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2012 Malian coup d'état

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2012 Malian coup d'état

The 2012 insurgency in northern Mali led the unsatisfied military to the coup
Date21 March 2012 – ongoing
Location
Mali Mali
Result
  • Renegade soldiers seize presidential palace, state media and other buildings, forcing president Touré into hiding
  • Gunfire breaks out at a military base near Gao, with reports of senior commanding officers being held hostage
  • Renegade soldiers claim successful coup, declare nationwide curfew and suspend the constitution
Belligerents

Mali Government of Mali

  • 33rd Parachute Regiment[1]
  • Presidential Guard
 Mali National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State (CNRDR)
Commanders and leaders

Mali Amadou Toumani Touré
(President of Mali)

Mali Sadio Gassama
(Brigadier General and Defense minister of Mali)
 Mali Amadou Sanogo
(Captain and the leader of the CNRDR)
Mali Amadou Konare
(Lieutenant and a spokesman for the CNRDR)[2]
Strength
Unknown Unknown
Casualties and losses
3 killed
28 wounded[3]		 1 killed[4]
2 wounded[5]

40 unspecified people wounded[4][6]

The 2012 Malian coup d'état began on 21 March, when renegade Malian soldiers attacked several locations in the capital Bamako, including the presidential palace, state television,[7] and military barracks. The soldiers, who said they had formed the National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State,[8] declared the following day that they had overthrown the government of Amadou Toumani Touré, forcing him into hiding.

Background

See also: 2012 insurgency in northern Mali

Tuareg rebels launched a major new offensive against Mali's security forces and military in a bid to seize the northern town of Kidal in early 6 February. Some loyalist Tuareg also fled to the city of Bamako, fearing reprisals after violent demonstrations in the first week of February. The Tuareg rebels had been bolstered by an influx of battle-hardened fighters from Libya.[9] On 8 February, the National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MLNA) seized the Mali-Algeria border town of Tinzaouaten as Malian soldiers crossed into Algeria.[10] Islamist Ancar Dine is demanding the imposition of Islamic law in northern Mali, while the secular Tuareg nationalist Azawad National Liberation Movement (MNLA) seek an autonomous, if not completely independent, homeland.[11]

The coup attempt followed weeks of protests at the government's handling of a nomad-led rebellion in the country's north, which had dropped Touré's popularity to "a new low".[12] Soldiers had demanded more weapons and resources for their campaign against the rebels, and they were dissatisfied with what they perceived as a lack of government support for the army;[13] Some soldiers had even been sent to the front without sufficient food.[12] Touré was to leave office when his term expires after the presidential election in April.

Timeline

21 March

On 21 March, defence minister Brigadier General Sadio Gassama[14] went to the Kati military camp,[15] 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) north of Bamako, to defuse a protest planned for the next day by soldiers of the camp against perceived bad management of the conflict with the Tuareg rebellion in the north of Mali.[16] He was met with boos and stones were thrown at his car. He was then sequestered, at which point his guards riposted by firing warning shots in the air.[16] The minister was released thanks to the intervention of the Kati zone commander ("commandant de zone").[16] The soldiers then stormed the weapons and ammunition reserves of the camp.[16] Two soldiers were injured,[17] but the presidency said Gassama was neither injured nor arrested.[18]

Later that day, armored vehicles sealed off the presidential palace, and reporters heard 10 minutes of automatic gunfire near the headquarters of the Malian state broadcaster, whose programmes went off air. Soldiers blocked the path to the buildings.[19] The Associated Press spoke with a soldier who said that when soldiers entered the palace, Touré's bodyguards did not defend the building. The mutinying soldiers searched the area for Touré, but he was not caught.[20]

In the evening, after several hours, Mali's state broadcaster ORTM came back on air with a brief message displayed against a backdrop of traditional Malian music and dance. "In a moment, there will be a statement by the military," the message read.[19] Riots also broke out at a military garrison near the northern town of Gao, and a military student reportedly said young recruits had started shooting in the air and took several of their senior commanding officers as hostages.[21][22]

22 March

Angry soldiers revolted and took over the capital city, Bamako.[11] In the morning, Amadou Konare went on state television which identified him as the spokesperson of the National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State (CNRDR), apparently formed by the renegade soldiers. Konare declared soldiers had seized power from 'the incompetent regime of Amadou Toumani Touré' and said it would look to hand over power to a new, democratically elected government.[23]

Later, Captain Amadou Sanogo, identified as CNRDR's president, also went on state television to declare a dusk-to-dawn curfew "until further notice". He also urged calm and condemned any pillaging.[24] Soldiers have been unable to find Touré, who is in hiding.[25] In the morning, Kenya's foreign minister who was visiting Mali at the time reported that Bamako airport had been closed and that he could hear gunfire.[26] Sanogo also declared the land and air borders of Mali to be closed until further notice.[27]

A military official who remained loyal to the President claimed the President was in good health, and that the interior and defense minister were also safe – contrary to earlier reports the defense minister had been arrested. The foreign minister was amongst several ministers arrested after rebels seized the Presidential palace and other parts of the capital.[28] Later in the day it was revealed the president had sought refuge at an undisclosed army base with soldiers who remained loyal to him.[20] The BBC reported that the Malian Army's elite force, the Red Berets, was still loyal to Touré.[29] Loyalists confirmed that Toure was "safe and in command" at a military camp somewhere in Bamako, under protection from his "Red Berets", a parachute regiment which he formerly served in.[4]

Amadou Toumani Touré

Rebel soldiers said during the evening they intended to launch an assault on a loyalist army camp in the capital where the deposed leader was believed to be taking refuge, guarded by the elite parachute regiment.[30]

As the day progressed, the rebel soldiers began looting the Presidential Palace, taking TVs and other goods, whilst their leader urged them to stop the celebratory gunfire, which had been responsible for at least 20 injuries in the capital.[31]

Tuareg advance

Inspired in part by the diversion caused by the military coup,[30] Tuareg rebels in the country's north launched incursions deeper into Mali, seizing towns and bases formerly held by government forces fighting the conflict that caused the coup. As military forces have been engaged in consolidating their hold on the capital, the rebels have been able to push southward with little opposition. According to the MNLA, Malian army forces have retreated to Gao.[30]

23 March

The African Union suspended Mali, which would remain until "effective restoration of consitutional order is achieved without delay." Several African leaders said they had been in touch with the ousted Malian president and that he was still safe and under protection of forces that remained loyal to him. He was reported to be at an undisclosed location outside Bamako.[32]

During the day, there were fears by the rebels that the Red Berets were preparing a counterattack against the TV station, and rebel forces began setting up defensive positions to repel the expected assault. The TV network reportedly went off the air several times as gunfire erupted from the area around the station.[33]

According to the BBC's West Africa correspondent, a large amount of low ranking soldiers, possibly the majority, supported the coup, whilst the majority of the army's officers had not come out publicly to support the coup. Captain Sonogo said in an interview with the BBC that "We are not here to confiscate any power but we are here to have an army and security forces available to assume the national security...So once this has been fixed, I'll be able to say 'Ok, go for election' in a short period of time. I promise."[34] A joint African Union and Economic Community of West African States diplomatic mission met representatives of the junta, according to Mali's state television service.[11]

A group of prominent Malian political figures made an announcement condemning the coup as "a step backwards", including presidential candidate Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta.[35] Political parties that condemned the coup included the Alliance for Democracy in Mali, the Union for the Republic and Democracy, the Patriotic Movement for Renewal, the Union for Democracy and Development, the Union of Democratic Forces for Progress, the Solidarity and Progress Party, the Democracy and Justice Party, and the Party for Democracy and Progress.[36]

A total of 14 government officials and ministers were being held hostage in the Kati military barracks outside Bamako.[11]

The Tuareg rebels and the Islamist rebel group Ancar Dine said they had had surrounded Kidal. An official statement from the group read, "Thanks to Allah the almighty and his blessings, we will soon take our land in Kidal."[11]

24 March

Sanogo stated that no soldiers of the Malian army remained loyal to Touré,[37] describing himself as "in total control".[38] However, an anonymous source from Sanogo's staff stated that Touré continued to be protected by members of the parachute battalion that had formed his presidential guard.[37] However, The New York Times reported an observer describing the situation as "very fluid", and that rumours of a counter-coup continued throughout the day, exacerbated by the hour-long disappearance of the Malian television signal the previous night.[39] A US State Department official also noted that Mali faced a "near-total cutoff of foreign assistance", on which the nation is heavily dependent.[39]

Following reports that men in police and military uniforms were looting shops and stealing cars in Bamako, Sanogo appeared on national television to denounce the "vandalism and pillaging" and state that the perpetrators were opposition forces impersonating soldiers in order to turn public opinion against the coup.[38] Sanogo also announced his intention to seek peace talks with the Tuareg insurgents.[38] According to Mali's state television service, Sanogo also met French ambassador Christian Rouyer along with several other foreign dignitaries.[11]

The African Union had by this time suspended Mali's membership of the organisation.[11]

25 March

Agence France-Presse reported the streets of Bamako to be calm but largely deserted due to fears of looting and a petrol shortage. Many businesses remained closed, with Sanogo calling for them to reopen on Tuesday, 27 March.[40]

It was announced that ECOWAS heads of state were planning to hold an emergency meeting in Abidjan on the 27th, the day on which the junta has called for striking civil servants to return to work.[11] A joint delegation from ECOWAS and the AU also began negotiations with the rebel soldiers to restore power to the elected government.[41] Meanwhile, Soumeylou Boubeye Maiga, the detained foreign minister, and 13 other imprisoned officials announced their intention to begin a hunger strike.[42]

The stranded Kenyan and Zimbabwean foreign ministers were evacuated from Mali to Nigeria.[11]

26 March

The Obama administration formally suspended U.S. aid to Mali, stating that it would only resume when democracy was restored.[43] A thousand-person protest also gathered in Bamako to urge a return to democracy,[44] chanting "Down with Sanogo" and "Liberate the ORTM" (Office de Radiodiffusion-Télévision du Mali).[45]

The Bamako-Sénou International Airport was "partially" reopened for civilian transport.[45]

27 March

Ivorian President Alassane Ouattara called on an Economic Community of West African States meeting in Abidjan to send a "strong signal" to the mutinous soldiers that democracy must be restored;[46] he later described Mali's return to democracy as "non-negotiable".[12] Kadre Desire Ouedraogo, the head of the ECOWAS commission, described the coup as "a threat to the entire region".[46] Hundreds of Malian protesters demonstrated at the meeting, calling for a return to civilian rule.[46] Following the meeting, ECOWAS placed peacekeeping troops on standby, hinting at possible military intervention.[12]

Businesses and schools reopened following a call by the CNRDR for them to do so.[47]

A spokesperson for the French embassy confirmed that Ambassador Christian Rouyer had spoken with Touré by telephone, and that Touré had stated that he was safe.[46]

The Tuareg rebellion dismissed calls by Sanogo for a cease-fire and continued its latest offensive.[48]

28 March

Amadou Toumani Touré said in an interview with French radio station RFI : "I am free and in my country... The most important thing for me is not my own position. What is important is democracy, institutions and Mali."[49]

Several thousand Malians took to the streets in the capital to show their support for the junta and reject "foreign interference" as Economic Community of West African States said it was putting regional troops on standy for any neccesary intervention.[49]

The CNRDR announced a new constitution. In one provision, the group pledged that it would not seek office in future elections, and that members of CNRDR would be barred from standing in elections.[50]

29 March

The five ECOWAS leaders abandoned their plans to visit Bamako midflight after several dozen junta supporters "stormed the airport runway".[51] Their scheduled talks will now take place in Abidjan.[51]

International reaction

In the days following the coup d'état, it was "unanimously condemned" by the international community.[27]

Intergovernmental Organisations

  •  United Nations: In New York, a UN spokesperson said U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon is following the event with 'deep concern' and called for calm and for grievances to be resolved peacefully and within the democratic process. Ban also reaffirmed the UN's support for the constitutional order in the country.[52] The UN Security Council also called for "the release of all detained Malian officials" and the "immediate restoration of constitutional rule and the democratically elected government".[53]
  • African Union: Jean Ping, Chairperson of the African Union Commission, issued a statement that the AU "strongly condemns this act of rebellion, which seriously undermines constitutional legality and constitutes a significant setback for Mali and for the on-going democratic processes on the continent".[53]
  •  European Union: The European Union condemns the coup and asks for the restoration of the constitutional power as soon as possible. Development operations have also been suspended.[54][55]

National Representatives

  •  Algeria: An Algerian government spokesman stated, "we condemn the use of force and firmly reject any unconstitutional changes... We believe that all internal issues in Mali need to be resolved through the country's legitimate institutions."[56]
  •  Angola: The Foreign Minister of Angola said about the coup: "We are against this kind of power seizure by the force of arms, we think it necessary that they go through the constitution and negotiation path and find a solution that satisfies all parties."[57]
  •  Brazil: The Ministry of External Relations stated that it is following the situation in Mali with "deep concern", called for the "immediate restoration of constitutional order and democracy" and urged the parties to exert "moderation, to peaceful dialogue and the rejection of the use of force". [58]
  •  Canada: Minister of Foreign Affairs John Baird stated that "differences must be resolved by dialogue and democratic process, not by force" and called for a return to stability before next month's elections.[59] Canada suspended all aid programs involving direct payments to the government of Mali, while stating that Canadian International Development Agency programs in the country will remain active. [60]
  •  France: French Foreign Minister Alain Juppé announced France is suspending diplomatic cooperation with Mali.[61]
  •  Ghana: Ghana "condemned the unwarranted military seizure of power in Mali".[62]
  •  India: India "expresses its deep concern over the recent developments in Mali and calls for respect of the constitutional order and democratic process in that country".[63]
  •  Kenya: Kenyan Foreign Affairs minister Moses Wetangula, who was in Bamako at the time of the coup, said after his escape from the country: "This should be the last time such a coup takes place anywhere in the continent. It is not fair for young excited soldiers to drive democratically elected leaders out of office."[64]
  •  Niger: Niger stated its "total disapproval" of the coup and "condemned all unconstitutional changes".[65]
  •  Nigeria: The Nigerian government said it refused to recognize the "unconstitutional government" in Mali, and strongly condemned the coup.[66]
  •  Norway: Foreign Minister Jonas Gahr Støre condemned the coup against Mali's legally elected government and president and urged the military to return power back to the legal authorities as soon as possible.
  •  People's Republic of China: China "condemned the coup".[67]
  •  Russia: Russia condemned the coup and "demanded that the junta leaders should restore the constitutional order and ensure the return of the democratically elected president to power".[68]
  •  Senegal: Senegal expressed its support of the ECOWAS and AU action against the coup, and called on West African nations to "restore, as quickly as possible, the rule of law in Mali".[69]
  •  South Africa: South Africa condemned the coup and closed its embassy in Bamako.[70]
  •  United Kingdom: Minister for Africa Henry Bellingham said the British government is 'deeply concerned' about reports of a coup attempt and condemns any action to undermine democratic rule and the Malian Constitution.[71]
  •  United States: U.S. State Department spokeswoman Victoria Nuland said the United States condemns the military seizure of power and stands with the legitimately elected government of Touré.[72] All U.S. aid to Mali was suspended on 26 March.[43]
  •  Venezuela: Hugo Chávez's government stated "their unconditional solidarity with the people of Mali, while expressing his most resounding rejection of the coup".[73]

Other Reactions

The coup occurred as the head of United Nations Office for West Africa, Said Djinnit, was in the capital for the AU summit and to help mediate the crisis. In response, the World Bank and the African Development Bank suspended development aid funds in support of the AU and ECOWAS' reaction to the coup.[53]

Amnesty International noted its concern that the coup foreshadowed a "period of uncertainty on human rights", and called on Sanogo's forces to release their political prisoners from detention.[74] Human Rights Watch called on the CNRDR to "restore basic human rights protections" as well as set a firm timeline to return power to a democratically elected government.[75]

The multinational corporation Randgold Resources' shares fell 13% following the coup, as it owns three gold mines in Mali. However, it asserted that its mining operations in Loulo and Gounkoto and its joint venture in Morila have no disruptions.[76] Gold Fields suspended operations in the country.[77]

See also

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References

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  56. ^ Agence France-Presse (22 March 2012). "Algeria voices deep concern over Mali coup". ahram.org. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
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  75. ^ "Mali: Coup Leaders Must Respect Rights". Human Rights Watch. 23 March 2012. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  76. ^ "BBC News – Randgold Resources' shares plunge after a coup in Mali". BBC. 22 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
  77. ^ "Gold Fields says committed to Mali despite unrest". Reuters. 26 March 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
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