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Jbarin/Autoimmune Disease draft

Autoimmune diseases arise from an overactive immune response of the body against substances and tissues normally present in the body. In other words, the body actually attacks its own cells. The immune system mistakes some part of the body as a pathogen and attacks it. This may be restricted to certain organs (e.g. in chagas disease) or involve a particular tissue in different places (e.g. Goodpasture's disease which may affect the basement membrane in both the lung and the kidney). The treatment of autoimmune diseases is typically with immunosuppression—medication which decreases the immune response.

There is an on-going discussion about when a disease should be considered autoimmune, leading to different criteria such as Witebsky's postulates.


Overview

Name: Accepted/suspected Hypersensitivity Autoantibody
Achlorhydra Autoimmune Active Chronic Hepatitis
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
Acute hemorrhagic leukoencephalitis
Addison’s Disease
Agammaglobulinemia
Alopecia areata Accepted [1] [2] T-cells
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Ankylosing Spondylitis Accepted [3] [4] [5]
Anti-GBM/TBM Nephritis
Antiphospholipid syndrome
Antisynthetase syndrome
Aplastic Anemia
Arthritis Sometimes
Atopic allergy
Atopic Dermatitis
Autoimmune cardiomyopathy
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia Accepted II
Autoimmune hepatitis
Autoimmune inner ear disease Accepted
Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome Accepted
Autoimmune peripheral neuropathy
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome Accepted Unknown or Multiple
Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis
Autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura (See Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura)
Autoimmune uveitis
Balo disease/Balo concentric sclerosis
Bechets Syndrome
Berger's disease
Bickerstaff’s encephalitis
Blau syndrome
Bullous Pemphigoid
Castleman's disease
Chagas disease Suspected[6]
Chronic Fatigue Immune Dysfunction Syndrome
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
Chronic lyme disease Suspected
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Suspected[7][8] anti-elastin, Abys against epithelial cells
Churg-Strauss syndrome
Cicatricial Pemphigoid
Coeliac Disease Accepted
Cogan syndrome
Cold agglutinin disease Accepted II
Cranial arteritis
CREST syndrome
Crohns Disease (one of two types of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease "IBD") Accepted[9] IV
Cushing's Syndrome
Dego's disease
Dercum's disease Suspected
Dermatitis herpetiformis
Dermatomyositis Accepted[10]
Diabetes mellitus type 1 Accepted[9] IV
Dressler's syndrome
Discoid lupus erythematosus
Eczema
Endometriosis Suspected[11]
Enthesitis-related arthritis
Eosinophilic fasciitis Accepted
Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita
Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia
Evan's syndrome
Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
Fibromyalgia Suspected
Fibromyositis
Fibrosing aveolitis
Gastritis
Gastrointestinal pemphigoid Accepted
Giant cell arteritis
Glomerulonephritis Sometimes
Goodpasture's syndrome Accepted[9] II Anti-Basement Membrane Collagen Type IV Protein
Graves' disease Accepted[9] II
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) Accepted[9] IV Anti-ganglioside
Hashimoto’s encephalitis Accepted IV
Hashimoto's thyroiditis Accepted[9] IV
Henoch-Schonlein purpura
Hidradenitis suppurativa Suspected[12]
Hughes syndrome (See Antiphospholipid syndrome)
Idiopathic Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Accepted[9] II
IgA nephropathy (Also Berger's disease)
Inflammatory demyelinating polyneuopathy
Interstitial cystitis Suspected[13]
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Suspected
Kawasaki's Disease Suspected
Lichen planus
Lou Gehrig’s Disease (Also [Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]]
Lupoid hepatitis
Lupus erythematosus Accepted[9] III
Ménière's disease
Microscopic polyangiitis
Mixed Connective Tissue Disease Accepted[9]
Morphea Suspected[14]
Multiple Myeloma
Multiple Sclerosis Suspected
Myasthenia gravis Accepted[9] II
Myositis
Narcolepsy Accepted[15]
Neuromyelitis optica (Also Devic's Disease)
Neuromyotonia Suspected[16]
Occular cicatricial pemphigoid
Opsoclonus myoclonus syndrome Suspected
Ord thyroiditis
Pars planitis
Pemphigus
Pemphigus vulgaris Accepted[9] II Anti-Desmogein 3
Pernicious anaemia Accepted[17] II
Polymyalgia rheumatica
Polymyositis Accepted[10]
Primary biliary cirrhosis Accepted[18] Anti-p62, Anti-sp100, Anti-Mitochondrial(M2)
Primary sclerosing cholangitis
Progressive inflammatory neuropathy Suspected
Psoriasis Accepted[19] T-cells
Psoriatic Arthritis Accepted[20]
Raynaud phenomenon
Relapsing polychondritis Accepted[21]
Reiter’s syndrome
Rheumatoid arthritis Accepted[9] III Rheumatoid factor, Anti-MCV
Rheumatoid fever
Sarcoidosis Suspected
Schizophrenia Suspected[22][23][24]
Schmidt syndrome
Schnitzler syndrome
Scleritis
Scleroderma Suspected[14] Anti-topoisomerase
Sjögren's syndrome Accepted[9]
Spondyloarthropathy
Sticky blood syndrome
Still's Disease
Stiff person syndrome Suspected
Sydenham Chorea
Sweet syndrome
Takayasu’s arteritis
Temporal arteritis (also known as "giant cell arteritis") Accepted[9] IV
Transverse Myelitis
Ulcerative Colitis (one of two types of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease "IBD") Accepted[9] IV
Undifferentiated connective tissue disease
Undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy
Vasculitis Accepted[25] III
Vitiligo Suspected[26][27]
Wegener's granulomatosis Accepted[28] Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic(cANCA)
Wilson’s syndrome
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome

Development of therapies

In both autoimmune and inflammatory diseases the condition arises through aberrant reactions of the human adaptive or innate immune systems. In autoimmunity, the patient’s immune system is activated against the body's own proteins. In inflammatory diseases, it is the overreaction of the immune system, and its subsequent downstream signaling (TNF, IFN, etc), which causes problems.

A substantial minority of the population suffers from these diseases, which are often chronic, debilitating, and life-threatening. There are more than eighty illnesses caused by autoimmunity.[29] It has been estimated that autoimmune diseases are among the ten leading causes of death among women in all age groups up to 65 years.[30]

Currently, a considerable amount of research is being conducted into treatment of these conditions. According to a report from Frost & Sullivan, the total payouts by an alliance of leading pharmaceutical companies for drug discovery contract research in the autoimmune/inflammation segment from 1997 to 2002 totaled $489.8 million, where Eli Lilly, Suntory, Procter & Gamble, Encysive, and Novartis together account for 98.6 percent of payouts by that alliance.[31]

Symptoms of Autoimmune Disease: The symptoms of autoimmune disease vary depending on the disease as well as the person’s immune system. Common symptoms include:

Inflammation, fatigue, dizziness, malaise, elevated fever and high body temperature, extreme sensitivity to cold in the hands and feet, weakness and stiffness in muscles and joints, weight changes, digestive or gastrointestinal problems, low or high blood pressure, irritability, anxiety, or depression, infertility or reduced sex drive (low libido), blood sugar changes, and depending on the type of autoimmune disease, an increase in the size of an organ or tissue or, the destruction of an organ or tissue can result.

See also

References

  1. ^ American Academy of Dermatology, http://www.aad.org/public/publications/pamphlets/common_alopecia.html
  2. ^ htmlThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, http://www.mdanderson.org/patient-and-cancer-information/cancer-information/cancer-types/alopecia-areata/index.html
  3. ^ HLA-B27 and Ankylosing Spondylitis, http://www.hlab27.com
  4. ^ Inflammatory Diseases of Immune Dysregulation, http://www.idid.us
  5. ^ Khan MA, Khan MK (1982). "Diagnostic Value of HLA-B27 Testing in Ankylosing Spondylitis and Reiter's Syndrome". Annals of Internal Medicine January 1, 1982 vol. 96 no. 1 70-76. 96 (1): 70–76, author reply 76. PMID 7053711. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |1= and |2= (help)
  6. ^ Hyland KV, Engman DM (2006). "Further thoughts on where we stand on the autoimmunity hypothesis of Chagas disease". Trends Parasitol. 22 (3): 101–2, author reply 103. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2006.01.001. PMID 16446117.
  7. ^ Agustí A, MacNee W, Donaldson K, Cosio M. (2003). "Hypothesis: does COPD have an autoimmune component?". Thorax. 58 (10): 832–834. doi:10.1136/thorax.58.10.832. PMC 1746486. PMID 14514931.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Lee SH, Goswami S, Grudo A; et al. (2007). "Antielastin autoimmunity in tobacco smoking-induced emphysema". Nat. Med. 13 (5): 567–9. doi:10.1038/nm1583. PMID 17450149. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Autoimmune+Diseases at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
  10. ^ a b "Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis: Autoimmune Disorders of Connective Tissue: Merck Manual Home Edition".
  11. ^ Gleicher N, el-Roeiy A, Confino E, Friberg J (1987). "Is endometriosis an autoimmune disease?". Obstetrics and gynecology. 70 (1): 115–22. PMID 3110710.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ "Clinical Trial: Etanercept in Hidradenitis Suppurativa". Retrieved 2007-07-08.
  13. ^ Kárpáti F, Dénes L, Büttner K (1975). "[Interstitial cystitis=autoimmune cyatitis? Interstitial as a participating disease in lupus erythematosus]". Zeitschrift für Urologie und Nephrologie (in German). 68 (9): 633–9. PMID 1227191.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ a b Takehara K, Sato S (2005). "Localized scleroderma is an autoimmune disorder". Rheumatology (Oxford, England). 44 (3): 274–9. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keh487. PMID 15561734.
  15. ^ "Narcolepsy is an autoimmune disorder, Stanford researcher says". EurekAlert. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 2009-05-03. Retrieved 2009-05-31. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  16. ^ Maddison P (2006). "Neuromyotonia". Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. 117 (10): 2118–27. doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2006.03.008. PMID 16843723.
  17. ^ "MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Pernicious anemia". Retrieved 2008-04-05.
  18. ^ National Psoriasis Foundation, http://www.psoriasis.org/home/learn01.php
  19. ^ National Psoriasis Foundation, http://www.psoriasis.org/home/learn02.php
  20. ^ "Relapsing Polychondritis: Autoimmune Disorders of Connective Tissue: Merck Manual Home Edition".
  21. ^ Eaton WW, Byrne M, Ewald H; et al. (2006). "Association of schizophrenia and autoimmune diseases: linkage of Danish national registers". The American journal of psychiatry. 163 (3): 521–8. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.3.521. PMID 16513876. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ^ Jones AL, Mowry BJ, Pender MP, Greer JM (2005). "Immune dysregulation and self-reactivity in schizophrenia: do some cases of schizophrenia have an autoimmune basis?". Immunol. Cell Biol. 83 (1): 9–17. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1711.2005.01305.x. PMID 15661036.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ Strous RD, Shoenfeld Y (2006). "Schizophrenia, autoimmunity and immune system dysregulation: a comprehensive model updated and revisited". J. Autoimmun. 27 (2): 71–80. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2006.07.006. PMID 16997531.
  24. ^ "Autoimmune Disorders: Immune Disorders: Merck Manual Home Edition".
  25. ^ "Questions and Answers about Vitiligo". Retrieved 2007-08-06.
  26. ^ "A New Gene Linked to Vitiligo and Susceptibility to Autoimmune Disorders - Journal Watch Dermatology". Retrieved 2007-08-06.
  27. ^ Sánchez-Cano D, Callejas-Rubio JL, Ortego-Centeno N (2008). "Effect of rituximab on refractory Wegener granulomatosis with predominant granulomatous disease". J Clin Rheumatol. 14 (2): 92–3. doi:10.1097/RHU.0b013e31816b4487. PMID 18391678. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ National Institutes of Health[1]
  29. ^ Noel R. Rose and Ian R. MacKay, “The Autoimmune Diseases” fourth edition
  30. ^ Frost & Sullivan Report, “Antibody Technology Developments” September 2005
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