Rhododendron ponticum
| Rhododendron ponticum | |
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| Species: | R. ponticum
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| Rhododendron ponticum | |
Rhododendron ponticum, called Common Rhododendron or Pontic Rhododendron, is a species of Rhododendron native to southern Europe and southwest Asia.
Description
It is a dense, suckering shrub or small tree growing to 5 m tall, rarely 8 m. The leaves are evergreen, 6–18 cm long and 2–5 cm broad. The flowers are 3.5–5 cm diameter, violet-purple, often with small greenish-yellow spots or streaks. The fruit is a dry capsule 15–25 mm long, containing numerous small seeds.
There are two subspecies:
- Rhododendron ponticum subsp. ponticum. Bulgaria east to Georgia.
- Rhododendron ponticum subsp. baeticum (Boiss. & Reut.) Hand.-Mazz. Spain, Portugal.
Range
In Europe, its range includes Spain, northern Portugal, Great Britain, Ireland and southeast Bulgaria, which is the last surviving European Tertiary habitat.
In Asia it occurs in Turkey, Lebanon, Georgia, the Krasnodar area of southern Russia, the Himalayas, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Northern Pakistan and northern India.
History
Fossil evidence shows it had a much wider range across most of southern and western Europe before the Late Glacial Maximum, or until about 20,000 years ago.
Xenophon mentions that Greek soldiers in Asia Minor were poisoned by honey made from the flowers of Rhododendron ponticum, as well as Pompey's armies during the Third Mithridatic War, with lethal result.[citation needed]
It was noted by the botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort during his travels in the Near East in 1700-02, and so received its name from Linnaeus to identify the ancient kingdom on the south shores of the Black Sea, Pontus, in which it grew. At the other end of its range, in southern Spain, Linnaeus' friend and correspondent Claes Alstroemer found it growing with Oleander. It was introduced to Britain as an ornamental shrub in 1763, where it is now considered by some to be an invasive species.[1]
Cultivation and uses
Rhododendron ponticum subsp. baeticum is one of the most extensively cultivated rhododendrons in western Europe. It is used as an ornamental plant in its own right, and more frequently as a rootstock onto which other more attractive rhododendrons are grafted. The plants were first grown in Britain in the 1760s, supplied by Conrad Loddiges and became widely distributed through the commercial nursery trade in the late C18th and early c19th. The roots readily send up suckers from below the graft, often allowing it to overtake the intended grafted rhododendron.
Honey produced with pollen from the flowers of this plant has been known to be poisonous to humans if consumed in sufficient quantities.[citation needed]
Invasive species
Sucking of the root, together with its abundant seed production, has led to it becoming an invasive species over much of western Europe and in parts of New Zealand. Rhododendron control, or rhodie-bashing, is a key element in nature conservation in those areas.[2]. Conservation organisations in Britain now believe that R.ponticum has become "a severe problem" in the native Atlantic oakwoods of the west highlands of Scotland and in Wales, and on heathlands in southern England, crowding out the native flora.[3] Clearance strategies have been developed, including the flailing and cutting down of plants with follow-up herbicide spraying. Injection of herbicide into individual plants has been found to be more precise and effective.[4]
References
- ^ Alice M. Coats, Garden Shrubs and Their Histories (1964) 1992, s.v. "Rhododendron".
- ^ "New flora and fauna for old". The Economist. 2000-12-21. Retrieved 2008-12-14. [dead link]
- ^ "Rhododendron: A killer of the Countryside". Offwell Woodland & Wildlife Trust. 2004. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - ^ "BREAKTHROUGH IN BATTLE AGAINST PROBLEM PONTICUM". Forestry Commission. 30 JULY 2004. Retrieved 30 May 2010.
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External links
- Flora Europaea: Rhododendron ponticum
- Rhododendron Ponticum is the emblem and symbol of Bulgaria's most exotic National Park - The Strandja mountains
- Germplasm Resources Information Network: Rhododendron ponticum
- Centre for Conservation Strategy: Rhododendron ponticum in Britain
- Milne, R. I., & Abbott, R. J. (2000). Origin and evolution of invasive naturalized material of Rhododendron ponticum L. in the British Isles. Molecular Ecology 9: 541-556 Abstract.
