Continuous mandatory ventilation
Volume Controlled Continuous Mandatory Ventilation — (VC-CMV) is a mode of mechanical ventilation where breaths are delivered based on set variables. The patient may initate breaths by attempting to breathe. Once a breath is initated, either by the patient or by the ventilator the set tidal volume is delivered.
Controlled Mechanical Ventilation
CMV — Controlled Mechanical Ventilation (also called Controlled Volume Control) is the original name for Assist Control. When the addition of a patient initiated breath was added to the mode, Assist Control effectively replaced CMV entirely. Fundamentally, CMV is a volume-controlled mode where the tidal volume and frequency are set to deliver a minute volume with a complete disregard for patient effort.
The use of CMV requires the patient be completely unconscious, either pharmacokinetically or otherwise in a coma.
- Other terms used to represent CMV
Since nomenclature of mechanical ventilation is only recently becmoe standardized[1] there are many different names that historically were used to reference CMV but now reference Assist Control.[1] Names such as: volume control ventilation, and volume cycled ventilation in modern usage refer to the Assist Control mode.
Assist Control
VC-CMV — Most commonly referred to as Assist Control (AC) is a mode of ventilation where breaths are delivered based on set variables. The patient may initate breaths by attempting to breathe. Once a breath is initated, either by the patient or by the ventilator the set tidal volume is delivered. Assist Control is also called Volume Control or Assist Control Volume Control (AC/VC).
This mode was created out of the need for patient-initiation in breaths. Fundamentally, AC is controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV) with a sensitivity for patient breathing.
The variables required in AC are: tidal volume (VT), respiratory rate (f), flow rate and trigger sensitivity (for sensing patient effort). Additional variables like peak-end expiratory pressure (PEEP) and pressure support (PS) may be added for additional support.
- Expected outcomes and considerations
Assist Control is associated with profound diaphragm muscle dysfunction and atrophy.[2] AC is no longer the preferred mode of mechanical ventilation.[3]
Trigger, Limit, Cycle
Trigger — Breath initiation is based on time or patient initiation. Time is set by respiratory rate (Vf or RR) and patient initiation is sensed by a flow, volume or pressure trigger and a full ventilator breath (the set tidal volume) is given.
Limit — Limits in VC-CMV may be set and pressure based. The ventilator will attempt to deliver the set tidal volume utilizing whatever pressure is required to reach its setting. A pressure limit may be added to limit damage to the lungs (barotrauma).
Cycle — Expiration cycling can be set by time or the pressure limit. Once the Ti (inspiratory time) is reached, or a pressure limit is reached the ventilator will cycle into expiratory mode and allow passive exhalation until another breath is triggered.
Terms no longer accepted
Many terms have been developed to describe the same modes of mechanical ventilation. Nomenclature of mechanical ventilation has become more standardized and these terms are no longer preferred but still may be seen in older research.
- Assist/Control
- A/C
- CMV
- Volume Assist/Control
- Volume Control
- Volume Limited Ventilation
- Volume Controlled Ventilation
- Controlled Ventilation
- Volume Targeted Ventilation
See also
- Modes of mechanical ventilation
- Volume Controlled Continuous Mandatory Ventilation
- Volume Controlled Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation
- Pressure Controlled Continuous Mandatory Ventilation
- Pressure Controlled Intermittent Mandatory Ventilation
- Continuous Spontaneous Ventilation
Reference
- ^ a b Chatburn RL. Classification of ventilator modes: update and proposal for implementation. Respir Care 2007; 52:301–323.
- ^ Sassoon CS, Zhu E, Caiozzo VJ (2004). "Assist-control mechanical ventilation attenuates ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 170 (6): 626–32. doi:10.1164/rccm.200401-042OC. PMID 15201132.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Macintyre N (2011). "Counterpoint: Is Pressure Assist-Control Preferred Over Volume Assist-Control Mode for Lung Protective Ventilation in Patients With ARDS? No". Chest. 140 (2): 290–2. doi:10.1378/chest.11-1052. PMID 21813526.