Piraeus
Piraeus
Πειραιάς | |
|---|---|
Settlement | |
 Two of the most popular landmarks of Piraeus, Mikrolimano and the Peace and Friendship Stadium, with the rest of Athens in the background | |
 | |
| Country | Greece |
| Administrative region | Attica |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Panagiotis Fasoulas (PASOK; since 2006) |
| Area | |
• Total | 10.865 km2 (4.195 sq mi) |
| • Urban | 50.417 km2 (19.466 sq mi) |
| Highest elevation | 6.6 m (21.7 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Population (2001)[1] | |
• Total | 175,697 |
| • Density | 16,000/km2 (42,000/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 466,065 |
| • Urban density | 9,200/km2 (24,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Postal code | 185 xx |
| Area code(s) | 210 |
| Vehicle registration | Z |
| Website | www.pireasnet.gr |
Piraeus (Template:PronEng; Template:Lang-ell, Peiraiás, [piɾɛˈas], Template:Lang-grc, Peiraieús) is a city in the periphery of Attica, Greece, and a municipality within Athens urban area, located 10 km southwest of its center.
Piraeus is Greece's third largest urban centre and the second of the Greek capital following the municipality of Athens, with a population of 175,697 people (in 2001)[2] and an area of 11 km2 (4 sq mi).[3] The Piraeus urban area extends beyond the administrative city limits to the suburban municipalities, with a total population of 466,065 (in 2001)[2] and a land area of 50 km2 (19 sq mi).[3] The city is the administrative capital of the Piraeus Prefecture. Situated upon the Saronic Gulf, Piraeus is the largest passenger port in Europe[4][5] and the third largest in the world,[6] servicing about 20 million passengers annually. With a throughput of 1.4 million TEUs, Piraeus is placed among the first ten ports in container traffic in Europe and the top container port in Eastern Mediterranean.[7]
Piraeus has a long history, which dates back to ancient Greece. The effect of its natural space and geographical place has been critical factors for the configuration of the historical fate of Piraeus. The development of the harbour has been always combined with periods of proportional acme and progress of the city, while in the periods of the harbour's decay the city languished. The city was largely developed in the early 5th century BC, when it was selected to serve as the port city of classical Athens and was transformed into a prototype harbour, concentrating all the import and transit trade of Athens. Consequently, it became the chief harbour of ancient Greece but declined gradually after the 4th century AD, and began to grow again in the 19th century, especially after the declaration of Athens as the capital of Greece. In modern era, Piraeus is a big city bustling with life and an integral part of Athens, having the biggest harbour in the country and all the typical characteristics of a huge marine and commercial-industrial center.
History
Ancient times
Piraeus has been inhabited since the 26th century BC.[8] The name Piraeus roughly means the place over the passage. In very early antiquity Piraeus was a rocky island (the settlement of Munychia - the present Kastella) connected to the mainland by a low-lying stretch of land that was flooded with sea water most of the year and was used as a salt field whenever it dried up. Consequently it was called the "Halipedon" (salt field) and its muddy soil made it a tricky passage. The area was increasingly silted and flooding ceased, and by early classical times the land passage was made safe. It was then, in the late 6th century BC when the peninsula was first fortified by Hippias, that Piraeus assumed its importance as a deep water harbour, and the older, shallow Phaleron harbour fell into gradual disuse.
In Ancient Greece, Piraeus was a deme of Attica since the period of Cleisthenes, and a separate city from Athens, though closely related. Themistocles was the first to advise the Athenians to take advantage of Piraeus harbours' strategical potential, instead of using the sandy bay of Phaleron. Foreseeing a new attack by the Persians (after the Battle of Marathon), he built large fortification works and turned Piraeus into a military harbor in 493 BC. The shipyards that were created then, built the mighty Athenian fleet, which distinguished itself at the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC. Since then, Piraeus has been used as a navy base for the developed and powerful fleet of Athens in the Aegean Sea. The fortifications were completed by Cimon in 460 BC and Pericles during the Athenian Golden Age, when Piraeus was connected with Athens by the Long Walls reaching its biggest splendor, and the Themistoclean Walls were completed. As a result Piraeus flourished and became a port of high security with a great commercial activity, and a city throbbing with life. The original town of Piraeus was planned by the architect Hippodamus of Miletus in the famous grid system that he devised, probably in the time of Pericles. The main agora was named after him, as an honor.
During the Peloponnesian War, Piraeus was the major Athenian port and suffered the first breakdown. As a result Piraeus was not able to compete with prosperous Rhodes, which controlled the commerce. In 404 BC, Munychia was seized by Thrasybulus and the exiles from Phyle, in the Battle of Munychia, the Phyleans defeated the Thirty Tyrants of Athens, but in the following Battle of Piraeus in 403 BC, the exiles were defeated. The three chief arsenals of Piraeus were Munychia, Zea and Cantharus, which could contain 82, 196 and 94 ships respectively in the 4th century BC. Piraeus, as a port, would follow the fate of Athens. After the end of the Peloponnesian War, when Athens came under Spartan occupation, Piraeus was to bear the brunt of the victors' rage. These walls would be torn down, the triremes found in the harbor surrendered to the Spartans or were burned, while the renowned neosoikoi ("ships' houses") would be pulled down and indeed in an almost festive manner-with music, dancing and songs.
After the reinstatement of democracy, Conon rebuilt the walls in 393 BC, founded the temples of Aphrodite Euploia, the sanctuary of Zeus Sotiros and Athena, and built the famous Skevothiki of Philon, the ruins of which have been discovered at Zea. The reconstruction of Piraeus went on during the period of Alexander the Great, but this revival of the town was quashed by the Roman Lucius Cornelius Sulla, who captured and totally destroyed Piraeus in 86 BC. The destruction was completed in 395 AD by the Goths under Alaric I. Piraeus was led to a long period of decline which lasted for fifteen centuries. During the Byzantine period the harbour of Piraeus was occasionally used for the Byzantine fleet, but it was very far from the capital, Constantinople. The city lost even its ancient and original name that was forgotten, named "Porto Leone (Lion's Port) in 1318 and "Porto Draco" by the Franks, taking its name from the marble lion standing at the point at which, later, the old Town Hall was built.[8]
Ottoman period
In 1456, Piraeus became known as the "Aslan Liman" (Lion's Port) of the Turks. The marble lion was removed and stolen in 1688, during Francesco Morosini's expedition against Athens, and carried to the Arsenal of Venice, where it still stands today. A copy of the lion statue is on display at the Piraeus Archaeological Museum. Throughout Ottoman occupation, especially before the beginning of the Greek War of Independence, Piraeus was mostly deserted, except for the monastery of Saint Spyridon (1590) and a customs house, and it was only used for small intervals for commercial issues. Although there were numerous land owners, Athenians did not live in the area.
There were at least two failed attempts to create a new town, the first in 1792 by bringing population from Hydra, and the second during the Greek War of Independence in 1825 by the installation of people from Psara, but it was not until 1829, when permanent inhabitation of the area was restarted. So, Piraeus became a small town with huts and a few farm-buildings, far away from its glorious past as a prosperous city, and its population consisted mainly by fishermen.
Modern Greek state
With the creation of the modern Greek state and the proclamation of Athens as the capital in 1832, the port again acquired a reason for existence and growth, and developed into a great commercial and industrial centre; populations, mainly from the Aegean Islands, continued arriving to reside in Piraeus. A town plan for Piraeus was also drawn up and approved by King Othon, but it was not completely fulfilled , as it was revolutionary for its time.[8] Following the establishment of Piraeus as a municipality in 1835, following petitions from the new prosperous bourgeoisie that was being created, municipal elections were held to elect a new mayor for the city. Piraeus' first mayor was Kyriakos Serfiotis from Hydra , and the city supported about 300 inhabitants at this time.
Piraeus, from a deserted small town, quickly became the leading port and the second largest city in Greece, and its prime geographical location and closeness to the Greek capital helped it continually to grow, attracting people from across the country. A number of events contributed to the development of the city ; amongst these were its ultimate declaration as the leading port of Greece, the completion of a railway connecting it with Athens in 1869, the industrial development of the area in the 1860s and the creation of the Corinth Canal in 1893, which left Piraeus more strategically important than ever. New buildings were constructed to cover the necessities of this growth, such as educational institutions, churches, the Stock Exchange Building, the Town Hall, the Central Market, the Post Office Building, and charity institutions ; the port was also supplemented and modernised , with dredging operations, the construction of the Royal Landing, the Troumba Pier and the quay-ways up to the Customs House area, the commencement of construction work on the Outer Moles and the completion of permanent dry-docks. At the end of the 19th century Piraeus had a population of 51,020 people.
The establishment of the Port Committee in 1911, which controlled the works of construction and maintenance of the port, and the Port of Piraeus Authority in 1930, which made a more efficient job of managing a port slowly increasing in traffic, played a catalytic role in its development. The town flourished and neo-classical buildings were erected; one of them, which continues to ornament the present town, still stands as the Municipal Theatre, an excellent example of the area's once wider neoclassical architecture. After the 1912- 1922 period, which was decisive for the nation, Piraeus experienced a great demographic explosion, with its population almost doubling to reach 251,659 in 1928 from 133,482 in 1920, owing to the arrival of Greek refugees from Asia Minor after the Greco-Turkish War and the Asia Minor Catastrophe. Although there was an increase in the labour force, a variety of social problems also emerged with the concentration of new populations in the suburbs of the old city, such as Nikaia, Keratsini, Drapetsona and Korydallos.
However, the involvement of Greece in World War II came as a major setback to the city's progress. After the war the city began to develop once more, as damage to the port and the city were repaired, and new additions took shape after 1955. Piraeus is now the third largest municipality in Greece and the largest port in the country ; it is not big enough to have its own metropolitan area due to its proximity to Athens, but still remains its own city . Large parts of the Themistoclean Walls around the shoreline survive in very good condition to this day, and are incorporated in seaside promenades. Remnants of the neosoikoi, where the triremes were kept in wintertime, were also excavated, and valuable information about ancient shipbuilding and sailing was obtained by their study.
Geography
Piraeus larger area is situated in the southwest part of the central plain of Attica, which encompasses the Athens agglomeration and is widely known as the Attica Basin. Piraeus is bounded by the Mount Egaleo in the northwest, the Saronic Gulf in the south and west, and is connected with the rest of the Athens urban area in the east and northeast side. Piraeus city proper consists of a peninsula, which was an island in its geological origin, featuring three natural harbours. In addition to the central one, called Kanatharos in ancient times, the smaller harbours to the east are still in use, Zea also known as Pasalimani, and Munichia, the smallest of the three and widely known as Mikrolimano. Nowadays, Piraeus larger urban area includes the suburban harbours of Drapetsona, Keratsini and Perama.
Demography
Piraeus is the third largest municipality in Greece with an official population of 175,697 (in 2001).[2] The Piraeus urban area, part of the greater Athens urban area and comprised by Piraeus city proper and the six suburbs of it, has a population of 466,065 people (in 2001).[2] The table below shows the historical population of Piraeus in recent times:[9]
| Year | Municipal population | Urban population |
|---|---|---|
| 1951 | 186,088 | |
| 1961 | 183,957 | |
| 1971 | 187,458 | 439,138 |
| 1981 | 196,389 | 476,304 |
| 1991 | 182,671 | 456,865 |
| 2001 | 175,697 | 466,065 |
Culture
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Archaelogical sites
Among the archaeological sites of Piraeus, parts of the ancient Themistoclean Walls and the main gate to them, the Eetioneia Gate, are still preserved in good condition. Excavations in Pasalimani revealed the skevothiki, an ancient structure where ships' equipment was stored, designed by the architect Philon. In Kastella, the Syrangio is to be found, which probably served as a sanctuary to the local hero Syrango, and the Cave of Arethusa, both made by the prehistoric inhabitants of the area. Ruins of the ancient city at the basement of the cathedral of Agia Triada and the ancient Theater of Zea next to the Archaeological Museum, the ancient neosoikoi in Zea, Munichia and Kantharos navy yard, can also be seen.
Leisure and entertainment
The city provides the people with a wide variety of choices for entertainment. Piraeus is famous for its tavernas and restaurants, renowned for their cuisine. The majority of them are arrayed along the coasts of Mikrolimano and Piraiki, specializing is seafood and fish dishes, and attracting a lot of visitors, including tourists. The nightlife of the city is swinging, with numerous bars and nightclubs scattering around. Plenty of major shopping areas can be found on the central avenues of Piraeus, Iroon Polytechneiou and Grigoriou Labraki.
One of the most popular events in Piraeus is the Ecocinema International Film Festival, staged annual towards the end of February. During this event, a number of films are screened at the Atticon Cinema and the Cineak Cinema, both of which are to be found within the city's Town Hall Square. In the summer, the Maritime Festival and the Piraeus Rock Wave Festival take place,[10] while the Three King's Way Festival marks the beginning of the carnival with all the associated costumes and entertainment.[11]
The Municipal Theater of city has been the center of the arts in Piraeus. It hosts a variety of cultural events including theater, dance, music lectures, while the Veakeio Theater in Kastella, is a popular destination during the summer and hosts concerts, folk music bands, and Greek and foreign troupes as well. The Village Park, a large multi purpose Center, part of the Village Cinemas chain and built in suburban Agios Ioannis Rentis, attracts a large number of people from the whole of Athens offering a diversity of shops, cafes, restaurants, in addition to the twenty cinemas which make it the largest in Greece. Next to it, the Allou Fun Park is the latest and largest amusement theme park in Athens, filled with rides and attractions, restaurants and pastry shops.[12]
Museums
Piraeus is home to several museums and other institutions of great interest within their field. The Archaeological Museum of Piraeus displays objects from the classical antiquity found at the area of Piraeus and the greater coastal zone, typical of the history and culture of the ancient city. The city also houses the Hellenic Maritime Museum with exhibits related to the nautical tradition of the Greek nation, the Historical Museum, the Panos Aravantinos Decor Museum, the Georgios Averof Museum Ship and the Museum of Electric Railways, hosted in the Piraeus station. The Municipal Art Gallery and the Municipal Library, one of the largest in Greece, are also prominent within the culture of Piraeus.
Sport
Traditionally, Piraeus has played a major role in Greek sports. The city boasts for having the most popular and one of the most prestigious Greek multisport clubs, Olympiacos CFP, which has been significantly interrelated to Piraeus. The other major club is Ethnikos Piraeus, with a long athletic tradition as well. In football, Olympiacos F.C. is the most successful club in Greece, having won by far more titles than any other Greek football club, and its ground is at the Karaiskakis Stadium, in Neo Faliro. Ethnikos Piraeus F.C. had a long-year presence in Super League Greece and also used the Karaiskakis Stadium as home ground, but in recent years the club has competed in lower divisions and currently plays home matches at the Helleniko Stadium, in Ellinikon. Other football clubs in Greater Piraeus with significant tradition are Ionikos from Nikaia and Proodeftiki from Korydallos.
In basketball, Olympiacos B.C. is the only major club from Piraeus, one of the most successful at domestic and European level, and its home arena is the Peace and Friendship Stadium, while the volleyball department of the same club, Olympiacos S.C., is the dominant domestically and has made great success in European competitions as well. Piraeus rides really high in water polo, where Ethnikos Piraeus and Olympiacos departments have entirely dominated in Greece; the first is considered the "Emperor" of the sport and the latter is the only Greek water polo club to have been crowned European Champion.
First class sporting facilities can be found in Piraeus. The Karaiskakis Stadium, built in 1885 and renovated in 1964 and 2004, is the second largest football venue in Greece with a capacity of 33,334 and one of the most modern in Europe. It hosted the 1971 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup Final and several games of the football tournament in the 2004 Summer Olympics, while it was used as a velodrome in the 1896 Summer Olympics. The Peace and Friendship Stadium, part of the Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex and built in 1985 opposite to the Karaiskakis Stadium, is the second largest indoor arena in the country and one of the most impressive around Europe,[13] having hosted multiply major international events in several sports, including the volleyball tournament in the 2004 Athens Olympics, the 1998 FIBA World Championship, the EuroBasket 1987 and the Final Four of the Euroleague 1993.
Greek Maritime Industry
In addition to being the largest marine - based shipping centre of Greece, Piraeus is also the commercial hub of Greek shipping, with most of Greece's shipowners basing their commercial operations there, largely centred around the street Akti Miaouli. In its capacities as host to Greek shipping, Piraeus has been affected significantly by the various governments of Greece. Following World War II, the Greek government attempted to nationalize the proceeds of the insurance payments given to Greek shipowners who had lost vessels as a result of those vessels having been commandered by the Allied Forces; the insurance had been provided by Lloyd's of London and guaranteed by the coalition of the allied forces. Although the Greek shipowners ultimately won their case against the Greek government in the British courts, most were uninterested in continuing to base their headquarters in Piraeus both out of distrust of the Greek government and the fact that the war had left the greater Athens area in a state of severe poverty. As a result, the Greek shipowners left Piraeus en masse in favor of operations in London, New York, Alexandria and other major shipping cities.
1967 Military junta
In 1967, when a group of colonels staged a coup d'état against the government, in order to increase desperately needed revenues, the junta offered lavish incentives for Greek shipowners to bring their companies back to Piraeus. This included both tax incentives and other inducements, as evidenced by the fact that Aristotle Onassis was allowed to purchase the entire island of Skorpios, which otherwise would have been a violation of Greek coastline laws.
1974 democratic government
After the junta fell in 1974, the successive democratic government generally maintained the deregulation of Greek-based shipping, and many shipowners have maintained commercial operations there since. Today, however, as a result of traffic congestion plaguing the Athens area, and the fact that most shipowners reside in the lavish northern suburbs of Athens, many shipowners have opted once again to move their bases away from Piraeus to Northern Athens.
Shipping today
Piraeus, nevertheless, is still a major centre for Greek and international shipping, and bi-annually it acts as the focus for a major shipping convention, known as Posidonia, which attracts maritime industry professionals from all over the world. Nowadays, Piraeus is one of the largest ports in Europe, and the annual number of 19 million passengers makes it the third largest worldwide, in terms of passenger transportation. Piraeus is also 47th worldwide in cargo traffic and at the top of all eastern Mediterranean ports. The central port serves ferry routes to almost every island in the eastern portion of Greece, the island of Crete, the Cyclades, the Dodecanese, and much of the northern and the eastern Aegean Sea, while the western part of the port is used for cargo services.
The following operators serve the Port:
- Minoan Lines
- ANEK Lines
- Blue Star Ferries
- GA Ferries
- NEL Lines
- LANE Lines
- Aegean Speed Lines
- Hellenic Sea Ways
- Louis Cruise Lines
- Monarch Classic Cruises
Sightseeing
Piraeus is the western part of the Athens coastal zone. In this area, the hill of Castella is attractive to visitors ; one of the most prosperous neighbourhoods of Piraeus, it maintains a unique view over Athens and the Saronic Gulf. Elsewhere, Kaminia is a beautiful working-class neighbourhood, which is widely known for the strong support its residents provide the most successful club of Piraeus with, Olympiacos. One of the most renowned attractions in Piraeus is the Municipal Theatre (Template:Lang-el), a magnificent neo-classical building constructed in 1885. In addition to these, Peace and Friendship Stadium and Karaiskákis Stadium, an indoor arena and a football venue respectively, home of Olympiacos basketball and football departments, are of the most impressive Greek stadiums, lying opposite one another in the Neo Faliro area. Mikrolimano and Pasalimani (Zea) are the smaller harbours, which are touristy and attract large numbers during the day.
International relations
Twin towns — Sister cities
Piraeus is twinned with:
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Famous residents
- Archbishop Anastasios of Albania (1929)
- Eleftheria Arvanitaki (1956) singer
- Yiorgos Batis (1885-1967) rebetiko musician
- Alexandros Christofis (1875-1957) painter
- George Dalaras (1949) singer
- Thodoris Dritsas (1947) politician
- Dimitrios Gavriilidis (1914) artist
- Michalis Genitsaris (1917-2005) singer and composer
- Grigoris Georgatos (1973) footballer
- Vangelis Germanos, songwriter and singer
- Ektor Kaknavatos (1920) poet
- Jannis Kounellis (1936) sculptor
- Ioannis Koutsis (1860-1953) painter
- Emmanuel Kriaras (1906) philologist and lexicographer
- Andreas Krystallis (1919-1951) painter
- Yiannis Kyrastas (1952-2004) footballer and football manager
- Polychronis Lembesis (1848-1913) painter
- Mando (1966) singer
- Stylianos Miliadis (1881-1965) writer
- Andreas Mouratis (1926) footballer
- Michalis Oikonomou (1888-1933) painter
- Spyros Paliouras (1875-1957) writer
- Dimitris Papamichael (1931-2004)
- Nikolaos Pavlopoulos (1909-1990) sculptor and writer
- Katina Paxinou (1900–1973) actress
- Dimitris Pikionis (1887-1968) architect
- John S. Romanides (1927-2001) priest and theologian
- Dimitris Rontiris (1899-1981) actor and director
- Costas Simitis (1936) economist and politician, Prime Minister of Greece
- Yannis Tsarouchis (1910-1989) painter
- Markos Vamvakaris (1905-1972) musician and composer
- Thanasis Veggos (1926) actor and film director
- Gerasimos Vokos (1868-1927) journalist and writer
- Tolis Voskopoulos (1940) singer and actor
- Nicola Zaccaria (1923-2007) opera singer
Mayors of Piraeus
- Hydraian Kyriakos Serfiotis (1835-1841)[8]
- Petros Skylitsis-Homiridis (1841-1845) and (1848-1854)
- Antonios Theoharis (1845-1848)
- Loukas Rallis (1855-1866)
- Demetrios Moutzopoulos (1866-1874)
- Tryfon Moutzopoulos (1874-1883) and (1895-1903)
- Aristides Skylitsis (1883-1887)
- Theodoros Retsinas (1887-1895)
- Pavlos Damalis (1903-1907)
- Dimisthenis Skylidis-Homiridis (1907-1914)
- Anastasios Panagiotopoulos (1914-1932)
- Mihail Rinopoulos (1932)
- Athanasios N. Miaoulis (1932)
- Sotiris Stratigis (1932-1928)
- Michail Manoussos (1938-1941)
- Georgios Andrianopoulos (1951-1966)
- Georgios Kyriakakos (1966-1967)
- Aristidis Skylitsis (1967-1974)
- Vasilios Zeppos (1974-1975)
- Anastasios Voulodimos (1975-1978)
- Georgios Kyriakakos (1978-1982)
- Ioannis Papaspyrou (1982-1986)
- George Andrianopoulos (1987-1990)
- Stelios Logothetis (1991-1998)
- Christos Agrapidis (1999-2006)
- Panagiotis Fasoulas (2007- )
Universities Institutes
- University of Piraeus
- Technological Education Institute of Piraeus
See also
- List of settlements in Attica
- Never on Sunday - Film about Piraeus
- Geography of Greece
References
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty|title=(help)
- ^ De Facto Population of Greece Population and Housing Census of March 18th, 2001 (PDF 39 MB). National Statistical Service of Greece. 2003.
- ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference
populationwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ a b "Characteristics". Hellenic Interior Ministry. www.ypes.gr. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
- ^ "Presentation". www.olp.gr. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
- ^ "Piraeus by Maritime Database". www.maritime-database.com. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
- ^ "ANEK Lines - Piraeus". www.anek.gr. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
- ^ "Container terminal". www.olp.gr. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
- ^ a b c d The Port of Piraeus Through the Ages Cite error: The named reference "ABCD" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ "World Gazetteer: Piraieús - profile of geographical entity including name variants". World Gazetteer. Retrieved 2008-12-27.
- ^ "Piraeus Events, Festivals, Things to Do: Events in Piraeus Area, Greece". www.piraeus.world-guides.com. Retrieved 2008-12-29.
- ^ "Three King's Way Festival, Piraeus". www.planetware.com. Retrieved 2008-12-29.
- ^ "Allou Fun Park". www.breathtakingathens.com. Retrieved 2008-12-30.
- ^ "Athens 21st Century - The Olympic Coastal Complex". athens-today.com. Retrieved 2008-12-28.
- ^ "Marseille Official Website - Twin Cities". Ville de Marseille (in French). 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-26.
- ^ "Saint Petersburg in figures - International and Interregional Ties". Saint Petersburg City Government. Retrieved 2008-10-23.
- ^ "Baltimore City Mayor's Office of International and Immigrant Affairs - Sister Cities Program". Retrieved 2009-07-18.
External links
- Municipality of Piraeus Template:El icon
- Piraeus Port Authority Template:El icon Template:En icon
- Pireas.com Template:El icon Template:En icon
- Prefecture of Piraeus Template:El icon Template:En icon
- The Marble Lion of Piraeus Template:En icon
- Piraeus.gr Template:En icon
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