" in Therapeutic Touch or Reiki and ideas of flowing streams of power in Earth, like "leylines" in Britain and Europe and Earth energies addressed in the Chinese geomantic system of feng shui.
  • Spirit - all beings (particularly sentient beings) are accompanied by a specific, intentional "energy" which corresponds to their consciousness, but is in some way independent of their corporeal existence. This energy typically is more primary than the physical entity, in the sense that it remains in some form after the physical death.

Holistic health

New Age Spirituality may use alternative medicine in addition to, or in place of, relying on "conventional" medicine.[3][48]

Some branches of New Age medicine focus on holistic health of patients, rather than the symptomatic focus of conventional Western medicine.[citation needed] Some conventional physicians have embraced aspects of or the complete approach of holistic medicine.[citation needed]

Some scientific professionals question the efficacy of the methods of "alternative or complementary medicine," and some writers have referred to these methods as quackery (Norcross et al 2006;Singer and Lalich 1996). There are increasing numbers of double blind tests of alternative medicine methods, but such testing has rarely resulted in corroborating results. However, it is difficult to apply double-blind testing methods to some alternative medicine techniques because in many of these techniques, the relationship with the practitioner is part of the process, and that relationship cannot be practically "blinded" in a testing protocol. See the main article on Alternative medicine for a deeper discussion of these points.

Skeptics of the New Age approach to medicine point out it is possible that direct harm can result from a treatment such as acupuncture (bruising, dizziness, infection),[citation needed] from poorly prescribed herbal medicine or from an untrained person self-administering herbal medicines. Indirect harm may result when a patient declines proven scientific treatment in favor of unproven alternative treatments and thereby misses the benefit that may have accrued from the mainstream treatment.[49]

Critics of New Age medicine state that without scientific testing, it is not possible to determine which techniques, medicinal herbs, and lifestyle changes may contribute to increased health and which treatments have no effect or may be dangerous. In 2005, the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland began a program of research to determine which alternative medicine practices may be useful in support of conventional medical practice.[50]

Music

Main article: New Age music

New Age music is peaceful music of various styles that is intended to help people feel good while listening. When it first started in the early 1970s, it was mostly instrumental; there were both acoustic and electronic styles. Over the years, many more styles of New Age music appeared with the advent of less expensive equipment; now there is everything from spacey electronic, to acoustic instrumentals using western instruments, to spiritual chanting from other cultures, like Kirtan with Sanskrit lyrics or Native American flutes and drums.

This music has its roots in the 1970s with the works of such free-form jazz groups recording on the ECM label as Oregon, the Paul Winter Group, and other pre-ambient bands; as well as ambient performers such as Brian Eno and classical avant-garde musicians like Daniel Kobialka. The Greek artist Yanni uses synthesizers and instrumental "world music" sounds.

Some New Age music albums come with liner notes encouraging the music's use in meditation, and many albums have been recorded with specific design for this purpose. Studies have determined that New Age music is an effective component of stress management programs.[51]

Criticism

Cultural thieving

Some adherents of traditional disciplines from cultures such as India, China, and elsewhere, a number of orthodox schools of Yoga, Tantra, Qigong, Chinese Medicine, Ayurveda, and martial arts, e.g., traditional Taijiquan families, and groups with histories reaching back many centuries in some cases eschew the Western label New Age and see the movement it represents as either not fully understanding or deliberately trivializing their disciplines, or as outright distortions.[52] The Declaration of War Against Exploiters of Lakota Spirituality[53] is a strong statement of criticism from a tribe of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas.

Racial bias

Some writers have identified racist bias in the movement's early Theosophical sources, especially the writings of Alice Bailey on the Jews[54][55][56] and comments of Rudolf Steiner on specific ethnic groups including black people, though Steiner, at least, emphasized racial equality as a principle central to anthroposophical thought and humanity's further progress.[57][58] Any racially charged elements present in such influences have not remained part of the ongoing evolution of the Anthroposophical Society and have either not been taken up or have been repudiated by modern members of the movement.[59][60]

Scientific skepticism

Victor Stenger disagrees with the use of scientific terminology, believing it to be pseudoscientific to promote spiritual beliefs; according to his website, he does not believe in the existence of a God.[61]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Lewis, James R. (1992). Perspectives on the New Age. SUNY Press. pp. 16–18. ISBN 079141213X. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ University of Montana (Winter, 1998). "Alternative medicine: from New Age to mainstream". Montana Business Quarterly. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ a b Heelas, Paul (1996). The New Age Movement: Religion, Culture and Society in the Age of Postmodernity. Blackwell Publishing. pp. p116. ISBN 0631193324. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  4. ^ a b New Age Transformed J Gordon Melton, Director Institute for the Study of American Religion. Accessed June 2006.
  5. ^ a b c d What Is “New Age? Michael D. Langone, Ph.D. Cult Observer, 1993, Volume 10, No. 1. Accessed July 2006. Cite error: The named reference "Langone" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  6. ^ Neil Spencer, "True as the Stars Above", Victor Gollancz, 2000, Pg 115, ISBN 0575 06769 1
  7. ^ History of the New Age periodical, Brown University, Modernist Journals Project
  8. ^ Modernism In and Beyond the “Little Magazines”, Winter 2007, Professor Ann Ardis, Brown University
  9. ^ The New Age in Encyclopedia Britannica article on Orage
  10. ^ Modernist Journals Project Has Grant to Digitize Rare Magazines Brown University Press Releases, April 19, 2007
  11. ^ York, Michael (1995). The Emerging Network: A Sociology of the New Age and Neo-Pagan Movements. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. p60. ISBN 0847680010. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  12. ^ Alan Kardec - Spirit Writings Accessed July 2006.
  13. ^ Algeo, John (1991). Fifty Years Among the New Words: A Dictionary of Neologisms, 1941-1991. Cambridge University Press. pp. p234. ISBN 0521449715. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ Materer, Timothy (1995). Modernist Alchemy: Poetry and the Occult. Cornell University Press. pp. p14. ISBN 0801431468. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
  15. ^ Mark Satin, New Age Politics (orig. 1976)
  16. ^ Theodore Roszak, Person/Planet (1978),
  17. ^ Marilyn FergusonAquarian Conspiracy (1980)
  18. '^ Gordon Davidson and Corinne McLaughlin,Spiritual Politics (1994)
  19. ^ Wilber, Ken. "Introduction to the third volume". [The Collected Works of Ken Wilber. Vol. 3. Shambala. {{cite book}}: Check |url= value (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |origmonth=, |accessmonth=, |month=, |origdate=, and |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  20. ^ "Reincarnation and NDE Research". Retrieved 2006-10-01.
  21. ^ "Only God Exists". Retrieved 2006-07-01.
  22. ^ Witcombe, Christopher L. C. E. "Sacred Places". Retrieved 2006-07-01.
  23. ^ "Quantum Interconnectedness". Retrieved 2007-08-23.
  24. ^ "Network 2012". Retrieved 2007-08-23.
  25. ^ "Children of Light". 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-23.
  26. ^ "Nvisible". Retrieved 2007-08-23.
  27. ^ "Ascended Masters Research Center". Retrieved 2001-07-01.
  28. ^ "Kabbalah - Judaism's Way Into The New Age".
  29. ^ Clarke, Peter Bernard (2006). New Religions in Global Perspective: A Study of Religious Change in the Modern World. Routledge. pp. 31 to 32. ISBN 0415257476. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  30. ^ Hanegraaff, Wouter J. (1996). New Age Religion and Western Culture. BRILL. Chapter 8. ISBN 9004106960. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |nopp= ignored (|no-pp= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ Hunt, Stephen (2003). Alternative Religions: A Sociological Introduction. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 5–6. ISBN 0754634108. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  32. ^ "Reality Shifters news".
  33. ^ The Time For Mutation is Now Dane Rudhyar Chapter 6 of Directives for New Life. Accessed 2008-06
  34. ^ "CNN News interview with Sandy Bershad, an Indigo Child". 2005-11-15. Retrieved 2006-10-01.
  35. ^ "Indigo Children - Crystalline Children". 2002-06-04. Retrieved 2006-10-01. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |source= ignored (help)
  36. ^ Supercharged Affirmations The Salem New Age Center, Salem Massachusetts USA . Accessed August 2007.
  37. ^ Carroll, Robert Todd (2005). "The Hundredth Monkey Phenomenon". Retrieved 2007-08-23. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |source= ignored (help)
  38. ^ Accepting Total and Complete Responsibility: New Age NeoFeminist Violence against Sethna Feminism Psychology.1992; 2: pages 113-119
  39. ^ Heindel, Max (1968). New age Vegetarian Cookbook. Rosicrucian Fellowship.OCLC 4971259
  40. ^ Max, Peter (1971). The Peter Max new age organic vegetarian cookbook. Pyramid Communications. OCLC 267219
  41. ^ Fast Fasting- New Age Spirituality Dictionary at The Global Oneness Commitment. Accessed April 2008
  42. ^ David Moore (June 17, 2002). "Body & Soul, yoga w/o the yoyos". Media Life. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  43. ^ Judith Rosen (2002-05-27). "Crossing the Boundaries:Regardless of its label, this increasingly mainstream category continues to broaden its subject base". Publishers Weekly.
  44. ^ Cohen, Maurie J. (2007). "Consumer credit, household financial management, and sustainable consumption". International Journal of Consumer Studies. 31 (Volume 31 Issue 1): 57–65. doi:10.1111/j.1470-6431.2005.00485.x. {{cite journal}}: |issue= has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  45. ^ Halweil, Brianink = (2004). State of the World 2004: A Worldwatch Institute Report on Progress Toward a Sustainable Society. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 167. ISBN 0393325393. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  46. ^ Cortese, Amy (July 20, 2003). "They Care About the World (and They Shop, Too)". Business Section. New York Times. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  47. ^ Everage, Laura (October 1, 2002). "Understanding the LOHAS Lifestyle". Gourmet Retailer Magazine. Nielsen Business Media. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  48. ^ "National Centre for Complementary and Alternative Medicine". Retrieved 2006-06-01.
  49. ^ Lilienfeld, S.O. (2002). "The Scientific Review of Mental Health Practice: Our raison d'etre". Sci Rev Ment Health Pract. 1 (1): 5–10.
  50. ^ Board on Health Promotion and Disease Prevention of the Institute of Medicine (2005). "Complementary and Alternative Medicine in the United States, p. 25". National Academies Press. Retrieved 2008-01-08.
  51. ^ Lehrer, Paul M. (2007). Principles and Practice of Stress Management, Third Edition. pp. p46–47. ISBN 159385000X. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  52. ^ New Age vs. Vedic tradition Accessed July 2006
  53. ^ Declaration of War Against Exploiters of Lakota Spirituality - Accessed 2006-07
  54. ^ Newman, Hannah. "The Rainbow Swastika , A Report To The Jewish People, About New Age Antisemitism". Philologos Religious Online Books. pp. See Section 5. New Age Leaders Commenting on the Nazi Experiment. Retrieved 2007-04-10. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  55. ^ Gershom, Rabbi Yonassan (1997, revised 2005). "Antisemitic Stereotypes in Alice Bailey's Writings". Rabbi Gershom Website. Retrieved 2007-04-11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  56. ^ Shnirelman, Victor A. Russian Neo-pagan Myths and Antisemitism in Acta no. 13, Analysis of Current Trends in Antisemitism. The Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. 1998. Retrieved 2007-08-22
  57. ^ Hansson, Professor Sven Ove (2002). "The racial Teachings of Rudolf Steiner". SkepticReport. Retrieved 2007-04-11. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  58. ^ Anthroposophie und die Rassismus-Vorwürfe, ISBN 978-3-924391-24-9, p. 309ff
  59. ^ Kerkvliet, Von Gerard. "Commission on "Anthroposophy and the Question of Race"". Anthroposophical Society in The Netherlands. Retrieved 2007-09-22.
  60. ^ "Position Statement on Diversity". The General Council of the Anthroposophical Society in America. 1998. Retrieved 2007-04-12. We explicitly reject any racial theory that may be construed to be part of Rudolf Steiner's writings. The Anthroposophical Society in America is an open, public society and it rejects any purported spiritual or scientific theory on the basis of which the alleged superiority of one race is justified at the expense of another race. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)
  61. ^ Stenger, Victor J. (1997-01 and 02). "Quantum Quackery". Skeptical Inquirer. The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. p. 1. Retrieved 2008-11-30. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

References


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