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European emigration

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The European diaspora refers to the communities throughout the world that are descended from the movement of peoples from Europe — predominantly to the Americas, Oceania and Africa, among other areas around the globe.
European diaspora
Europe
Regions with significant populations
European descended population
based on the references below.
 United States223,553,265[1]
 Brazil92,003,000[2]
 Argentina31,477,000 - 34,638,000[3][4]
 Canada27,220,465[5]
 Australia13,427,947[6]
 Mexico18,906,004[7]
 Venezuela11,896,848[8][9]
 Colombia9,100,000[10]
 Cuba7,271,926[11]
 South Africa4,472,100[12]
 Peru4,400,000[13]
 Chile3,500,000-5,128,000[14][15]
 Costa Rica3,500,000[16]
 New Zealand3,381,076[17]
 Uruguay3,100,000[13]
 Puerto Rico3,064,862[18]
 Dominican Republic2,000,000[13]
 Bolivia2,000,000[13]
 Ecuador1,400,000[19]
 Paraguay1,300,000[16]
 Nicaragua1,000,000[13]
Languages
Languages of Europe
Religion
Majority Christianity) · Atheism  · other
Jewish · Muslim · Buddhist · Hinduism
Related ethnic groups
Diaspora

Emigration from Europe began on a large scale during the European colonial empires of the 17th to 19th centuries and continues to the present day. This concerns especially the Spanish Empire in the 16th to 17th centuries (expansion of the Hispanosphere), the British Empire in the 18th to 19th centuries (expansion of the Anglosphere), the Portuguese Empire and the Russian Empire in the 19th century (expansion to Central Asia and the Russian Far East).

From 1815 to 1932, 60 million people left Europe (with many returning home), primarily to "areas of European settlement," in North (United States, Canada, Cuba) and South America (particularly in Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil); Australia, New Zealand and Siberia. These populations also multiplied rapidly in their new habitat; much more so than the populations of Africa and Asia. As a result, on the eve of World War One, 38% of the world’s total population was of European ancestry.[20] Australia and New Zealand, which are consequently considered part of the Western world, have majorities of European-derived populations. Most of the rest of South America has majorities of part-European ancestry, as do Central America and Mexico.

In Asia, European-derived populations (specifically Russians) predominate in Northern Asia, which is part of the Russian Federation. Israel has a significant minority of Ashkenazi Jews of European extraction. Africa has no countries with European-derived majorities, but there is a significant minority, the White South African

The countries in the Americas that received a major European immigrants wave from 1871 to 1940, were: the United States (27 million), Argentina (6.5 million), Brazil (4.5 million), Canada (4 million), Cuba (610,000), Uruguay (600,000); another countries received a modest and minor immigration flow (accounting less than 10% of total European emigrate flow to Latin America), they were: Venezuela (300,000)*, Chile (183,000), Perú (150,000), Paraguay and Mexico (25,000).[21][22][23][24]

  • Should be noted that Venezuela experienced a late immigrant boom: it took place after WW2 and is last until late 1950's during the Marcos Pérez Jiménez dictatorship; in this period 250,000 Spaniards, 150,000 Italians and 150,000 Portuguese emigrate to an oil-rich Venezuela,[25] thus totaling at least 850,000 the ammount of Europeans who migrated to Venezuela.

Early emigration

Colonial period

Further information: History of colonialism and Greater Europe

The discovery of the Americas stimulated a steady stream of voluntary migration from Europe. It happened during the colonization of the Americas, starting in the 15th century. About 200,000 Spaniards settled in their American colonies prior to 1600, a small settlement compared to the 3 to 4 million Amerindians who lived in Spanish territory in the Americas. In Brazil, the European emigration remained very small in the first two centuries of colonization: between 1500 and 1700, only 100,000 Portuguese settled there. However, the development of the mining economy in the 18th century raised the wages and employment opportunities in the Portuguese colony and the emigration grew: in the 18th century alone, about 400,000 Portuguese settled in Brazil, a mass emigration given that Portugal had a population of only 2 million people. In North America the immigration was dominated by British, Irish and other Northern Europeans.[34]

Post-independence emigration

Mass European emigration to the Americas happened in the 19th and 20th centuries. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars until 1930, some 60 million Europeans (and 10 million Asians) emigrated. Of these, 71% went to North America, 21% to Latin America (mainly Argentina and Brazil) and 7% to Australia. About 11 million of these people went to Latin America, of whom 38% were Italians, 28% were Spaniards and 11% were Portuguese.[35]

Between 1821 and 1880, 9.5 million Europeans settled in the United States, mainly Germans and Irish. Other waves included British and Scandinavian people. Despite the large number of immigrants arriving, people born outside of the United States formed a relatively small number of U.S. population: in 1910, foreigners were 14.7% of the country's population. Nothing similar to what happened in Argentina, which was the American country where immigrants had a larger impact in the ethnic composition. By 1914, 30% of Argentina's population was foreign-born, with 12% of its population born in Italy, the largest immigrant group. Next was Canada: by 1881, 14% of Canada's population was foreign-born, and the proportion increased to 22% in 1921. In Brazil the proportion of immigrants in the national population was much smaller, because immigrants tended to be concentrated in the central and Southern parts of the country. The proportion of foreigners in Brazil peaked in 1920, with 7%, mostly Italians, Portuguese, Spaniards, Germans and Japanese.[34] In 1901-1920 immigration was responsible for only 7 percent of Brazilian population growth but in the years of high immigration, 1891–1900, the share was as high as 30 percent (higher than Argentina's 26% in the 1880s).[36]

Post-WW2 to present

By populations

Country Percentage of the local population Population in
(millions)
Australia Australia 90 [6] 20
Uruguay Uruguay 88[37] 3
Argentina Argentina 85[16] or 97[38] 34 or 38
Canada Canada 80 [5] 27.2
Puerto Rico Puerto Rico 75.8[39] 3.1
United States United States 72.4 [1] 223.5
Chile Chile 20,[14] or 30.[15] 3.5 or 5.1
Cuba Cuba 37[16] or 65.1[40] 4.5 or 7.3
Costa Rica Costa Rica 40[41] or 82[16] 1.7 or 3.8
Brazil Brazil 47.7[42] 91
Venezuela Venezuela 42.2[43] 11.9M
Colombia Colombia 25[44] or 37[45][46] 11 or 17
Paraguay Paraguay 20[16] 1.3
Nicaragua Nicaragua 17[47] 1
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic 16[48] 2.0
Mexico Mexico 9[49] or 15[16] 10.1 or 16.8 or 20
Bolivia Bolivia 15[50] 2.0
Peru Peru 15[51] 4.4
Ecuador Ecuador 6.1[52] 1..3

By region

Nations and regions outside of Europe with significant populations of European ancestry [53]:

Africa

Main article: White African
Further information: Colonisation of Africa and Decolonisation of Africa

About 0-1 percent of the populations in Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone, usually are in the professional business elites. Not limited to Europeans, the "white" population includes Arab peoples: Lebanese and Syrians.[59]

Asia

Further information: Imperialism in Asia

Today, the official percentage of Filipinos with Spanish ancestry is unknown. The Philippine Statistics Department does not account for the racial background or ancestry of an individual. The official population of all types of mestizos (Asian, American, Hispanic, etc.) that reside inside and outside of the Philippines remains unknown. Although a study provided by Stanford University[78] claimed that around 3.6% of the population have White or Caucasian ancestries from both Spanish and American colonization, it only genotyped 28 individuals from the Philippines, a sample size far too small to draw conclusions on a population of over 90 million people.

In addition there are different estimates of this mixed descent, either by the parent side, it is calculated that some 3,500,000 to 5,000,000. In other cases it is also estimated with a proximity of 17,000,000 to 36,550,197 (15-39% of the Philippine population) people of Hispanic descent. But none of these estimates are supported by genetic studies.[79]

    •  Indonesia (Indo people) - 14,000 people, mostly of mixed Indonesian and Dutch descent.[80]
    •  Cambodia - approximately 16,000 people or 0.1% of the total population are Cambodian Eurasians, mainly of French ancestry from former French settlers.[81]
    •  Pakistan (Anglo-Indian) (Anglo-Pakistani) - approximately 11,000 people or 0.005% of the total population are the descendents of former British settlers who intermarried with local populations.[82]
    •  East Timor - approximately 1,100 people or 0.08% of the total population are Portuguese, descended from former Portuguese settlers.[83]
    •  Laos - an unknown number of Eurasians with French ancestry who are the descendents of former French settlers reside in Laos.
    •  Christmas Island - approximately 13% of the total population are White, with a further 2% Eurasian, both are British Australian.[84]
    •  Cocos (Keeling) Islands - 28.5% or one third of the total population are White, mostly British Australian.[85]

Small communities of European and American expatriates live in East Asia, such as China, Japan, Korea and Thailand.

Small communities of European and American expatriates in the Persian Gulf countries like Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar and the UAE; and in Aramco compounds in Saudi Arabia. Historically before 1970, small ethnic European (esp. Greek and Italian) enclaves were found in Egypt (Greeks in Egypt, Italian Egyptians) and Syria (Greeks in Syria).

Americas

Further information: European colonization of the Americas and History of immigration to the United States
Part of a series on
European colonization
of the Americas
History portal

Total European population in the Americas—approximately 446,394,000

Europeans in Northern America

Europeans in Latin America and the Caribbean

  • Middle America (including Central America and the Caribbean) and South America (see White Latin American) -- Total European population approximately 197,094,000
    •  Argentina - 97% of the population or 38,913,000, may include a still unknown percentage of mestizos and mulattos.[89]
    •  Bahamas (European Bahamian) - 12% of the population or 39,600, the majority are African or other races.[90]
    •  Barbados (White Barbadian) - 4% of the population or 11,238, it's thought to be the highest of all British West Indies islands.[91]
    •  Bermuda - 34.1% of the population or 23,064, with a black or part-white/black majority.[92]
    •  Bolivia - 15% of the population or 1,636,000, the country except for Paraguay have the lowest white populations of South America.[93]
    •  Brazil (White Brazilian) - 49.7% of the population or 93,000,000. Another 42.6% are pardos of mixed White, African and/or Amerindian descent (showed by genetic research to be of about 80% European ancestry). Afro-Brazilians by genetical research showed to be of about 37.1% European ancestry (the majority inherited by colonial or Imperial times and of Portuguese origin). Some people of claimed Asian and Indigenous origin can also have European descent.[94]
    •  Chile - 20% of population (4,500,000), [14] or 30% of the population (5,128,000) is from European descent;[15] Francisco Lizcano estimates whites Chilean in a cultural base (not ethnic) at 52.7% (9,100,000).[16]
    •  Colombia (white Colombian) - 20% of the population or 9,117,000, 40 to 60% are part white (mestizo or mulatto).[95]
    •  Costa Rica - up to 90% white and/or mestizo (European and Amerindian descent), or 3,827,000.[96]
    •  Cuba - 65% of the population or 7,204,000[97]
    •  Dominican Republic - 16% of the population or 1,614,000, with 50-60% are mulatto or European-African.[98]
    •  Ecuador - 7% of the population or 1,000,000, while 40% are mestizos.[99]
    •  El Salvador - 9% of the population or 720,000, but the remainder 90% have some European ancestry.[100]
    •  French Guiana - 12% of the population or 26,000, but the French government insists all citizens of France regardless of race are "French".[101]
    •  Guatemala 18% of the population or 2,490,000 people.
    •  Haiti - 4% of the population in Haiti are white and mulatto (both African and European ancestry) and 1% European, or 97,000. White Haitians (not counting Middle Eastern descendants into the category) are chiefly of French, Italian, or German origin. This figure excludes the percentage of Haitians with less than noticeable European admixture.
    •  Jamaica - Approximately 2% of the population or 40,000 people are White, mainly British, American, and Portuguese (This number increases to 60,000 people and 3% of the total population when Arabs and Lebanese are included). However, the vast majority of the population in Jamaica have some degree of European Ancestry.[102]
    •  Martinique - 2% of the population or 8,000, with another 3% mulatto descent.[103]
    •  Mexico[104] (White Mexican) - About 18% of the population European or about 20,160,000, and an additional 72% of mixed European and Amerindian descent [105][106][107]
    •  Nicaragua - 17% of the population or 1,000,000 people, and 70% mestizo.[108]
    •  Panama 14.0% of the population is White of European origin or 352,000 people, 58.1% mestizo, 7% mulatto, 6.7% Amerindian, 5.5% Asian, and 7.1% other (2000 Census).
    •  Puerto Rico approx. 80% of the population or 2,980,000 are self-declared European ancestry, but over half of Puerto Ricans have some degree of African ancestry, and 10% of males and 84% of females have some indigenous Carib Indians ancestry.[109]
    •  Peru (European Peruvian) - 15% of the population or 3,425,000, about 40% mestizo or partial European descent.[110]
    •  Trinidad and Tobago - 1.7% of European descent or 24,600, mainly British, Spanish, French, German, and Portuguese, with a number of Scandinavian descent, although 30-40% have East Indian or 5% are Lebanese/Syrian Arab backgrounds.[111]
    •  Venezuela (white Venezuelan) - 42,2% of the population or 11,490,018, about 49,9% are part white (mestizo or partial European descent.) making it 92,1% of the population white and/or mestizo (European and Amerindian descent) or 25,076,755.[112]
    •  Uruguay - 88% of the population or 3,074,000, the rest have various levels of European descent.[113]
    •  Saint Barthélemy—90% or 7,940; Saint Martin (Statistics not available).[114]
    •  Falkland Islands, 100% European of British descent—total population 3,140.

The Virgin Islands divided between United States Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands, each have a small European minority.

Oceania

Main article: Europeans in Oceania
  • Oceania -- Total population of Europeans in Oceania is approximately 23,185,000 or approximately 22,818,000 excluding Hawaii.
    •  Australia (European Australian) - 93.2% of the population or 20,299,000 people, and part-white-Australian Aborigines number about 500,000 as opposed to the approximately 50,000 pure blooded Australian Aborigines who can speak Australian languages.
    •  New Zealand (New Zealand European) - 59.1% of the population or 2,361,000, plus some Māori of mixed white-European descent.
    •  New Caledonia (Caldoche) - 44.6% of the population or about 112,050; the territory is under French rule.
    •  French Polynesia - 10% of the population (mostly French with some white Americans) or 26,700, and 6 to 8% are Euronesian (part white-Polynesian).[115]
    •  Hawaii - Europeans are 27.1% of the population (2008 survey) or 367,000 (called Haoles), although 65% of all Hawaiians have white-European descent.
    •  Guam - 10% of the population have Spanish and white American descent (2000 Census) or about 17,800 people. Guam has a history of Spanish settlement before 1900, now a U.S. territory.[116]
    •  Norfolk Island, about 50% British-Polynesian from Pitcairn Island (1,070 people) and 50% white-British descent mainly via Australia (1,070 people).

Contemporary European diasporas

National diasporas:

Further information: List of diasporas

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See also

References

  1. ^ a b 2010 United States Census statistics
  2. ^ IGBE: Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicilio. Tabela 262 - População residente, por cor ou raça.
  3. ^ Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI by Francisco Lizcano Fernández. page 218, UAEM (2005).
  4. ^ World Statesmen.org: Argentina
  5. ^ a b Canada Census 2006
  6. ^ a b 2006 Census Tables : Australia [original research?]
  7. ^ http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-27384/Mexico [original research?]
  8. ^ Resultado Basico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011 Venezuela 2011 Census , (p. 14).
  9. ^ http://www.ine.gob.ve/ INE : (adapted the % of 41,1% white people from the census with the actual new official census results
  10. ^ [1]
  11. ^ Cuba 2002 Census.
  12. ^ /www.statssa.gov.za South Africa statistics.
  13. ^ a b c d e Cite error: The named reference CIA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  14. ^ a b c "Chile". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 15 September 2012. "Chile's ethnic makeup is largely a product of Spanish colonization. About three fourths of Chileans are mestizo, a mixture of European and Amerindian ancestries. One fifth of Chileans are of white European (mainly Spanish) descent".
  15. ^ a b c [2] Ernesto Medina-Lois&Ana María Kaempffer Elementos de Salud Pública, Universidad de Chile. (See: Chapter 5.2.6 Estructura racial)
  16. ^ a b c d e f g h Fernández, Francisco Lizcano (2007). Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI. UAEM. ISBN 978-970-757-052-8.
  17. ^ Statistics New Zealand Highlights: Ethnic groups in New Zealand
  18. ^ 2010 Census Data. "2010 Census Data". 2010.census.gov. Retrieved 30 October 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Nacional de Estadística y Censo del Ecuador INEC.
  20. ^ European Migration and Imperialism
  21. ^ European Immigration into Latin America, 1870-1930
  22. ^ La estructura social
  23. ^ [3]
  24. ^ Giovanni Bonfiglio, Las migraciones internacionales como motor de desarrollo en el Perú, Museo Nacional Japonés Americano. Publicado el 1 de julio de 2008. Consultado el 30 de octubre de 2011.
  25. ^ http://www.country-studies.com/venezuela/population.html "In addition to its high natural growth rate, Venezuela also received a considerable number of foreign immigrants during the twentieth century. Influenced by provisions encouraging the immigration of skilled workers under the 1936 Law on Immigration and Settlement, a wave of immigrants arrived during the first years after World War II. The period of the Marcos Pérez Jiménez dictatorship (1948-58) saw over a million people enter the country. Many of them came to help build major government public works projects; these workers effectively undermined the role of domestic labor and weakened the position of the then-underground labor unions. Many saw the government's 1959 suspension of Pérez's immigration policy as a reflection of the bitterness felt by some groups toward these immigrant workers.
    Immigrants to Venezuela tended to come from a fairly small number of countries. About 30 percent of the foreign-born were Colombians. Spaniards accounted for about 25 percent of the total, Italians and Portuguese about 15 percent each. The balance of immigrants came from the Middle East, Chile, Uruguay, Argentina, or Cuba. Many of these were political or economic refugees who found both economic opportunity and a democratic haven in Venezuela. "
  26. ^ Western North Africa, 1–500 A.D., The Metropolitan Museum of Art
  27. ^ Archaeologists Find Celts In Unlikely Spot: Turkey, New York Times
  28. ^ Diversity in the Desert: Daily Life in Greek and Roman Egypt, 332 B.C.E. - 641 C.E.
  29. ^ Alexander the Great and precious stones in Afghanistan, The Toronto Times
  30. ^ Cyril and Methodius of Thessalonica: The Acculturation of the Slavs
  31. ^ The Fate of Greenland's Vikings
  32. ^ Benjamin Z. Kedar, "The Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant", in The Crusades: The Essential Readings, ed. Thomas F. Madden, Blackwell, 2002, pg. 244. Originally published in Muslims Under Latin Rule, 1100-1300, ed. James M. Powell, Princeton University Press, 1990. Kedar quotes his numbers from Joshua Prawer, Histoire du royaume latin de Jérusalem, tr. G. Nahon, Paris, 1969, vol. 1, pp. 498, 568-72.
  33. ^ Crusaders 'left genetic legacy', BBC News
  34. ^ a b Boris Fautos - Fazer a América: a imigração em massa para a América Latina."
  35. ^ A GRANDE IMIGRAÇÃO EUROPÉIA PARA O BRASIL E O IMIGRANTE ESPANHOL NO CENÁRIO DA CAFEICULTURA PAULISTA: ASPECTOS DE UMA (IN)VISIBILIDADE
  36. ^ EUROPEAN IMMIGRATION INTO LATIN AMERICA, 1870-1930*
  37. ^ "Uruguay: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 26 November 2007.
  38. ^ "Argentina: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 26 November 2007.
  39. ^ "Puerto Rico: People; Ethnic groups". 2010.census.gov. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
  40. ^ "TABLA II.3 POBLACION POR COLOR DE LA PIEL Y GRUPOS DE EDADES, SEGUN ZONA DE RESIDENCIA Y SEXO" (in Spanish). CubaGob.cu. Retrieved 26 November 2007.
  41. ^ Informe Latinobarómetro 2011, Latinobarómetro (p. 58).
  42. ^ 2010 Brazilian Census.
  43. ^ Resultado Basico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011, (p. 14).
  44. ^ Library of Congress Country Studies. "Colombia: Race and Ethnicity". Retrieved on April 12, 2011.
  45. ^ Colombia a country study, 2010 (pag 86,87) Template:En icon
  46. ^ http://www.schwartzman.org.br/simon/coesion_etnia.pdf
  47. ^ "Nicaragua: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 26 November 2007.
  48. ^ "D.R.: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 26 November 2007.
  49. ^ "Mexico: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 26 November 2007.
  50. ^ "Bolivia: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 26 November 2007.
  51. ^ "Peru: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 26 November 2007.
  52. ^ 2010 Ecuador Census
  53. ^ Ethnic groups by country. Statistics (where available) from CIA Factbook.
  54. ^ South Africa: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  55. ^ Namibia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  56. ^ [4]
  57. ^ La Reunion's population
  58. ^ Botswana: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  59. ^ a b Senegal, About 50,000 Europeans (mostly French) and Lebanese reside in Senegal, mainly in the cities.
  60. ^ Swaziland: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  61. ^ Morocco: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  62. ^ Tunisia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  63. ^ [5]
  64. ^ [6]
  65. ^ [7]
  66. ^ [8]
  67. ^ [9]
  68. ^ Fiona Hill, Russia — Coming In From the Cold?, The Globalist, 23 February 2004
  69. ^ Robert Greenall, Russians left behind in Central Asia, BBC News, 23 November 2005.
  70. ^ Kyrgyzstan: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  71. ^ Turkmenistan: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  72. ^ Southern Caucasus: Facing Integration Problems, Ethnic Russians Long For Better Life
  73. ^ Georgia: Ethnic Russians Feel Insulated From Tensions, Radio Free Europe
  74. ^ [10]
  75. ^ [11]
  76. ^ HK Census. "HK Census." Statistical Table. Retrieved on 2007-03-08.
  77. ^ [12]
  78. ^ "A predominantly Indigenous Paternal Heritage for the Austronesian-Speaking Peoples of Insular Southeast Asia and Oceania" (PDF). Stanford University. Retrieved 2001. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  79. ^ "Inmigración española en Filipinas". Wikipedia - en Español. Retrieved 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  80. ^ [13]
  81. ^ [14]
  82. ^ [15]
  83. ^ [16]
  84. ^ [17]
  85. ^ [18]
  86. ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/le.html
  87. ^ Greenland
  88. ^ Canadian Census 2006
  89. ^ Argentina: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  90. ^ Bahamas: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  91. ^ Barbados: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  92. ^ Bermuda: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  93. ^ Bolivia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  94. ^ http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/condicaodevida/indicadoresminimos/sinteseindicsociais2006/indic_sociais2006.pdf Tabela 9.1, Accessed: 18 August 2009
  95. ^ Colombia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  96. ^ "Costa Rica; People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 21 November 2007. white (including mestizo) 94% = 3.9 million whites and mestizos.
  97. ^ "Tabla II.3 Población por color de la piel y grupos de edades, según zona de residencia y sexo". Censo de Población y Viviendas (in Spanish). Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas. 2002. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
  98. ^ Dominican Republic: People: Ethnic groups. World Factbook of CIA
  99. ^ "Ecuador: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 26 November 2007.
  100. ^ El Salvador: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  101. ^ French Guiana: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  102. ^ [19]
  103. ^ Martinique: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  104. ^ North America - Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
  105. ^ Mexico :: Ethnic groups - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  106. ^ Mexico: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  107. ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/379167/Mexico
  108. ^ "Nicaragua: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 15 November 2007. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  109. ^ Puerto Rico: People: Ethnic Groups World Factbook of CIA
  110. ^ Peru: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  111. ^ Trinidad French Creole
  112. ^ http://www.ine.gov.ve/CENSO2011/documentos/pdf/ResultadosBasicosCenso2011.pdf
  113. ^ Uruguay: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  114. ^ Fact Sheet on St. Barthélemy
  115. ^ French Polynesia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  116. ^ Brazil: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA

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